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Hull and Machinery Guide PDF
Hull and Machinery Guide PDF
Marine survey reports frequently contain engineering terminology which can often be
unfamiliar to the non engineers in the wider spectrum of the shipping industry.
In an attempt to bridge this gap we have produced this small guide book which covers some
of the common terminology used for ships, their engines and ship’s related operation, often
encountered in survey reports. By no means should this booklet be considered a complete
dictionary encompassing the entire terminology. Such a dictionary would in any case be
rather large and cumbersome to use.
The intention was to keep it simple and easy to use, providing a quick reference through
easily understood illustrations. A blank page has been left next to each illustration for the
user to write additional notes and queries they may have which our technical staff are more
than happy to advise on.
We would like to especially thank the Piraeus Office Administration staff for their enormous
help and patience in preparing this booklet.
This is the first version, (Ver. 01) of this booklet and we would gladly welcome any
suggestions from the users which will help us enhance any future versions.
Page
GENERAL
BMT MARINE & OFFSHORE SURVEYS................................................................ 3
GENERAL CONTACT DETAILS (HEAD OFFICE LONDON)……………………………............ 4
GLOBAL SURVEYOR LOCATIONS………………………….………………................................ 5
REGIONAL HUB OFFICES……………………………….………………….................................... 6
UNITS……………………………………………………………………………....................................... 8-9
NAVIGATION…………………………………………………………………….................................... 10
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA …………………………………........................... 11-13
COMMON MARINE ENGINEERING DATA…………………………………............................ 14
WEATHER DATA-BEAUFORT SCALE…………………………………….................................. 15
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS………………………………………………….................................. 16-17
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (BOW CONSTRUCTION)……………………....................... 18
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (DOUBLE BOTTOM – DECK
CONSTRUCTION)……………………………………………………………….................................. 19
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA (STERN & RUDDER CONSTRUCTION)…..................... 20
STEERNG GEARS..........................................................................................……..... 21
ANCHOR & CHAINS…………………………………………………........…….............................. 22
HULL
GENERAL CARGO CARRIER…………………………………………………................................. 24
BULK CARRIER………………………………………………………………….................................... 26-28
HATCH COVERS………………………………………………………………..................................... 30
CONTAINER CARRIER………………………………………………………….................................. 32
GAS CARRIER……………………………………………………………………................................... 34
PASSENGER FERRY……………………………………………………………................................... 36
OCEAN GOING TUG BOAT……………………………………………………................................ 38
DOUBLE SKIN OIL CARRIER…………………………………………………................................. 40
MACHINERY
TYPICAL ENGINES FOR PROPULSION………………………………………............................. 42
CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS…………………………………………............................... 44-46
TRUNK PISTON TYPE – V- ENGINES…………………………………………............................. 48-50
TYPICAL PISTON & CRANKSHAFT ARRANGEMENT……………………........................... 52
CAMSHAFT ARRANGEMENT……………………………………………….................................. 54
TURBOCHARGER…………………………………………………….………….................................. 56
ENGINE SCAVENGE AIR & EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT…………………......................... 58
PROPELLERS & TAILSHAFT…………………………………………………................................. 60
WATER JET THRUSTERS………………………………………………………................................ 62
STEAM TURBINE………………………………………………………………................................... 64
VERTICAL OIL FIRED & COMBINED BOILER…………………………….............................. 66
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………….................................... 68-69
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd
GENERAL 3
(Incorporating The Salvage Association)
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd is a leading international marine surveying and technical
consultancy, operating from a worldwide network of offices. The company incorporates the
world-renowned casualty expertise of The Salvage Association and BMT Murray Fenton.
The Salvage Association was founded in 1856 in London and has been closely operating with
the London insurance market.
Our services include casualty surveys, report and investigations work on behalf of Hull &
Machinery, P&I, Liability and cargo insurers. Our spectrum of work includes surveys of
incidents affecting every type of vessel from a yacht to the largest ULCC and the most
complex LNG or chemical carrier.
BMT Marine & Offshore Surveys Ltd is a leading marine consultant providing warranty
services for the Cargo, Offshore Energy, Construction, Liability and Hull & Machinery
insurance markets. Additional services include; risk management, risk assessments including
environmental and emissions risks, feasibility studies; risk audits of vessel and engine room
operations, shipbuilding and repair facilities and their procedures; assessments of port
operations, wreck removal and navigation.
Our global network of surveyors are ready to immediately assist in the event of marine
casualties, collisions, stranding, sinking’s, salvage, wreck removal, machinery investigations,
warranty, P&I and risk assessment.
4 CONTACT DETAILS FOR PIRAEUS & VARNA GENERAL
Marlow House
1A Lloyd’s Avenue
London, EC3N 3AL
United Kingdom
Marine Expertise:
Anytime, Anywhere
DUBAI
Dubai World Trade Centre Building
13th Level, PO Box 9222
Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Length
Volume
3 3
1 m = 1000 dm lit litre
= 1000 lit gal gallon (UK)
= 219.9692 gal (UK) pt pint (UK)
= 1759.7547 pt (UK) barrels barrels (US)
3
= 35.31467 ft
= 6.2898 barrels (US)
Force
Pressure / Stress
Flow rate
3
1 lit/min = 0.000589 ft /sec
3
= 0.0000167 m /sec
3
= 0.06012 m /hr
= 13.1981 gal/hr (UK)
Velocity
Power
1 KW = 1000 W W Watt
= 1.3410 HP HP Horse Power
= 1.3596 PS (Metric Horse power) PS Metric Horse power
Moment / Torque
1 Kgf m = 9.80665 Nm
= 0.009807 KNm
= 7.233 lbf ft
= 0.001 tonf m
10 NAVIGATION GENERAL
Parallels of Latitude
Meridians of Longitude
o
LONDON 51 30’ North
W E
o
N
NEW YORK 74 00’ West
LATITUDE LONGITUDE
S
30o
30o 15o 0o 15o
0
o GREENWICH MERIDIAN
CAPE TOWN 33 55’ South
o
CAPE TOWN 18 22’ East
This gives rise to say 600 sea miles being measured on a chart
being a bigger measurement at the top of the chart than at the
bottom.
[Ref. 1]
Loa (Length Overall)
GENERAL
Sheer forward
Main Deck
WL
Summer Load line
Frame Numbers
0 10 100 200
WL Freeboard
Beam Depth
Draft
Rise of Floor
Base Line
COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA
Bilge Keel
11
12 COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA GENERAL
Wave length
Wave crest
Buoyancy
Weight
Weight
Weight Weight Weight
The ocean wave geometry resembles a trochoidal shape. The ship structure is designed to withstand
the extreme stresses due to the applied forces when balanced on such a wave having the ship’s length
in both hogging and sagging conditions.
In a sea way, the structure will be continuously subjected to deformation in all directions. The
generated stresses will alternate and the material forming the structure will therefore be subjected to
fatigue. A well designed structure having a well conceived geometry and being of suitable material is
expected to withstand the fatigue stresses for a substantial period of time.
GENERAL COMMON NAVAL ARCHITECTURE DATA 13
Δ = DWT + Lightship
Where Δ is the displacement, DWT is the deadweight, (cargo capacity including fuel and stores, crew
and effects), and the Lightship is the weight of the structure as built including, water in the boilers and
lubes in machinery to working level.
In all normal calculations the lightship figure is taken to be the same as stated in the vessel’s approved
trim and stability booklet. The lightship is also the figure used for scrap estimations.
Δ = Lbp x B x Tm x ρ x Cb
Where Lbp is the length between perpendiculars, B is the beam, Tm is the mean draft, ρ is the density of
sea water (about 1025 Kg/m3) and Cb is the block coefficient, (for most cargo type ships between 0.65 to
0.9 – passenger cruisers, 0.55 to 0.63).
The larger the block coefficient the more box shaped the vessel is. Thus for a perfect box type structure
Cb is 1, and off course the resistance is larger.
Tm = (Tf + Ta)/2
Where Tm is the midship draft, Tf and Ta are the drafts forward and aft, respectively.
An object resting anywhere in the structure is subjected to forces resulting from these motions. The
magnitude of these forces are calculated using Newton’s well known formula F = m x α, where “m” is
the mass of the object and “α” is the acceleration of its centre of gravity.
Yawing motion
G
Vertical axis
Heaving motion
Rolling motion
Pitching motion
14 COMMON MARINE ENGINEERING DATA GENERAL
Bunkers
Bunker fuel is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard ships. In the maritime field the type of
classification used for fuel oils is:
IFO (Intermediate fuel oil) A blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine diesel oil
o IFO 380 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes at 50°C
o IFO 180 - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 Centistokes at 50°C
o LS 380 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil
o LS 180 - Low-sulphur (<1.5%) intermediate fuel oil
HFO 380 (Heavy fuel oil) - Pure or nearly pure residual oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 Centistokes
MGO (Marine gas oil) - made from distillate only
MDO (Marine diesel oil) - A blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of black
refinery feed stocks, but has a low viscosity up to 12 cSt so it does not need to be heated for use in
internal combustion engines.
Parameter Unit MGO MDO IFO 180 RMH 380 RMK 380
3
Max Density at 15°C kg/m 890.0 900.0 991.0 991.0 1010.0
Max Viscosity at 50°C mm²/ 6.0 11.0 180.0 380.0 380.0
s
Max Pour point, Winter °C Ambient Ambient 30 30 30
General recommended cSt Ambient Ambient 10~15/ 10-15/ 10-15/
injection viscosity and /°C 110~ 118 130 ~ 142 130~142
temperature
1 mm²/s = 1 cSt Viscosity (Kinematic) is a measure of the resistance of the fuel. In everyday terms
viscosity is "thickness".
TYPICAL ENGINE OPERATING PARAMETERS
Parameter Unit Values
Max Exhaust Temperatures °C 500
General recommended Lub. Oil pressure for 2-stroke engines Kg/cm2 3.5~4.2
General recommended Lub. Oil pressure for 4-stroke engines Kg/cm2 2.0~3.0
Jacket water outlet temperature °C 65~68
Type of system oil used for 2-stroke engines SAE Viscosity 30
Type of cylinder oil used for 2-stroke engines* SAE Viscosity 70 or 50
Type of system oil used for 4-stroke engines SAE Viscosity 40
*Changeover from TBN 70 to TBN 50 only when operating for more than one week on <1% sulfur
GENERAL WEATHER DATA – BEAUFORT SCALE 15
[Ref. 2]
16
SEAGOING VESSELS
(Surface, Surface Effect, Sub-surface)
Aircraft
ARCHIMEDES
BERNOULLI
Submersibles
Hydrostatic support
(Displacement)
Aerostatic c Hydrodynamic support
Deep displacement
CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS
Sea
Cushion Surface Submerged
piercing toils
Approximate speed range potential Small water plane
Knots 80-100 60-40 40-25 30-15 15
Submarine
GENERAL
[Ref. 3]
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS 17
The terms below refer to design restrictions imposed on a vessel, in order to be able to trade within
standard geographic areas
DRY CARGO
HANDYSIZE DWT about 15,000 to 40,000 mt It is numerically the most common type of Bulk
carrier and in most cases is fitted with cranes
HANDYMAX DWT about 41,000 to 55,000 mt Most commonly they have 5 Cargo holds and 4
cranes of 30tonnes lifting capacity
SUEZMAX DWT up to 150,000 mt Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Suez Canal
PANAMAX DWT 60,000 – 80,000 mt Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Panama Canal
POST PANAMAX Capers do not cross any of the world’s canals
And DWT 81,000 – 250,000
CAPESIZE
TANKERS
AFRAMAX (Crude DWT between 75,000 – 120,000 mt Are largely used in the basins of the Black Sea,
and Product Oil Caribbean, China Sea and the Mediterranean
tankers)
Non-OPEC exporting countries mainly require
the use of AFRAMAX tankers , because their
harbours and canals are too small to
accommodate VLCCs and ULCCs
SUEZMAX Similar size as the respective bulk carrier. Maximum permissible size which can cross the
Suez Canal
VLCC Very large crude oil carrier (super Tanker Do not cross any of the world’s canals
DWT between 150,000 – 320,000 mt)
ULCC Ultra large crude oil carrier (super Tanker Do not cross any of the world’s canals
DWT between 320,000 – 550,000 mt)
CONTAINER VESSELS
SMALL FEEDER Up to 13,500mt Used when economic and size restrictions
(up to 1000 TEU) imposed for larger sizes
FEEDER Approx. between Used when economic and size restrictions
13,500-31,000mt imposed for larger sizes
(1,000-2,500 TEU)
PANAMAX Approx. between Can cross Panama Canal
31,000-59,000mt
(2,500-5,000 TEU)
POST-PANAMAX Approx. between Cannot cross Panama Canal
59,000-113,000mt
(5,000-10,000 TEU)
SUEZMAX Approx. between Can cross Suez Canal
113,000-137,000mt
(10,000-12,000 TEU)
POST-SUEZMAX Above 137,000mt Cannot cross Suez Canal
(Above 12,000TEU)
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
18 GENERAL
(BOW CONSTRUCTION)
Anchor chain
Bulwark
Anchor Windlass Hawse pipe
Chain Stopper
Forecastle
deck
Main
FOREPEAK
deck
Soft nose
plating
FOREPEAK TANK
TANK
Flame area
Chain locker
[Ref. 4]
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
GENERAL 19
(DOUBLE BOTTOM –DECK CONSTRUCTION)
Hold Frames
(Transverse)
Inner – bottom
Side Shell Longitudinal
Margin Plate Hold Frames
(Transverse)
Inner – bottom Center
plating Strake
Frame Bracket
Bottom Solid Floor
Side Solid Floor Longitudinal
Girder
Center
Girder
Nontight
Transversely Longitudinally Side Girder
Framed Framed
Built up Section
Flat Bar
Inverted Angle
Bulb Plate
Tee or Part I
[Ref. 5]
SHIP CONSTRUCTION DATA
20 GENERAL
(STERN - RUDDER CONSTRUCTION)
BALANCE RUDDER WITH HEEL PINTLE
Rudder Stock
Stock Palm
Rudder BLADE
Stern Tube
Stern Frame
Heel Pintle
Frame 0
Skeg
Rudder Stock
Neck Hearing
After Peak Tank
Rudder Blade
Stern Frame
Rudder Horn
Frame 0
GENERAL STEERING GEARS 21
Hydraulic Cylinder
Yoke
[Ref. 6]
Rotor
Stator
Vanes
Rudder stock
[Ref. 7]
22 ANCHOR & CHAINS GENERAL
Ring (Shackle)
Shank
Fluke / Palm
Bill/Pea
Arms
Throat
Crown
Blade
[Ref. 8]
Connection to Anchor
Common Link
Kenter Joining Shackle Enlarged Link Jaw and Jaw Swivel Anchor Shank
End Link
Common Link
Enlarged Link
Clinch Shackle
[Ref. 9]
GENERAL NOTES 23
24
Sheer
Deck plating [Ref. 10]
strake
plating Tween deck
Longitudinal hatch
welding
seams
GENERAL CARGO CARRIER
Tank top
plating
Vertical
welding
seams
Shell frame
Keel plating
HULL
Bilge
plating [Ref. 4]
HULL NOTES 25
26 BULK CARRIER HULL
[Ref. 11]
HULL NOTES 27
28 BULK CARRIER – HOLD ARRANGEMENT HULL
Bilge
plating
OPEN
PANELS
Longitudinal
direction
[Ref. 5]
PANELS
Hatch coaming
brackets Hatch
Longitudinal
coaming
direction
[Ref. 4]
HULL NOTES 31
32
Double bottom
[Ref. 10]
CONTAINER CARRIER
HULL
[Ref. 14]
HULL NOTES 33
34
GAS
steel Dome
pressure. They are completely self supporting and do
not form part of the ship’s hull.
Aluminium alloy
The membrane type tank is based on having a thin
membrane supported by a layer of insulation within tank plating
the confines of the ship’s hull.
Cargo temp
Water below -100
o
ballast C
Saddles
HULL
[Ref. 10]
Insulation
HULL NOTES 35
36
Stern Ramp
HULL
[Ref. 10]
HULL NOTES 37
38 OCEAN GOING TUG BOAT HULL
Towing Hook
Towing wire
HULL NOTES 39
40
Section x-x
[Ref. 10]
Longitudinal
End bulkhead Sheer strake
bracket Inner Hull
Radius face plate
longitudinal bulkhead
Vertical Web in Bracket toe Longitudinal bulkhead Side shell
wing ballast tank longitudinal Wing cargo
DOUBLE SKIN OIL CARRIER
Hopper web
plating
Bilge plating
Outboard Floor plating Centerline
Double bottom Bilge keel [Ref. 15]
girder girder Keel Bottom
ballast space
HULL
Piston
Piston Rod
Crankcase
Crosshead inspection
doors
Connecting Rod
TYPICAL ENGINES FOR PROPULSION
Crankshaft
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY NOTES 43
44 CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS MACHINERY
Cylinder block
Engine
frame
Crankcase
inspection Main
doors Bearing
Keep
Bed plate
Crankshaft
line
[Ref. 17]
MACHINERY NOTES 45
46 CROSSHEAD TYPE ENGINE PARTS MACHINERY
Piston rings
Piston
Cylinder liner
Piston
grooves
Stuffing box
[Ref. 18]
Crosshead bearings
Sliding shoes
Connecting rod
Crosshead assembly
[Ref. 16]
Crankshaft
MACHINERY NOTES 47
48
Oil Pump
Camshaft
Lubrication
TRUNK PISTON TYPE – V-
ENGINE
Slave piston
Master piston
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY NOTES 51
TYPICAL PISTON & CRANKSHAFT
52 MACHINERY
ARRANGEMENT
[Ref. 20]
Piston rings
Piston
Gudgeon
Connecting rod top end
pin
Thrust pads
Bearing shells
Crankpin
Connecting rod big end
Main
Journal
Timing gear
MAIN BEARING SHELLS
[Ref. 19]
MACHINERY NOTES 53
54
CAMS
CAMSHAFT
CAMSHAFT ARRANGEMENT
CAMS
CAMSHAFT
driving gear
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY
MACHINERY NOTES 55
56 TURBOCHARGER MACHINERY
Engine Exhaust
gas inlet
Engine Exhaust
gas outlet
Turbine wheel
Compressor wheel
Turbocharger rotational
speed up to 20,000 rpm
[Ref. 20]
MACHINERY NOTES 57
ENGINE SCAVENGE AIR &
58 MACHINERY
EXHAUST ARRANGEMENT
Rocker arm
Exhaust to
chimney
Exhaust valve
Protection
grids
Cooling water
space
Turbine wheel
Cylinder liner
Exhaust
gas Compression wheel
Compressed
air
Piston
[Ref. 16]
MACHINERY NOTES 59
60 PROPELLERS & TAILSHAFT MACHINERY
Propeller
Adjusting Ring Aft Bulkhead
For Alignment
Aft Seal Stern Frame Fwd Seal
Coupling
Rope Guard
Propeller Shaft
Outlet
WATER JET THRUSTERS
Suction
Pump impeller
Reversing Bucket Duct
Shaft &
Bearing Rotation is one direction
Reversing is by change of flow via vertical movement of bucket
Steering is by side way movement of outlet nozzle
MACHINERY
[Ref. 22]
MACHINERY NOTES 63
64 STEAM TURBINE MACHINERY
Steam outlet
Steam Valves
Steam Inlet
Rotor shaft
with Blades
Glands
Fixed blades
(Nozzles)
Turbine Lower
Casing
[Ref. 23]
MACHINERY NOTES 65
VERTICAL OIL FIRED & COMBINED
66 MACHINERY
BOILER
Engine
Engine Exhaust
exhaust inlet
Outlet
Hot Gas
Burner
Vertical
Burner water tubes
[Ref. 24]
MACHINERY NOTES 67
68 REFERENCES
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2. Stormfax Weather Almanac (2010). Beaufort Wind Scale [Online]. Available from
http://www.stormfax.com/beaufort.htm. [Accessed on 7th December 2010]
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http://www.manbw.com/files/news/filesof4672/P9028.pdf. [Accessed 7th December 2010]
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Architects and Marine Engineers.
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Available from http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-
reports/marine/2007/m07l0040/m07l0040.asp. [Accessed 3rd November 2010]
7. Rolls Royce plc. (2010). Rotary vane RV/IRV steering gear [Online. Available from:
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[Accessed: 2nd November 2010]
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Singapore: Marinehub group
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Butterworth Heinemman
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[Accessed 8th November 2010]
12. British Maritime and Coastguard agency (MCA),(1999). Marine guidance note MGN107(M) - The
Merchant Shipping (Carriage of Cargoes) Regulations 1999 [Online]. Available from
http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mgn107.pdf [Accessed 7th November 2010]
13. Eyres, D.J. (1978). Ship Construction. 2nd Edition. London: Heinemman
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Publishing
15. ABS (2003). Surveyor’s glossary – Hull terms & Hull survey terms – Recommendation 82.
American Bureau of Shipping
17. Woodword D. (Editor) (2004). Pounder’s Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines. 8th Edition.
Great Britain: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemman
18. Wartsila Corporation. (2004). Sulzer RTA84T. [Online]. 2004. Available from:
http://www.wartsila.com/Wartsila/global/docs/en/ship_power/media_publications/brochures/
product/engines/low_speed/rta84t_tr.pdf. [Accessed 3rd November 2010]
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Stavridakis Technical publications
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Institute of Marine Engineers
21. Ulstein Propulsion AS – Ulstein propulsion marketing leaflet. Ulstein propellers. Norway: Ulstein
propulsion AS
22. Rolls Royce plc. (2008). Introduction of the new Rolls-Royce range of waterjets – Kamewa S3.
[Online]. 2008. Available from: http://www.rolls-
nd
royce.com/Images/RR%20Kamewa%20S3_0908_tcm92-8663.pdf. [Accessed: 2 November
2010]
23. McClearn S. (2006). The Canadian Navy of yesterday and today – Tribal Class Machinery (Draft).
[Online]. Available from
http://www.hazegray.org/navhist/canada/systems/propulsion/haida/haida-turbine-diagram.jpg.
[Accessed 11th November 2010]
24. Daniel, J. & Mimikopoulos, K. (1994). Marine Steam Boilers. Athens: Evgenides’ Institution
NOTES 70
NOTES 71