Fluid Dynamics

ME 5313 / AE 5313
Complex Variable Theory

Instructor: Dr. Albert Y. Tong

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
The University of Texas at Arlington
Continuity
A function f is continuous at a point z0 if all three of the
following conditions are satisfied:
1) lim f ( z ) exists
z  z0

2) f ( z0 ) exists

3) lim f ( z )  f ( z0 )
z  z0

A composition of continuous functions is continuous.

Complex Variable theory 2

 Derivatives
The derivative of f at z0, f '( z0 ), is defined by:

f ( z )  f ( z0 )
f '(( z0 )  lim
z  z0 ( z  z0 )

The function f is differentiable at z0 when its derivative

at z0 exists.

Complex Variable theory 3

Analytic Function

A function f(z) is analytic at a point z0 if its

derivative exists not only at z0, but also at
some neighborhood of z0.

e.g. ( )z
f (z) 2
is analytic at z=0

Complex Variable theory 4

Singular Point
A point at which F(z) is not analytic.

1
e.g. F ( z )  ; z=0 is a singular point
z

z0 is an isolated singular point if F(z) is analytic

in some neighborhood of the point z0 but not
at the point itself.

Complex Variable theory 5

Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Suppose
F ( z )   ( x, y )  i ( x, y )
is an analytic function.
function

Then

   
 and 
x y y x

Complex Variable theory 6

Cauchy-Riemann Equations
In polar form,
 1 
and
1  
 
r r  r  r
Example:

F ( z )  z 2  x 2  y 2  i 2 xy
   
  2x and   2 y
x y y x

Complex Variable theory 7

 Harmonic Functions
A real value function h(x,y) is harmonic if

 2h  2h
 2 0
x 2
y

N t
Note:
 and  of an analytic function are harmonic.

Complex Variable theory 8

Harmonic Functions

Proof:
   
(i)  (ii) 
x y y x
  2 2 2 2 2
   
x 2
xy y 2
yx xy

 2
  2

   2  2  0
2

x y

Complex Variable theory 9

Cauchy-Goursat Theorem
If a function F(z) is analytic at all points within
and on a simple closed contour C, C then

 F ( z )dz  0
C
F(z)

e.g.
 z 2 dz  0
z 1 C

Complex Variable theory 10

Cauchy Integral Formula
Let F be analytic everywhere within and on a simple
closed contour CC, taken in the positive sense (i
(i.e.
e
counterclockwise). If z0 is any point interior to C,
then

1 F ( z)
F ( z0 ) 
2 i  ( z  z0 )
dz
d

Complex Variable theory 11

Cauchy Integral Formula
It can be shown that

d n F ( z0 ) n ! F ( z)
dz n

2 i  ( z  z0 ) n 1
d
dz

for n 1

Complex Variable theory 12

Morera's Theorem
If a function F(z) is continuous throughout a simply
connected
t dddomaini D andd if,
if for
f eachh simple
i l closed
l d
contour C lying in D

 F ( z )dz  0
C

then F(z) is analytic throughout D

Complex Variable theory 13

 Taylor Series
If F(z) is analytic everywhere inside a circle C0 with
center
t att z0 andd radius
di r0. Then
Th att each h point
i t z inside
i id
C0
( z  z0 ) 2
F ( z )  F ( z0 )  F '( z0 )( z  z0 )  F "( z0 )
2!
( z  z0 ) n
...  F ( z0 )
n
 ...
n!

It is known as “Maclaurin’s Series” when z0  0

Complex Variable theory 14

Taylor Series
Examples:
(a) F(z)  e z
z2 zn
F( )  1  z   ...   ...
F(z)

2! n!

zn
 1
n!
n 1
 2 1
2n
z
(b) F(z)  sin z   (1) n 1

n 1 (  1)!
(2n )
Complex Variable theory 15
Laurent Series
If F(z) is analytic at all points within the annular
region r0 < r < r1 whose center is at z0, then at
each point z in the annular region:
 
bn
F ( z )   an ( z  z0 )   n

n 0 n 1 ( z  z 0 ) n

iy
r0
z0 Principal part
r1

x
Complex Variable theory 16
Laurent Series

1 F ( z)
an  
2 i C1 ( z  z0 ) n 1
dz (n  0,1, 2...)

1 F ( z)
bn  
2 i C0 ( z  z0 )1 n
dz (n  1, 2,3...)

Complex Variable theory 17

 Laurent Series
 
bn
F ( z )   an ( z  z0 )  
n

n 0 n 1 ( z  z 0 ) n

 a0  a1 ( z  z0 )  a2 ( z  z0 ) 2

 a3 ( z  z0 )  ...  an ( z  z0 )  ...
3 n
residue
b1 b2 bn
  ... ...
(z  z0 ) (z  z0 )2
(z  z0 )n

Complex Variable theory 18

Residue Theorem
Let C be a simple closed contour within and on
which F(z)
( ) is analytic
y except
p for a finite number of
singular points, then
( )  2 i  residues
 F(z)dz
C

 2 i b1( z1 )  b1( z2 )  b1( z3 )  b1( z4 ) 
z2
z1

C
z3 z4

Complex Variable theory 19

 Types of Singular Points
1) Pole of order m
If the principal part of F(z) at Z0 contains at least one
nonzero term but the number of such terms is finite,

b1 b2 bm
F ( z )   an ( z  z0 ) 
n
 
n 0 ( z  z 0 ) ( z  z 0 ) 2
( z  z 0 ) m

Then z0 is an isolated singular point and a pole of

order
d m.

Complex Variable theory 20

Types of Singular Points
e.g.

sinh z 1 11 1 1 3
4
 3   z  z 
z z 3! z 5! 7!
z = 0 is a pole of order 3

1 1
residue = 
3! 6

Complex Variable theory 21

 Types of Singular Points
2) Simple Pole
A pole of order m = 1 is called a simple pole.

e.g.
2
z  2z  3 3
 2  (z  2) 
z2 (z  2)
z = 2 is a simple pole and its residue = 3

Complex Variable theory 22

Calculation of Residues
(i) If the point z0 is a mth order pole, then
m 1
1 d
Residue  lim 

 ( z  z ) m
F ( z ) 
z  z0 ( m  1)! dz m 1 0

Special cases: m = 1 (simple pole)

Residue  lim( z  z0 ) F ( z )
z  z0

Complex Variable theory 23

Calculation of Residues

(ii) If F ( z )  p ( z ) where q ( z )  0 but q '(( z )  0 .

0 0
q( z )
p and q are both analytic at z0 and p( z0 )  0 .

p( z )
Residue  lim
z  z0 q '( z )

Complex Variable theory 24

 Calculation of Residues

(iii) Same as (ii), but q '(( z0 )  0 and q ''(( z0 )  0

 p 2 pq 
residue  lim  2  2
z  z0  
 q 3 (q ) 

Complex Variable theory 25

 Illustrative Examples

e z
(i) Find the residue at z = 1 of F(z) 
(z  1) 2
2 3
(z  1) (z  1) (z  1)
e z  e1  e1  e1  e1 
1 2! 3!
z 1 1  n 2

e e e (z  1)
    e 1 (1) n
(  1)) 2 (z  1)
((z  1)) 2 (z n 2
n!

Residue at z = 1 is -e
e–1

Complex Variable theory 26

Illustrative Examples
Alternatively, the residue at z=1 could be evaluated by
using the formula previously given:

z = 1 is a double pole => m = 2

 2 1
1 d  e z

residue  lim  ( z  z0 )
2
2
li
z 1 (2  1)! dz  2 1 ( z  z0 ) 

 d z  1
 lim  e   e  z 1
 e  

z 1 dz
 z 1 e

Complex Variable theory 27

 Illustrative Examples
e z
(ii) Evaluate
 (z 1)
C
2
dz
d

where C is the circle |z| = 2 in positive sense

Applying Residue Theorem:

e z
 (z  1) 2
dz  2i(  residues within C)
C

Complex Variable theory 28

Illustrative Examples

1
Residue =  (previous result)
e

ez  1


C
(z  1)2
dz  2i   
 e
2i

e

Complex Variable theory 29

Illustrative Examples

5z  2
(iii) Evaluate 
C
z(z  1)
d
dz

where C is |z| = 2 counterclockwise

Singularities within C : z = 0 and z = 1.

Both are simple poles
poles.

Complex Variable theory 30

Illustrative Examples

Residue at z = 0: Residue at z = 1:
 5z  2  5z  2
 lim z   lim ((z  1))
  z 1 z(z  1)
z 0  z(z 1) 
55z  2 z  2
 2  3
((z  1)) z  0 z z 1

Complex Variable theory 31

Illustrative Examples

5z  2


C
z(z  1)
dz  2i(3  2)

 10i

Complex Variable theory 32

 Conformal Transformation
iy i

  f ( z)

x 
z plane
p  pplane
z  x  iy     i

Complex Variable theory 33

 Conformal Transformation
e.g.   f (z)  z 2

  i  (x  iy) 2
 (x 2  y 2 )  i(2xy)

 x y 2 2
and   2xy
2

If f ( z ) is analytic and f '( z )  0 , then the mapping

  f ( z ) from z plane to  plane is conformal.
Complex Variable theory 34