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STD. XII Sci.

Triumph Biology
Based on Maharashtra Board Syllabus

  Fifth Edition: May 2015

 

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 Preface
“Std. XII: Sci. Triumph Biology” is a complete and thorough guide to prepare students for a competitive
level examination. The book will not only assist students with MCQs of Std. XII, but will also help them to prepare
for AIIMS, AIPMT, CET and various other competitive examinations.
Quick review in the form of charts are provided at the beginning of every chapter. Topic – wise classification
of the MCQ’s has been done to help the students understand each concept thoroughly.
MCQs in each chapter are divided into three sections:
Classical Thinking : consists of straight forward questions including knowledge based questions.
Critical Thinking : consists of questions that require some understanding of the concept.
Competitive Thinking : consists of questions from various competitive examinations like AIIMS, AIPMT, CET,
CPMT, etc.
Hints have been provided to the MCQs which are broken down to the simplest form possible.
An Evaluation Test has been provided at the end of each chapter to assess the level of preparation of the
student at a competitive level.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on : mail@targetpublications.org

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully
Authors

Sr. Page Sr. Page

Topic Name Topic Name
No. No. No. No.
Genetic Basis of 1 Chromosomal Basis of
1 11 239
Inheritance
Inheritance
Gene: It’s Nature, 29
2 Genetic engineering and
Expression and Regulation
12 265
Biotechnology: Process Genomics
3 61
and Application Human health and
Enhancement in Food 13 277
4 78 Diseases
Production
14 Animal Husbandry 300
Microbes in Human 92
5
Welfare 15 Circulation 312
6 Photosynthesis 105 Excretion and
133 16 337
7 Respiration Osmoregulation
8 Reproduction in Plants 162 17 Control and Co‐ordination 362
Organisms and
9 191 18 Human Reproduction 410
Environment ‐ I
Origin and Evolution of Organisms and
10 212 19 452
Life Environment ‐ II
 
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

01  Genetic Basis of Inheritance 
Syllabus Gregor Johann Mendel (1822 – 1884)

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Mendelian inheritance

1.2 Deviations from Mendelian ratios

Gregor Mendel was the first to give the hypothesis of

existence of a factor (Mendelian factor; gene) which
shows continuity and variation. He conducted
several hybridization experiments on Garden pea
plant (Pisum sativum). His work of experiments and
their results were published in the Natural History
Society of Bruno in 1866.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

Quick Review

 7 Pairs of contrasting characters studied by Mendel in pea plant:

No. Character Contrasting form / traits

Dominant Recessive

i. Height of stem Tall (TT) Dwarf (tt)

ii. Colour of flower Coloured (CC) White (cc)

iii. Position of flower Axial (AA) Terminal (aa)

iv. Pod shape Inflated (II) Constricted (ii)

v. Pod colour Green (GG) Yellow (gg)

vi. Seed shape Round (RR) Wrinkled (rr)

vii. Seed colour (cotyledon) Yellow (YY) Green (yy)

 Result of monohybrid cross experiments:

No. Cross F1 F2 Ratio

i. Tall  dwarf Tall 787 Tall, 277 dwarf 2.84:1

ii. Yellow  green seeds Yellow seed 6022 Yellow, 2001 green 3.01:1

iii. Round  wrinkled seeds Round seed 5474 Round, 1850 wrinkled 2.96:1

iv. Green  yellow pods Green pods 428 Green, 152 yellow 2.82:1

v. Inflated  constricted pods Inflated pods 882 Inflated, 299 constricted 2.95:1

vi. Axial  terminal flower Axial flower 651 Axile, 207 terminal 3.14:1

vii. Violet  white flower Violet flower 705 Violet, 224 white 3.15:1

viii. Grey  white seed coat Grey seed coat 705 Grey, 224 white 3.15:1

* Monohybrid Phenotypic ratio = 3 : 1

Monohybrid Genotypic ratio = 1 : 2 : 1
* Dihybrid Phenotypic ratio = 9 : 3: 3 : 1
Dihybrid Genotypic ratio = 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
* Back cross : F1 hybrid  parent (Dominant /Recessive)

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

* Test cross : F1hybrid  parent (Recessive)

* Mendel’s 1st Law : Law of dominance
Mendel’s 2nd Law : Law of segregation
Mendel’s 3rd Law : Law of independent assortment

 Blood group and its inheritance:

Father Mother Children

Phenotype Genotype Phenotype Genotype Phenotype

A I A IA A I A IA A, O
IA IO IA IO
B IB IB B IB IB B, O
IB IO IB IO
A I A IA B IB IB A, B, AB, O
A O B O
I I I I
A A
A I I O I O IO A, O
A O
I I
B IB IB O I O IO B, O
B O
I I
AB I A IB A I A IA A, AB, B
IA IO
AB I A IB B IB IB B, AB, A
IB IO
O I O IO O I O IO O

Deviation from Mendelian ratios

Incomplete Co-dominance Multiple Pleiotropy Polygenic

dominance alleles (Quantitative
Inheritance)
eg. eg. eg. eg. eg.
Colour of Coat colour ABO blood Sickle cell Skin colour in
flowers in cattle groups in anaemia human beings
in four o’clock human beings
plant
(Mirabilis jalapa)

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

10. Offsprings are

Classical Thinking
(A) exactly identical to either of their
parents.
1.0 Introduction
(B) not exactly identical to either of their
1. The phenomenon of ‘like begets like’ is due to parents.
(A) genetics (B) heredity (C) show intermediate characters inherited
(C) germplasm (D) variation from both the parents.
2. Transmission of characters from one (D) both (B) and (C)
generation to the next or from parents to 11. The term “factor” for gene was coined by
offsprings is called (A) William Bateson
(A) heredity (B) variation
(B) Johann Mendel
(C) recombination (D) mutation
(C) Johannsen
3. Variation is (D) F. Griffith
(A) differences between parents and
offsprings. 12. Gregor Mendel was born in
(B) differences between individuals of same (A) U.K (B) Austria
species. (C) Russia (D) Czechoslovakia
(C) differences among the offsprings of the
same parents. 13. Mendel was a
(D) all of the above. (A) physiologist (B) mathematician
(C) cytologist (D) taxonomist
4. The term “genetics” was coined by
(A) Morgan 14. The first scientific study leading to the
(B) William Bateson formulation of laws of inheritance was carried
(C) Johannsen out by
(D) Karl Correns (A) Darwin (B) Hugo De Vries
5. The greek word which means ‘to grow into’ is (C) Lemarck (D) Mendel
(A) genetics (B) genesis 15. Under which title was Mendel’s work
(C) inheritance (D) factor published in Natural History Society of
6. The first scientific explanation regarding Brunn?
inheritance was given by (A) Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
(A) William Bateson (B) Experiments in Plant Hybridization
(B) Gregor Johann Mendel (C) Experiment on Heredity and Variation
(C) Griffith (D) Origin of Species
(D) Johannsen
16. Mendel’s laws were first published in the year
7. Who is known as “Father of Genetics”? (A) 1875 (B) 1890
(A) Theophrastus (B) Stephen Hales
(C) 1928 (D) 1866
(C) Mendel (D) Aristotle
17. The year 1900 A.D. is highly significant for
1.1 Mendelian inheritance geneticists due to
8. Organisms produced by asexual reproduction (A) chromosome theory of heredity
are called (B) discovery of genes
(A) clones (C) rediscovery of Mendelism
(B) offsprings (D) principle of linkage
(C) factors 18. The Mendelian principles of inheritance were
(D) both (A) and (B) rediscovered by
9. Organisms produced by sexual reproduction (A) Sutton and Boveri
are called (B) Hugo de Vries, Tschermark and Correns
(A) offsprings (B) clones (C) Lederberg and Tatum
(C) characters (D) genes (D) Morgan
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

19. Mendel’s work was rediscovered by three 27. Who coined the term ‘gene’ for ‘factor’?
biologists from which of the following (A) Mendel (B) Morgan
countries? (C) Johannsen (D) Punnett
(A) Holland, France and England
28. Alleles or allelomorphs occupy
(B) Holland, England and Austria
(A) same position on homologous
(C) Germany, France and England
chromosomes.
(D) Austria, Holland and Germany
(B) same position on heterozygous
20. Mendel selected pea plant because of chromosomes.
(A) its short life span. (C) different position on homologous
(B) it produced many seeds and large chromosomes.
flowers. (D) different position on heterozygous
(C) many contrasting characters. chromosomes.
(D) all of these 29. Who proposed the term ‘Allelomorph’?
21. The botanical name of garden pea is (A) Hugo De Vries (B) Morgan
(A) Pisum sativum (C) Tschermak (D) Bateson
(B) Lathyrus odoratus 30. Dominant allele means
(C) Mangifera indica (A) an allele whose effect is masked by
(D) Solanum tuberosum another allele.
22. Which of the following is a dominant (B) an allele that prevents the expression of
character in pea? the other allele.
(A) Wrinkled seeds (C) an allele without any effect.
(B) Inflated pod (D) an allele which cannot express in
(C) Terminal flower presence of other.
(D) Dwarf plant 31. The external appearance of an individual for
23. Which of the following character was not any trait is called as
considered by Mendel? (A) phenotype (B) karyotype
(A) Seed coat colour (C) morphology (D) physique
(B) Wrinkled or round leaves 32. Genotype is
(C) Tallness or dwarfness (A) genetic constitution of an organism.
(D) Position of flower (B) genetic constitution of somatic cells.
24. An inherited character and its detectable (C) genetic constitution of plastids.
variant is called (D) genetic constitution of germ cells.
(A) allele 33. Homozygous individuals
(B) trait (A) breed true to the trait.
(C) gene (B) does not breed true to the trait.
(D) both (A) and (B) (C) produce only one type of gamete.
25. Which one of the following best describes a (D) both (A) and (C)
gene? 34. Which of the following term indicates a pair
(A) A triplet of nucleotide bases. of dissimilar alleles?
(B) A specific length of DNA responsible (A) Homozygous
for the inheritance and expression of the (B) Heterozygous
character. (C) Homologous
(C) A specific length of single stranded (D) All of these
RNA.
(D) Both (B) and (C) 35. A cross between two pure individuals,
differing in atleast one set of characters, is
26. Mendel’s “factors” are in fact called
(A) units (B) chromosomes (A) monohybrid (B) polyploid
(C) genes (D) none of these (C) mutant (D) variant
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

36. F1 generation means 44. Emasculation means

(A) first flowering generation (A) removal of stamens before anthesis.
(B) first fertile generation (B) removal of stigma before anthesis.
(C) first filial generation (C) removal of petals before anthesis.
(D) first seed generation (D) removal of sepals before anthesis.
37. Filial means 45. In pea flower, how many stamens are free and
(A) offsprings produced in sexual how many are fused?
reproduction. (A) 1, 9 (B) 2, 8
(B) offsprings produced in asexual (C) 5, 5 (D) 4, 6
reproduction.
(C) offsprings produced in vegetative 46. F3 generation was obtained by
reproduction. (A) selfing F1 hybrids
(D) both (B) and (C) (B) selfing F2 hybrids
(C) crossing F1 with either parent
38. F2 generation is produced by (D) none of these
(A) crossing F1 progeny with one of the
parents. 47. What result did Mendel obtained after
(B) selfing the heterozygous progeny. monohybrid cross between tall and dwarf pea
(C) selfing the parents. plant?
(D) a cross between recessive parents. (A) All new plants were dwarf.
(B) All new plants were tall.
39. In genetics, the use of checkerboard was done (C) 50% plants were dwarf and 50% plants
by were tall.
(A) Mendel (B) Correns (D) 75% plants were tall and 25% plants
(C) Punnet (D) Darwin were dwarf.
40. Mendel, in his experiments 48. When Mendel allowed natural selfing of F1
(A) maintained qualitative records. hybrids during monohybrid cross between
(B) maintained quantitative records. pure tall and pure dwarf pea plant, he found
(C) conducted ample crosses and reciprocal (A) all plants were tall.
crosses. (B) all plants were dwarf.
(D) all of the above (C) dwarfness reappeared in some plants.
41. To eliminate chance factor, Mendel performed (D) tallness reappeared in some plants.
(A) monohybrid cross 49. During monohybrid cross experiments,
(B) dihybrid cross Mendel performed reciprocal cross by
(C) reciprocal cross selecting
(D) trihybrid cross (A) tall plant as male and dwarf plant as
42. Mendel always started his experiment female.
(Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross) with (B) tall plant as female and dwarf plant as
(A) any pea plant male.
(B) a heterozygous plant (C) both male and female plant as tall.
(C) a pure line plant (D) both male and female plant as dwarf.
(D) a fresh new plant 50. After performing reciprocal cross between tall
43. Mendel carried out artificial cross by and dwarf plants, the ratio of tall and dwarf
(A) emasculation of selected female parent plants obtained was
plant (A) 1:2 (B) 3:1
(B) emasculation of selected male parent (C) 1:3 (D) 2:1
plant 51. Mendel grouped all contrasting characteristics
(C) dusting of pollen grains from selected in _______ pairs.
male plant over selected female plant (A) 15 (B) 14
(D) both (A) and (C) (C) 7 (D) 6
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

52. The conclusion drawn by Mendel based on 59. The monohybrid ratio is defined as
monohybrid cross was (A) phenotypic ratio obtained in F2
(A) each factor exist in two contrasting or generation of monohybrid cross.
alternative forms. (B) phenotypic ratio obtained in F1
(B) one of the forms is dominant and other generation of monohybrid cross.
is recessive. (C) genotypic ratio obtained in F2 generation
(C) inheritance of each character is of monohybrid cross.
controlled by a pair of factors. (D) genotypic ratio obtained in F1 generation
(D) all of the above of monohybrid cross.
53. From the reappearance of recessive trait in F2 60. Which of the following is phenotypic ratio of
generation, Mendel concluded that Mendel’s monohybrid cross ?
(A) factors do not mix with each other in F1 (A) 1:2:1 (B) 3:1
generation. (C) 1:1:2 (D) 1:3
(B) factors remain together in F1 generation.
(C) factor mix with each other in F1 61. The law of dominance is illustrated in the
generation. garden pea by
(D) both (A) and (B) (A) heterozygous tall  heterozygous tall
(B) homozygous tall  homozygous tall
54. During gamete formation,
(A) diploid gametes are formed. (C) pure short  pure dwarf
(B) each gamete receives only one factor. (D) homozygous tall  pure dwarf
(C) factors do not segregate. 62. Which of the following Mendel’s laws has not
(D) all offsprings show recessive characters. been proved to be true in all cases?
55. The crossing of a homozygous tall pea plant (A) Law of segregation
and homozygous dwarf pea plant would yield (B) Mendel’s second law of inheritance
plants in the ratio of (C) Law of dominance
(A) 2 tall : 2 dwarf. (D) Law of purity of gametes
(B) all homozygous dwarf. 63. The second law of inheritance proposed by
(C) all heterozygous tall. Mendel deals with
(D) one homozygous tall : one homozygous (A) dominance
dwarf : two heterozygous tall. (B) independent assortment
56. Mendel crossed a pure white flowered pea (C) segregation
plant with pure red flowered plant. The first (D) epistasis
generation of hybrids from the cross should
show 64. Reappearance of recessive trait in F2
(A) 75% red flowered and 25% white generation is due to
flowered plants. (A) Law of independent assortment
(B) 50% white flowered and 50% red (B) Law of dominance
flowered plants. (C) Law of codominance
(C) all red flowered plants. (D) Law of purity of gametes
(D) all white flowered plants. 65. Which of the Mendel’s laws will always prove
57. In monohybrid cross between pure tall and to be universally true in all cases?
pure dwarf pea plant, how many types of (A) All three laws
genotypes are found in F2 generation ? (B) Only the 2nd law
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2nd and 3rd laws
(C) 8 (D) 9 (D) 1st and 2nd laws
58. Out of the four progenies obtained in F2 66. Mendel formulated the law of dominance and
generation by crossing pure tall and pure law of purity of gametes on the basis of
dwarf, how many of them will receive only (A) test cross
recessive trait from both parents? (B) back cross
(A) all four (B) one (C) monohybrid cross
(C) two (D) three (D) dihybrid cross
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

67. A cross between two pure individuals 74. Mendel’s pattern of inheritance systematically
differing in two sets of characters is called showed the progeny in
(A) dihybrid cross (A) checker board (B) square board
(B) monohybrid cross (C) cross board (D) all of these
(C) trihybrid cross
(D) reciprocal cross 75. The conclusions made by Mendel based on
dihybrid cross was
68. The phenotype of plant with genotype YyRr (A) when a dihybrid or polyhybrid forms
must be gametes, each gamete receives only one
(A) Yellow wrinkled (B) Green round allele from each pair
(C) Yellow round (D) green wrinkled (B) the assortment of alleles of different
69. Dihybrid ratio is defined as traits is totally independent of their
(A) phenotypic ratio obtained in F2 parental combination
generation of dihybrid cross. (C) both (A) and (B)
(B) phenotypic ratio obtained in F1 (D) none of the above
generation of dihybrid cross. 76. When Mendel crossed pea plants with yellow
(C) genotypic ratio obtained in F2 generation round seed and green wrinkled seed, the seeds
of dihybrid cross. obtained in F1 hybrid were,
(D) genotypic ratio obtained in F1 generation
(A) yellow wrinkled (B) yellow round
of dihybrid cross.
(C) green wrinkled (D) green round
70. While performing dihybrid cross, Mendel
77. The phenotypic ratio of F2 progeny in a
(A) selected a variety of pea plant having
dihybrid cross is
yellow and round seed as female parent
and another variety having green and (A) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1: 1
wrinkled seeds as a male parent. (B) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(B) obtained pure lines by selfing (C) 9 : 1 : 3 : 3 : 1
(C) performed artificial cross by emasculation (D) 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
(D) all of the above 78. The genotypic ratio obtained in a Mendelian
71. Out of the four phenotypes obtained in F2 dihybrid cross is
generation of dihybrid cross between yellow (A) 1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
round and green wrinkled seeds of pea plant, (B) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(A) two were parental and two were new (C) 1 : 4 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 2 : 1 : 1
combination (D) 9 : 7
(B) all were parental combination
79. New character combinations appear in F2
(C) all were with recessive trait
generation of a dihybrid cross mainly because
(D) all were new combination
of
72. The statement – “Probability of two (A) dominance
independent events occurring simultaneously (B) recessiveness
is the product of their individual probabilities” (C) principle of unit character
is (D) independent assortment
(A) law of dominance
(B) principle of probability 80. Law of independent assortment can be
(C) law of segregation explained by
(D) law of new combinations (A) monohybrid cross and monohybrid ratio
(B) dihybrid cross and dihybrid ratio
73. (3 : 1)  (3 : 1) = 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 (C) trihybrid cross and trihybrid ratio
This signifies (D) all of the above
(A) trihybrid ratio
(B) two monohybrid ratio 81. _______ occurs due to crossing over taking
(C) dihybrid ratio is a product of two place during meiosis.
monohybrid ratios (A) Linkage (B) Recombination
(D) none of the above (C) Segregation (D) Mutation
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

82. Law of independent assortment is applicable 1.2 Deviations from Mendelian ratios
for the traits which
(A) are located on different chromosomes. 90. Interaction between two alleles which are
(B) are located on same chromosome. present on the same gene locus of two
(C) are located on homologous. homologous chromosomes is called
(D) both (B) and (C) (A) intragenic interaction
(B) interallelic interaction
83. The three important laws of heredity proposed (C) intergenic interaction
by Mendel relate to (D) both (A) and (B)
(A) gene linkage, character segregation and
independent assortment. 91. Interaction between the alleles of different
(B) gene linkage, dominance and genes on the same or different chromosome is
segregation. called
(C) segregation, independent assortment and (A) intergenic
dominancerecessiveness. (B) nonallelic
(D) segregation, independent assortment and (C) intragenic
codominance. (D) both (A) and (B)
84. Mendel did not propose law of 92. RR (red) flowered plant of Mirabilis is
(A) segregation crossed with rr (white) flowered plant of
(B) dominance Mirabilis. All the Rr offsprings are pink. This
(C) incomplete dominance is an indication that the R gene is
(D) independent assortment (A) codominant
(B) recessive
85. The reason behind the success of Mendel was
(C) incompletely dominant
(A) choice of material.
(D) linked
(B) use of pure line.
(C) maintenance of qualitative and 93. In incomplete dominance, one could get
quantitative record. 1 : 2 : 1 ratio in
(D) all of the above (A) test cross (B) F2 generation
86. A test cross (C) F1 generation (D) R cross
(A) is used to investigate whether the 94. Co-dominance differs from incomplete
dominant expression is homozygous or dominance as in co-dominance
heterozygous. (A) the hybrid is intermediate
(B) involves mating of F1 hybrid with (B) both the genes are expressed equally
homozygous recessive parent. (C) dominant gene is expressed in F1
(C) both (A) and (B) generation
(D) none of these (D) genotypic ratio is 1 : 1
87. In F2 hybrid, to check the tall plant is 95. Multiple alleles of a gene always occupy
homozygous or heterozygous, which cross is (A) the same locus on a chromosome
performed? (B) the same position on different
(A) test cross (B) back cross chromosome
(C) monohybrid cross (D) both (A) and (B) (C) different loci on a chromosome
88. Which of the following ratio refers to back (D) different loci on different chromosomes
cross? 96. In Drosophila, the genotype of normal wings
(A) AA  Aa (B) Aa  Aa (A) vgni (B) Vg+
no
(C) Aa  AA (D) AA  AA (C) vg (D) vg

89. A cross between individual with unknown 97. ABO blood grouping is based on
genotype for a particular trait with a recessive (A) codominance
plant for that trait is called (B) incomplete dominance
(A) back cross (B) test cross (C) epistasis
(C) monohybrid cross (D) dihybrid cross (D) multiple allelism

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

98. Blood grouping in humans is controlled by 108. When red wheat kernel is crossed with white
(A) 4 alleles in which A is dominant. wheat kernel, the probability of getting red
(B) 3 alleles in which AB is codominant. darkest plant is
(C) 3 alleles in which none is dominant. (A) 1/16 (B) 4/16
(D) 3 alleles in which A is dominant. (C) 6/16 (D) 2/16
99. In pleiotropic inheritance, different traits are 109. The phenotypic ratio of polygenes
controlled by representing skin colour in humans is
(A) many genes (B) one or two genes (A) 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1
(C) single gene (D) mutation (B) 1 : 2 : 1
100. Which of the following is an example of (C) 1 : 6 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 6 : 1
pleiotropy? (D) 1 : 3 : 1
(A) Haemophilia 110. Who studied the inheritance of skin colour in
(B) Thalassemia negro and white population in USA ?
(C) Sickle cell anaemia (A) Hugo De Vries
(D) Colour blindness (B) Karl Correns
101. The genotype of a carrier carrying a gene for (C) Davenport and Davenport
sickle-cell anaemia is (D) Mendel
(A) Hbs (B) HbA/Hbs 111. Skin colour is controlled by
A
(C) Hb (D) Hbo (A) 2 pairs of genes
102. In which disease, does the RBC of a person (B) single gene
becomes half moon-shaped? (C) 3 pairs of genes
(A) haemophilia (D) 2 pairs of genes with an intragene
(B) sickle – cell anaemia 112. When a negro marries white, how many
(C) thalesemia phenotypes are obtained?
(D) leukemia (A) 7 (B) 10
103. A marriage between two carriers of sickle – (C) 16 (D) 8
cell anaemic gene will result into 113. AaBbCc is the genotype of
(A) 1 normal and 2 carriers (A) fair
(B) 1 sickle-cell anaemic (B) mulatto
(C) 2 normal and 2 sickle – cell anaemic (C) pure black (negro)
(D) both (A) and (B) (D) albino
104. When single character is controlled by two or
Miscellaneous
more genes is called
(A) pleiotropy 114. The science dealing with heredity and
(B) multiple allelism variation is known as
(C) polygenic inheritance (A) cytology (B) cytohistology
(D) co-dominance (C) embryology (D) genetics
105. The additive or cumulative effect is shown by 115. The peculiar characteristic of pea flowers is
(A) Pleiotropic gene (A) papilionaceous corolla
(B) Monogene (B) blue coloured petals
(C) Polygenes (C) round petals
(D) Complementary genes (D) long petals
106. Who discovered polygenic inheritance? 116. To avoid the birth of child with fatal sickle-
(A) H. Nilsson -Ehle (B) Davenport cell anaemia,
(C) Johannsen (D) Bateson (A) marriage between two homozygotes is
107. The phenotypic ratio of red (AABB) and discouraged
white (aabb) kernel in F2 generation showing (B) marriage between two heterozygotes is
polygenic inheritance is discouraged
(A) 1:2:1 (B) 1:4:6:4:1 (C) both (A) and (B)
(C) 1:6:4:4:1 (D) 1:6:15:20:15:6:1 (D) none of the above

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

9. The offsprings obtained by mating two pure

Critical Thinking strains having contrasting characters are called
as
1.1 Mendelian inheritance (A) hybrids (B) mutants
1. During dihybrid cross, the ratio of yellow : (C) Pgeneration (D) F2generation
green and round : wrinkled in F2 generation is 10. Homologous chromosomes
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 3 : 1 (A) are morphologically similar
(C) 9 : 3 (D) 3 : 9 (B) are structurally similar
2. Which of the following terms represent a pair (C) have identical gene loci bearing alleles
of contrasting characters? (D) all of these
(A) Allelomorphs 11. Mendel obtained true breeding plant for
(B) Homozygous dominant character by
(C) Hemizygous (A) continuous crosspollination
(D) Complementary genes (B) self pollination for many generations
3. An allele is dominant if it is expressed in (C) by making cross between hybrid and
(A) both homozygous and heterozygous pure plant
conditions (D) alternate self and crosspollination
(B) second generation
12. The technique of hybridisation used by
(C) back cross and test cross
Mendel was
(D) homozygous combination
(A) back cross (B) double cross
4. The gene which codes for a complete (C) single cross (D) emasculation
functional polypeptide that fully expresses
itself is called as 13. Mendelism was based on
(A) recessive gene (A) concept of factors
(B) dominant gene (B) concept of dominance
(C) complementary gene (C) experimental, quantitative, qualitative
(D) supplementary gene and evaluative study of Pisum sativum
(D) all of these
5. The allele which does not express in the F1
generation in presence of another allele is 14. According to Mendel, plants of F1 generation
(A) dominant show
(B) recessive (A) law of dominance
(C) codominant (B) purity of gametes
(D) incompletely dominant (C) independent assortment of genes
(D) all of these
6. If organisms resemble dominant parent but are
genetically different, they are 15. The types of gametes formed by a pure line
(A) heterozygous (B) homozygous is/are
(C) hemizygous (D) heterologous (A) 1 (B) 16
(C) 32 (D) 4
7. Which of the following is heterozygous for
two pairs of alleles? 16. In a cross between tall heterozygous pea
(A) TtRR (B) TtRr plants, what would be the phenotypic ratio in
(C) TTRR (D) TTRr the F1 generation?
(A) 1 : 2 : 1 (B) 3:1
8. A pure line is a (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1:4
(A) population of plants and animals which
are with pure blood. 17. Identify a cross in which 1/4th of the
(B) group of individuals which are offsprings show recessive trait?
morphologically similar (A) Rr  RR
(C) population of homozygous plants raised (B) Rr  rr
from homozygous plant. (C) Rr  Rr
(D) haploid individual. (D) Both (B) and (C)

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

18. When dominant AA and recessive aa is 26. In a cross between a pure tall pea plant with
crossed, the percentage ratio of the hybrid yellow pod and a pure short plant with green
showing the parental genotypes is pod, how many double recessive plants would
(A) 0% (B) 25% you expect in F2 generation?
(C) 50% (D) 75% (A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) 9
19. 190 grains of Jowar from single plant when
sown produce 140 tall and 50 dwarf plants. 27. In Mendel’s dihybrid cross, the number of
The genotypes of these offsprings may be plants which are homozygous for one
(A) TT, tt (B) TT, Tt character are
(C) Tt, Tt (D) TT, Tt, tt (A) 7 (B) 8
(C) 6 (D) 5
20. In a cross between axial and terminal flowered
pea plants, F2 progeny show 28. Find the odd one out.
(A) axial flowers (A) TtRr (B) TTRR
(B) terminal flowers (C) Ttrr (D) TtRR
(C) both (A) and (B)
(D) none of these 29. In a Mendelian dihybrid cross when tall and
yellow seeded plant was crossed with dwarf
21. Which of the following cross will produce and green seeded plant, in F2 generation, 36
terminal flower in garden pea? tall and green plants were obtained. What is
(A) AA  Aa (B) Aa  Aa the total number of progeny obtained in the
(C) Aa  AA (D) AA  aa cross?
(A) 224 (B) 192
22. When homozygous dominant parent is crossed (C) 144 (D) 186
with heterozygous parent, the percentage of
offsprings with different phenotype than either 30. If T (tallness), Y (yellow colour) are
parent is dominant, when a plant heterozygous for both
(A) 0 (B) 25 traits is selfed, then the ratio of pure
(C) 50 (D) 75 homozygous dwarf and green would be
3 1
23. A plant is heterozygous for tallness (Tt). The (A) (B)
possibility of ‘t’ gamete fertilizing either T or 16 3
‘t’ is 1 1
(C) (D)
1 1 16 4
(A) (B)
8 2
31. Probability of genotype TTrr in F2 generation
1 1
(C) (D) of a dihybrid cross is
4 6 1 3
(A) (B)
24. Mendel’s principle of segregation is based on 16 16
separation of alleles during 9 6
(A) gamete formation (C) (D)
16 16
(B) seed formation
(C) pollination 32. When AA BB and aa bb are crossed, in the F2
(D) embryonic development generation, the ratio of Aa Bb will be
(A) 4/16 (B) 1/16
25. When a pure tall plant (TT) having rounded (C) 2/16 (D) 8/16
seeds (RR) is crossed with dwarf plant (tt)
having wrinkled seeds (rr) and their F1 33. If a F1 plant in a dihybrid ratio is crossed with
progeny are crossed among themselves to a recessive plant, the ratio obtained will be
produce F2 generation, how many phenotypes (A) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
will be observed? (B) 1 : 1 : 1 : 2
(A) 16 (B) 9 (C) 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
(C) 4 (D) 2 (D) 1 : 1
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

34. What should be the genotype of a round 42. Which of the following cross produces tall and
seeded tall plant which when crossed with a dwarf in equal proportion?
plant of similar genotype produces the (A) TT  Tt (B) Tt  Tt
following percentage of phenotypes? (C) TT  rr (D) Tt  tt
(tall round = 56.25 %, tall wrinkled = 18.75 %,
43. When a tall pea plant is crossed with a short
dwarf round=18.75 %, dwarf wrinkled = 6.25 %.)
pea plant to obtain a ratio 1 : 1, the genotype
(A) Tt RR (B) TT Rr
of the tall pea plant is
(C) Tt Rr (D) TTrr
(A) TT
35. How many genetically different gametes will (B) Tt
be produced by a heterozygous plant having (C) tt
the genotype Aa Bb Cc? (D) any of the previous three
(A) 4 (B) 8
44. Back cross is
(C) 12 (D) 16
(A) F1  F1
36. A cross between yellow round and green (B) F1  recessive parent only
wrinkled pure line plants yield _______ (C) F1  dominant parent only
yellow wrinkled plants in F1 generation.
(D) F1  any parent.
(A) 9 (B) 3
(C) 0 (D) 16 45. F1 hybrid obtained from pure inflated pod and
pure constricted pod variety of pea was
37. How many types of gametes are expected
crossed back with the pure variety of inflated
from the organism with genotype AA BB CC?
pods. The progeny thus obtained will be
(A) One (B) Two
(A) all inflated. (B) all constricted.
(C) Four (D) Eight
(C) 3 : 1. (D) 1 : 1.
38. Genetically identical progeny is produced
46. The percentage of ‘yr’ gametes produced by a
when the individual
YyRr parents will be
(A) performs cross fertilization.
(A) 75 (B) 25
(B) produces identical gametes.
(C) 50 (D) 12.5
(C) practices inbreeding without meiosis.
(D) undergoes mutation 47. A tall pea plant with red flowers was crossed
with a dwarf white flowered plant and four
39. Some individuals with blood group A may
kinds of offsprings were produced in equal
inherit the genes for black hair, while other
proportions. The genotype of the tall red
individuals with blood group A may inherit
parent was
the genes for brown hair. This can be
(A) TTRr (B) TtRr
explained by the principle of
(C) TTRR (D) TtRR
(A) independent assortment.
(B) incomplete dominance. 1.2 Deviations from Mendelian ratios
(C) dominance. 48. F1 hybrid is intermediate between the two
(D) multiple alleles. parents. The phenomenon is called
40. Mendel may not be able to establish the law of (A) codominance
independent assortment, if both characters (B) dominance
were located on (C) blending inheritance
(A) separate on homologous chromosomes. (D) incomplete dominance
(B) same homologous chromosomes. 49. In case of incomplete dominance, the
(C) separate chromosome but at different loci. monohybrid F2 generation will show
(D) sex chromosomes. (A) identical genotypic and phenotypic ratio
41. A test cross distinguishes between of 3 : 1.
(A) two heterozygous plants. (B) genotypic ratio of 1 : 2 : 1 and
(B) two homozygous plants. phenotypic ratio of 3 : 1.
(C) homozygous recessive and heterozygous (C) identical genotypic and phenotypic ratio
recessive. of 1 : 2 : 1.
(D) homozygous dominant and (D) genotypic ratio of 3 : 1 and phenotypic
heterozygous dominant. ratio of 1 : 2 : 1.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

50. In cattles, when red one is crossed with white, Competitive Thinking
an intermediate roan coloured offspring is
formed in F1 generation. When selfing of F1 1.0 Introduction
generation was carried, the result obtained was
(A) 2 Red, 1 Roan, 1 White 1. The resemblance of individuals to their
(B) 1 Red, 2 Roan, 1 White progenitors is called [AMU 1990]
(C) 1 Red, 2 Roan, 2 White (A) heredity
(D) 1 Red, 1 Roan, 1 White (B) genetics
51. Genotype of blood group ‘A’ will be (C) evolution
(A) IAIa (B) IBIB (D) none of these
A A A
(C) I I or I i (D) IAIc 2. Mendel formulated some laws which are
52. Marriage between two sickle-cell carriers known as [AMU 1990]
results into normal and sickle-cell carrier (A) Laws of germplasm
progenies in the ratio of (B) Laws of origin of species
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 (C) Laws of recapitulation
(C) 1 : 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 (D) Laws of inheritance
53. In humans, height is an example of 1.1 Mendelian inheritance
(A) codominance
(B) polygenic inheritance 3. Which of the following is dominant character
(C) jumping genes according to Mendel? [AFMC 2000]
(D) dominant genes (A) Dwarf plant and yellow fruit
(B) Terminal fruit and wrinkled seed
54. Lethal genes are (C) White testa and yellow pericarp
(A) recessive homozygous (D) Green coloured pod and rounded seed
(B) recessive heterozygous
(C) dominant heterozygous 4. The alleles are [KCET 1994; MH CET 2004]
(D) codominant (A) a pair of genes governing a specific
character such as tallness or dwarfness
55. In humans, albinism is determined by (B) multiple forms of genes
(A) dominant gene (C) genes governing eye characters
(B) codominant gene (D) genes present in allosomes
(C) recessive gene
(D) none of these 5. When a true breeding pea plant that has yellow
seeds is pollinated by a plant that has green
Miscellaneous seeds, all the F1 plants have yellow seeds. This
56. When Mendel crossed plants with a pair of means that the allele for yellow is
contrasting characters, he derived the [MP PMT 1993]
(A) law of dominance (A) heterozygous
(B) law of genes (B) dominant
(C) law of incomplete dominance (C) recessive
(D) law of co-dominance (D) lethal
57. If a tall pea plant having red coloured flowers 6. In Mendel’s experiment, nature of seed coat,
are crossed, they produce four types of plants flower colour, position of flower, pod colour,
in the ratio of 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. The genotype of the stem height, etc. are referred to as
parents are (Rred flowered ; T  tall) is [RPMT 1997]
(A) RRTT  RRTT (A) alleles
(B) RrTT  RrTT (B) genotypes
(C) RrTt  RrTt (C) phenotypes
(D) RRTt  RRTt (D) all of above

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

7. An organism with two identical alleles for a 13. In Mendelian monohybrid cross, phenotypic
given trait is [MP PMT 1993; CPMT 1994] ratio in F2 is 3:1. How many types of gametes
(A) homozygous are formed in F1 generation?
(B) segregating [Bihar MDAT 1995]
(C) dominant (A) Only one type
(D) a hermaphrodite (B) Two types
(C) Four types
8. Organisms phenotypically similar but (D) Eight types
genotypically different are said to be
[KCET 1994] 14. In pea, hybrids between red flowered and
white flowered strains were crossed back to
(A) heterozygous
pure red flowered strain. The progeny of this
(B) monozygous
cross will have [MP PMT 1990]
(C) multizygous (A) red flowers only
(D) homozygous (B) white flowers only
9. Which of the following cross will give (C) equal number of red and white flowers
recessive progeny in F1 generation ? (D) mostly red flowers
[MH CET 2014] 15. The percentage of heterozygous individuals
(A) TT × tt obtained in F2 generation from selfing the
(B) Tt × TT plants with genotype Rr would be
(C) tt × tt [AIIMS 1994]
(D) TT × TT (A) 24 (B) 50
(C) 75 (D) 100
10. When Mendel crossed true breeding white-
flowered strain of peas with a true breeding 16. Which genotype represents a true dihybrid
red-flowered strain, individuals in the F2 condition? [CBSE PMT 1991]
represented [DPMT 1976] (A) TtRr (B) ttrr
(A) white-flowered plants (C) Ttrr (D) TtRR
(B) red-flowered plants 17. Mendel’s law of segregation is applicable to
(C) red-flowered and white-flowered plants [Wardha 2005]
in the ratio 3 : 1 (A) dihybrid cross only
(D) red and white-flowered individuals in (B) monohybrid cross only
the ratio 1 : 1 (C) both dihybrid and monohybrid cross
11. Which of the following is genotypic ratio of (D) dihybrid but not monohybrid cross
Mendel’s monohybrid cross? 18. In dihybrid cross, out of 16 plants obtained, the
[Bihar MDAT 1991; KCET 1994; number of genotypes shall be [MP PMT 2001]
EAMCET 1993; MP PMT 1996; (A) 4 (B) 9
MP PMT 2005; J & K CET 2010; (C) 16 (D) 12
Orissa JEE 2010] 19. What type of gametes will be formed by
(A) 1 : 3 genotype RrYy? [RPMT 2002]
(B) 3 : 1 (A) RY, Ry, rY, ry
(C) 1 : 2 : 1 (B) RY, Ry, ry, ry
(D) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 (C) Ry, Ry, Yy, ry
(D) Rr, RR, Yy, YY
12. In a monohybrid cross, when F1 is crossed
with homozygous dominant parent then which 20. From a cross AABb × aaBb, the genotypes
type of offsprings will be obtained? AaBB : AaBb : Aabb : aabb will be obtained
[RPMT 2002] in the following ratio [BHU 1994]
(A) Dominant: recessive 3 : 1 (A) 1 : 1 : 1 : 1
(B) Only recessive (B) 1 : 2 : 1 : 0
(C) Dominant : recessive 1 : 1 (C) 0 : 3 : 1 : 0
(D) No recessive (D) 1 : 1 : 1 : 0

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

21. A cross between a homozygous recessive and a 28. In shorthorn cattle, genes for red colour coat
heterozygous plant is called are (r1) and white colour coat are (r2). Crosses
[BHU 1995; MH CET 2003] between red (r1r1) and white (r2r2) produced
(A) monohybrid cross (r1r2) roan. This is an example of [BHU 2003]
(B) dihybrid cross (A) complementary genes
(C) test cross (B) epistasis
(D) back cross (C) codominance
(D) incomplete dominance
22. In hybridization, Tt × tt give rise to the
progeny of ratio 29. Which of the following genotypes does not
[CBSE PMT 1999; RPMT 1999; BVP 2000; produce a sugar polymer on the surface of the
Pb. PMT 2000; BHU 2003] RBC? [Kerala PMT 2010]
(A) 1 : 1 (A) IAIB (B) IAIA
(B) 1 : 2 (C) IAIi (D) ii
(C) 2 : 1 30. ABO blood grouping is controlled by gene I
(D) 1 : 2: 1 which has three alleles and show co-
dominance. There are six genotypes. How
1.2 Deviations from Mendelian ratios
many phenotypes in all are possible?
23. Incomplete dominance is found in [CBSE PMT 2010]
[MP PMT 2001] (A) six (B) Three
(A) Pisum sativum (C) Four (D) Five
(B) Antirrhinum majus 31. If two persons with ‘AB’ blood group marry
(C) both (A) and (B) and have sufficiently large number of
(D) None of these children, these children could be classified as
‘A’ blood group : 'AB' blood group : ‘B’ blood
24. Phenotypic ratio in plant Snapdragon in F2 is
group in 1 : 2 : 1 ratio. Modern technique of
[AMU 2010] protein electrophoresis reveals presence of
(A) 1:1 (B) 2:1 both ‘A’ and ‘B’ type proteins in ‘AB’ blood
(C) 3:1 (D) 1:2:1 group individuals. This is an example of
25. Complete dominance is absent in [NEET 2013]
[JIPMER 2002] (A) Codominance
(B) Incomplete dominance
(A) Pisum sativum
(C) Partial dominance
(B) Mirabilis jalapa
(D) Complete dominance
(C) Lathyrus odoratus
(D) Oenothera lamarckiana 32. A couple, both carriers for the gene sickle cell
anaemia planning to get married, want to
26. When dominant and recessive alleles express know the chances of having anaemic
themselves together, it is called progeny ? [MH CET 2014]
[CBSE PMT 2001] (A) 100% (B) 75%
(A) dominance (C) 50% (D) 25%
(B) co-dominance
(C) amphidominance 33. Which of the following pair of feature is a
(D) pseudodominance good example of polygenic inheritance?
[AIIMS 2008]
27. Alleles which show independent effect are (A) Human height and skin colour
called [CBSE PMT 1996] (B) ABO blood group in humans and flower
(A) supplementary alleles colour of Mirabilis jalapa
(B) co-dominant alleles (C) Hair pigment of mouse and tongue
(C) epistatic alleles rolling in humans
(D) complementary alleles (D) Human eye colour and sickle cell anaemia.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

34. The total number of types of gametes 41. A man with blood group ‘A’ marries a woman
produced in a cross between a negro and with blood group ‘B’. What are all the
albino parent is [MH CET 2014] possible blood groups of their offsprings?
(A) 64 (B) 16 [AIPMT 2015]
(C) 08 (D) 04
(A) A and B only
Miscellaneous (B) A, B and AB only
35. Mendel enunciated [MP PMT 1995, 98] (C) A, B, AB and O
(A) two principles of inheritance (D) O only
(B) three principles of inheritance
42. In the first step of Monohybrid cross
(C) four principles of inheritance
experiment, Mendel selected pea plants which
(D) five principles of inheritance
were [MH CET 2015]
36. A tall plant was grown in nutrient deficient (A) pure tall as male and pure dwarf as
soil and remained dwarf. When it is crossed female.
with dwarf plant then [DPMT 2007]
(B) pure tall as female and pure dwarf as
(A) all hybrid plants are dwarf
male.
(B) all hybrid plants are tall
(C) 50% tall and 50% dwarf (C) heterozygous tall as male and pure
dwarf as female.
(D) 75% tall and 25% dwarf
(D) heterozygous tall as female and pure
37. A male rabbit of genotype ‘AABBDDEE’ is dwarf as male.
crossed with a female rabbit of genotype
‘aabbddee’ to produce F1 hybrid offspring. 43. In a cross between red kernelled and white
How many genetically different gametes can kernelled varieties of wheat showing
be produced by this F1 hybrid? polygenic inheritance, the phenotypic ratio in
[WB JEEM 2015] F2 generation will be [MH CET 2015]
(A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 16 (D) 32
(A) 1 : 6 : 15 : 20 : 15 : 6 : 1
38. How many pairs of contrasting characters in (B) 1:4:6:4:1
pea plants were studied by Mendel in his (C) 1:2:1
experiments? [AIPMT 2015]
(D) 2:1
(A) Five
(B) Six 44. Human skin colour is an example of
(C) Eight [MH CET 2015]
(D) Seven
(A) Intragenic interaction
39. Multiple alleles are present [AIPMT 2015] (B) Interallelic interaction
(A) on different chromosomes. (C) Quantitative inheritance
(B) at different loci on the same (D) Pleiotropy
chromosome.
(C) at the same locus of the chromosome. 45. How many types of gametes will be produced
(D) on non-sister chromatids. by an individual having genotype AaBbcc?
[MH CET 2015]
40. Alleles are [AIPMT 2015]
(A) four
(A) different phenotype.
(B) true breeding homozygotes. (B) three
(C) different molecular forms of a gene. (C) two
(D) heterozygotes. (D) one

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

Answers Key

Classical Thinking
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (D)
11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (B) 14. (D) 15. (B) 16. (D) 17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (D)
21. (A) 22. (B) 23. (B) 24. (B) 25. (B) 26. (C) 27. (C) 28. (A) 29. (D) 30. (B)
31. (A) 32. (A) 33. (D) 34. (B) 35. (A) 36. (C) 37. (A) 38. (B) 39. (C) 40. (D)
41. (C) 42. (C) 43. (D) 44. (A) 45. (A) 46. (B) 47. (B) 48. (C) 49. (A) 50. (B)
51. (C) 52. (D) 53. (D) 54. (B) 55. (C) 56. (C) 57. (B) 58. (B) 59. (A) 60. (B)
61. (D) 62. (C) 63. (C) 64. (D) 65. (B) 66. (C) 67. (A) 68. (C) 69. (A) 70. (D)
71. (A) 72. (B) 73. (C) 74. (A) 75. (C) 76. (B) 77. (B) 78. (A) 79. (D) 80. (B)
81. (B) 82. (A) 83. (C) 84. (C) 85. (D) 86. (C) 87. (D) 88. (C) 89. (B) 90. (D)
91. (D) 92. (C) 93. (B) 94. (B) 95. (A) 96. (B) 97. (D) 98. (B) 99. (C) 100. (C)
101. (B) 102. (B) 103. (D) 104. (C) 105. (C) 106. (A) 107. (B) 108. (A) 109. (C) 110. (C)
111. (C) 112. (A) 113. (B) 114. (D) 115. (A) 116. (C)

Critical Thinking
1. (B) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (A) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (A) 10. (D)
11. (B) 12. (D) 13. (C) 14. (A) 15. (A) 16. (B) 17. (C) 18. (A) 19. (D) 20. (C)
21. (B) 22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (A) 25. (C) 26. (A) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. (B) 30. (C)
31. (A) 32. (A) 33. (A) 34. (C) 35. (B) 36. (C) 37. (A) 38. (B) 39. (A) 40. (B)
41. (D) 42. (D) 43. (B) 44. (D) 45. (A) 46. (B) 47. (B) 48. (D) 49. (C) 50. (B)
51. (C) 52. (D) 53. (B) 54. (A) 55. (C) 56. (A) 57. (C)

Competitive Thinking
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (A) 8. (A) 9. (C) 10. (C)
11. (C) 12. (D) 13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (B) 16. (A) 17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (A) 20. (B)
21. (C) 22. (A) 23. (B) 24. (D) 25. (B) 26. (B) 27. (B) 28. (C) 29. (D) 30. (C)
31. (A) 32. (D) 33. (A) 34. (C) 35. (B) 36. (B) 37. (C) 38. (D) 39. (C) 40. (C)
41. (C) 42. (B) 43. (B) 44. (C) 45. (A)

Hints

Classical Thinking 16. Mendel published his findings in 1866 in the

journal “Annual Proceedings of Natural
4. Morgan gave the function of chromosomes in History Society”.
transmitting heredity. Johannsen coined the
term ‘gene’. Karl Correns explained 17. In the year 1900, Hugo De Vries, Karl Correns
incomplete dominance. and Erich Tschermark independently
rediscovered the research carried out by
7. Theophrastus – Father of botany Mendel, his experiments on heredity and
Stephen Hales – Father of physiology variations and laid the basis of modern
Aristotle – Father of biology genetics.
13. Mendel was sent to University of Vienna for 18. Sutton (1902) showed importance of reduction
higher studies in physics, mathematics and division and proposed chromosomal theory of
natural sciences. heredity. Boveri (1888) described centriole.
18
Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.
Lederberg and Tatum discovered conjugation
in bacteria (1944). Morgan (1933) gave the
function of chromosomes in transmission of
heredity.
19. Mendel’s work was re-discovered by Hugo De 36.
Vries (Holland), Correns (Germany) and
Tschermark (Austria).
20. Mendel observed many variable characters in 39.
pea plant like short life span so that he could
study more generations in a short duration.
Pea plant produced many seeds, so he could
45.
grow thousands of pea plants. There were no
intermediate characters. Large flowers would
help in easy hybridization.
21. Lathyrus odoratus is sweet pea. Mangifera
49.
indica is mango and Solanum tuberosum is
potato.
23. Out of the 7 pairs of characters, wrinkled or
round character was restricted to seeds and not
to the leaves. Mendel did not consider any leaf
55.
character.
25. Gene is a particular segment of DNA which is
responsible for the inheritance and expression
of a particular character.
26. The characters that Mendel chose for
experiments were passed down to next
generations. Mendel suggested that these
characters are governed by factors, which are 56.
passed on to next generations. These
hereditary factors are now known as genes.
29. Alleles, the abbreviated form of term
allelomorphs indicates alternative forms of the
same gene.
31. Karyotype is the physical appearance of
chromosomal set of an organism as seen in
57.
metaphase. Morphology is the study of form
and structure of organisms without
consideration of function . 58.
32. Genotype designates the genetic makeup or
genetic constitution of an organism. 62.
34. Heterozygous is a condition, where one of the
genes of an allelic pair is dominant and the
other is recessive, i.e. heterozygous, it
indicates a pair of dissimilar alleles. 63.
35. A polyploid organism has more than the
normal diploid number of chromosomes. A
mutant is an organism which shows a sudden
genetic change due to a natural or induced
Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance
mutation. Variant is deviation in characters in
an individual from the group to which it
belongs or deviation in characters of the
offspring from those of its parents.
The 1st generation obtained from crossing two
parents is called as first filial generation or F1
generation.
Punnet Square (British geneticist, R.C.
Punnet,1927) is a checkerboard used to show
the result of a cross between two organisms.
Pea flower shows diadelphous condition of
stamens, where stamens are arranged to form
two bundles of 9 fused stamens and 1 free
stamen.
Mendel thought that reappearance of
dwarfness may be due to female dominance,
i.e. tall plants were females and dwarf plants
were male. So, he performed the reciprocal
cross.
Homozygous tall : TT
Homozygous dwarf : tt
P generation : TT  tt
T t
Gametes :
F1 generation : Tt
(Heterozygous tall)
The dominant trait is expressed in F1
generation.
P generation : RR(Red)  rr (white)
R r
Gametes :
F1 generation: Rr
(Heterozygous red flower)
The three genotypes – TT (pure tall),
Tt (hybrid tall) and tt (dwarf).
Only one progeny will receive recessive trait
and therefore it is dwarf (tt).
In some cases, there is incomplete dominance
or no dominance. Law of dominance could not
support such cases. Hence, it is not universally
acceptable.
Mendel’s first law is the law of dominance.
Law of independent assortment is the third
law. Epistasis is a drawback in Mendel’s
studies, where intergenic suppression of
characters is observed.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

71. The two parental combinations were yellow
round and green wrinkled. The two new
combinations were yellow wrinkled and green
round.
74. In Mendel’s experiments of inheritance, the
progeny was systematically shown in the
checker board or Punnet’s square.
86. When F1 hybrid is crossed with homozygous
recessive parents, it is called a test cross.
88. The cross between F1 hybrid (Aa) with
homozygous dominant (AA) is a back cross.
92. The offsprings Rr are pink due to partial
expression of both alleles, i.e. incomplete
dominance.

76. Parents : YYRR  yyrr 93. P generation : RR (Red)  rr (white)

R  r
(yellow (green Gametes :
round) wrinkled)
Gametes : YR yr
F1 generation: Rr (all pink)
F2 generation:
R r
F1 generation : YyRr
R RR Rr
(Yellow Round)
(Red) (Pink)
Green Green r Rr rr
Yellow Yellow
77. Phenotypic
round wrinkled round wrinkled (Pink) (white)
ratio : : 3 : 1
9 3  1 Red : 2 Pink : 1 White

78. Parent : Yellow Round  green wrinkled 95. More than two alternative forms (alleles) of a
YYRR yyrr gene in a population occupying the same locus
on a chromosome or its homologue are known
Gametes : as multiple alleles.
YR yr
96. vgni = Nicked wings
vgno = Notched wings
F1 generation : YyRr vg = Vestigial wings
Yellow round
98. The three alleles of ABO blood group – IA, IB
Selfing of F1 generation to get F2 generation. and i. In this, IA and IB are co-dominant.
F2 generation: 99. When a single gene controls two or more
different traits, it is called pleiotropic genes and
YR Yr yR yr
the inheritance is called pleiotropic inheritance.
YR YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr
100. Pleiotropy: Influencing more than one trait by
Yr YYRr YYrr YyRr Yyrr a single gene.
yR YyRR YyRr yyRR yyRr Haemophilia: A metabolic disorder
characterized by free bleeding from slight
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr wound due to lack of formation of clotting
substances. It is sex-linked recessive gene.
Phenotypic ratio: Sickle cell anaemia: It is a hereditary disease
Yellow Yellow Green Green caused by a recessive mutant gene that
round wrinkled round wrinkled controls haemoglobin structure, usually lethal
9 : 3 : 3 : 1
in homozygotes.
Genotypic ratio: Thalassemia: It is a group of hereditary
YYRR YYRr YyRR YyRr YYrr Yyrr yyRR yyRr yyrr haemolytic anemias.
1 : 2 : 2 : 4 : 1 : 2 : 1 : 2 : 1
Colour blindness: It is a sex-linked disease.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

107. Parents : Red  White 115. The peculiar characteristic of pea flower is
kernels kernels papilionaceous corolla, i.e. butterfly like,
AABB aabb
having five petals.
Gametes : AB ab
Critical Thinking
AaBb
F1 generation : Intermediate red 1. Yellow round = 9
Selfing of F1 generation : AaBb  AaBb Yellow wrinkled = 3
Green round = 3
Gametes : AB Ab aB ab  AB Ab aB ab Green wrinkled = 1
F2 generation : From above,
AB Ab aB ab i. Yellow coloured seeds = 9 + 3 = 12
AB AABB AABb AaBB AaBb Green coloured seeds = 3 + 1 = 4
 Yellow : Green = 12:4 = 3:1
Ab AABb AAbb AaBb Aabb
ii. Similarly,
aB AaBB AaBb aaBB aaBb Round seeds = 9 + 3 = 12
Wrinkled seeds = 3 + 1 = 4
ab AaBb Aabb aaBb aabb
 Round wrinkled = 12:4 = 3:1
2. Alleles are various forms of a gene or
Darkest Medium Intermediate Light White
Red red red red
Mendelian factors, which occur on the same
Phenotypic
ratio locus on homologous chromosomes and
: 1 : 4 : 6 : 4 : 1
control the same trait (e.g. Tallness and
110. Hugo De Vries and Karl Correns rediscovered dwarfness in Pea).
the Mendel’s work. 4. When a gene expresses itself fully and codes
111. Skin colour in humans is controlled by three for a complete functional polypeptide
pairs of genes: Aa, Bb, Cc irrespective of the presence or absence of a
recessive gene, is called as a dominant gene.
112. The phenotypes are
- Pure black (negro) 5. In F1 generation, only dominant characters are
- Black (less dark than negro parent) expressed by dominant genes, whereas recessive
- Lesser black or brown genes and their expressions are suppressed.
- Mulatto (intermediate – sanwla) 7. ‘Tt’ and ‘Rr’ are the two pairs of heterozygous
- Fair alleles.
- Very fair
- Pure white (albino) 8. A pure line is the organism which is
homozygous for a particular character.
113. The genotype of negro = AABBCC
The genotype of albino = aabbcc 9. Mutants are organisms which are produced
due to mutations. F2 is the second filial
114. Genetics is the branch of science that is generation. P is parental generation.
concerned or deals with the phenomenon of
heredity and variation. Cytohistology is the 12. Hybridisation is a process in which plants
study of structure and life processes of cells belonging to different species are artificially
and their components along with cellular cross pollinated. The important step in this is
details of a tissue or organ. Embryology is the emasculation, which means removal of anthers
study of development of embryo. Cytology is or stamens before anthesis to prevent self
the study of cells. pollination in bisexual flowers.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

14. The character which is expressed in F1 T T

generation is dominant and the recessive T TT TT
character is suppressed in F1 generation. t Tt Tt
17. Rr  Rr Hence, the percentage of offsprings with
different phenotype is ‘0’.
R r
R RR Rr 23. Plant heterozygous for tallness has two alleles,
one governing tallness and other governing
tall tall
dwarfness. This plant will produce two types
r Rr rr
of gametes during gamete formation because
tall dwarf
of segregation. The gametes produced are T
18. When a homozygous dominant (AA) is and t. Hence, the possibility of ‘t’ gamete
crossed with homozygous recessive (aa) in F1 1
fertilizing either ‘T’ or ‘t’ is , i.e. 50 %.
generation heterozygous dominant (Aa) is 2
obtained which does not resemble any of the 24. The law of segregation states that when a pair
parents genotypically. of allelomorphs are brought together in the F1
19. The phenotypes obtained from growing 190 hybrid they co-exist or remain together in the
grains of Jowar are 140 tall and 50 dwarf. This hybrid without blending or in any way
approximately equal to 3 : 1 ratio. Hence, this contaminating each other and they separate
will be F2 generation and there will be 3 completely and remain pure during the
genotypes and two phenotypes. The genotypes formation of gametes.
will be homozygous tall, heterozygous tall and 25. The four phenotypes: Tall round, Tall
homozygous dwarf, i.e. TT, Tt, tt respectively. wrinkled, Dwarf round, Dwarf wrinkled.

20. In F2 generation, both the dominant and 26. Parents : TTYY  ttyy
(Tall Yellow) (Dwarf green)
recessive characters are expressed and hence it
will show both the types of flowers. Gametes : TY ty
F1 generation : TtYy
21. Axillary position (A) is dominant over
terminal (a) position. When Aa  Aa is
crossed, we get 3 : 1 ratio, i.e. three axillary TY Ty tY ty
flower and one terminal. Gametes:
Aa  Aa F2 generation:
TY Ty tY ty
A a A a TY TTYY TTYy TtYY TtYy
Gametes:
Ty TTYy TTyy TtYy Ttyy
A a tY TtYY TtYy ttYY ttYy
A AA Aa ty TtYy Ttyy ttYy ttyy
a Aa aa
There is only one double recessive plant = ttyy
3 Axillary : 1 terminal
27. The single homozygous plants are YYRr (2),
22. When homozygous dominant parent (TT) YyRR (2), Yyrr (2) and yyRr (2).
crossed with heterozygous parent (Tt), the
28. Phenotype of TtRr, TTRR and TtRR is Tall
offspring produced is of same phenotype as
Round, but phenotype of Ttrr is tall wrinkled.
that of parents.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

29. The dihybrid phenotypic ratio is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1. 34. The ratio given is  9: 3: 3: 1 (56.25 : 18.75 :
9  Tall yellow 18.75 : 6.25)
3  Tall green This ratio occurs due to the F1 hybrid which is
3  Dwarf yellow heterozygous for both the genes, i.e. TtRr.
1  Dwarf green
 If there are 36 tall and green plants there will 35. The eight gametes produced will be – ABC,
be 36 dwarf yellow, 12 dwarf green and 108 ABc, AbC, Abc, aBC, aBc, abC, abc
tall yellow plants. Thus the total number of
progeny will be 192. 36. A cross between yellow round and green
wrinkled pure line plants, yields all yellow
30. When a plant heterozygous for tallness and
yellow colour are selfed, they will produce F2 round plants in F1 generation as this character
generation with 16 different genotypes. Out of is dominant. No recessive character is
these, only one will be homozygous recessive expressed in F1 plants so, the number of
genotype. Hence, the ratio of pure yellow wrinkled plants produced is 0.
homozygous dwarf and green is 1 : 16.
37. In AABBCC, there is no heterozygous allele.
31. Parents : TTRR × ttrr So, only one type of gamete can be formed.

F1 generation : TtRr 39. Law of independent assortment can also be
F2 generation : TtRr × TtRr stated as “If the inheritance of more than one
Gametes : TR Tr tR tr  pair of characters (two pairs or more) is
TR Tr tR tr studied simultaneously, the factors or genes
for each pair of characters assort
TR Tr tR tr independently of the other pairs”.
TR TTRR TTRr TtRR TtRr In the example given above, the two
Tr TTRr TTrr TtRr Ttrr allelomorphic pairs for characters  blood
tR TtRR TtRr ttRR ttRr group and colour of hair are taken into
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr consideration, which can be expressed by Law
of Independent Assortment.
 In F2 generation, TTrr is 1/16.
40. The law of independent assortment is
32. Four double heterozygous individuals (AaBb) applicable only for the traits which are located
are formed in a typical Mendelian dihybrid
on different chromosomes.
cross.
33. When the F1 dihybrid is crossed with a 41. When F1 offsprings are crossed with recessive
recessive plant, it is called dihybrid test cross. parent it is called as test cross and it produces
Yellow Round Green Wrinkled recessive and dominant in equal proportion and
Parents: Yy Rr  yy rr hence used to distinguish between homozygous
or heterozygous dominant characters.
42. Parents: Tt  tt
Gametes : YR Yr yR yr  yr T t t t
Gametes :

YR Yr yR yr T t
t Tt tt
yr YyRr Yyrr yyRr yyrr
t Tt tt
1 : 1 : 1 : 1
Equal number of tall and dwarf plants are
Yellow Yellow Green Green
Round Wrinkled round wrinkled produced.

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44. In Mendelian inheritance, the F2 offsprings are Phenotypic ratio: Red : Pink : White
obtained by self-pollination in the F1 hybrids. 1 : 2 : 1
But, the F1 hybrids can be crossed with either Genotypic ratio: RR : Rr : rr
of the two parents. Such a cross between 1 : 2 : 1
offspring and parents is known as back cross.
50. RR (Red)  WW (White)
45. The genotype of pure inflated pod variety = II
The genotype of pure constricted pod variety Gametes : R W
= ii
The cross will be;
Parents : II  ii F1 generation: RW (Roan)
Gametes: I i
F2 generation: RW  RW
F1 generation : Ii
(F1 hybrid) R W
Ii  II R RR RW
(F1 hybrid) (pure inflated) (red) (roan)
Gametes: I i I I W RW WW
(roan) (white)

II II Ii Ii Phenotypic ratio: 1 Red : 2 Roan : 1 White

(All inflated pods) Genotypic ratio : RR : RW : WW
46. The gametes produced by parents YyRr will 1 : 2 : 1
be YR, Yr, yR, yr. Hence, the percentage of
51. The homozygous and heterozygous genotypic
yr will be 25.
condition for blood group A will be IAIA and
47. This is a dihybrid test cross, so the tall pea IAi respectively.
plant with red flowers has to be TtRr, i.e.
heterozygous. 52. Three types of progenies which result from
TtRr  ttrr marriage between sickle-cell carriers are one
(Tall Red) (dwarf white) normal, two sickle-cell carriers and one sickle-
Gametes: TR Tr tR tr  tr cell anaemic. The one sickle-cell anaemic dies
leaving behind one normal and two sickle-cell
TR Tr tR tr carriers. Hence, the ratio is 1 : 2.
tr TtRr Ttrr ttRr ttrr
54. The disease sickle-cell anaemia is caused by a
49. Parents: Red White gene HbS which is recessive. A marriage
RR rr between two carriers of sickle-cell anaemia
(HbA HbS) will produce – normal children
Gametes : R r with genotype (HbAHbA), sickle cell carriers
with genotype (HbAHbS) and sickle-cell
F1 generation: Rr anaemic with genotype HbSHbS. Sickle-cell
(All pink) anaemic dies leaving behind carriers and
F2 generation: normal. Thus, the gene for sickle-cell
R r anaemia (recessive gene) is lethal in
R RR Rr homozygous condition.
(Red) (Pink)
r Rr rr 55. Genotype of albino person is aabbcc (pure
(Pink) (white) white, melanin is not produced at all).

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

56. Whenever any organism consisting of two 11. 1 : 2 : 1; one homozygous dominant, two
contrasting alleles of a gene or trait, the one heterozygous dominant and one homozygous
which expresses itself phenotypically is recessive.
known as dominant, whereas other allele or
12. Tt  TT
trait which fails to express itself is recessive.
On the basis of his experiments, Mendel (F1 hybrid) (homozygous dominant)
formulated this law of dominance when a T T
pair of contrasting characters were crossed. TT TT
T
57. The ratio produced is 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 which is t Tt Tt
also called the “dihybrid” ratio. Therefore,
the genotype of the parents should be RrTt. No recessive combination is obtained.
(i.e. heterozygous for both the genes.) 13. Parents: RR  rr

Competitive Thinking Gametes: R r

1. Heredity is the transmission of genetic F1 generation: Rr
characters from parents to the offspring. F2 generation: Rr  Rr
2. Law of dominance, law of segregation and R r
law of independent assortment come under R RR Rr
Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
r Rr rr
7. The homozygote is pure for the character and
breeds true, i.e. it gives rise to offsprings  Red : white = 3 : 1
having the same character on self-breeding. 14. Parents : Rr (Hybrid red)  RR (Pure red)
e.g. TT or tt.
R r  R R
8. Heterozygous is not pure and is called hybrid. Gametes:
Heterozygote does not breed true on self
fertilization. e.g. Tt. RR RR Rr Rr
(All red)
9. Recessive character will be expressed only in
presence of recessive alleles. A dominant 15. 50; because after selfing of Rr, 2 homozygous
allele will not allow the expression of a and 2 heterozygous individuals are formed in
recessive allele. F2 generation.
10. R r
Parents: RR  rr
(red) (white) R RR Rr
Gametes: R  r r Rr rr

F1 generation: Rr 17. Law of segregation is universally applicable.

F2 generation: 18. The nine different genotypes obtained from
R r dihybrid cross between  Yellow round
(YYRR) and green wrinkled (yyrr) are YYRR,
R RR Rr
YYRr, YyRR, YyRr, YYrr, Yyrr, yyRR, yyRr
r Rr rr and yyrr.
 3 red coloured (RR, Rr, Rr): 1 White coloured 19. RrYy is a dihybrid, so four types of gametes
(rr) are formed  RY, Ry, rY, ry
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

20. AABb × aaBb 34. The F1 generation has mullatoes with 8 types of
gametes. The genetic combination is AaBbCc.
AB Ab
As there are three pairs of heterozygous alleles,
aB AaBB AaBb
it will form 8 types of gametes.
ab AaBb Aabb
35. Mendel enunciated three major principles of
 AaBB : AaBb : Aabb : aabb inheritance, i.e. Law of dominance, law of
1 : 2 : 1 : 0 segregation and law of independent
25. Mirabilis jalapa shows incomplete dominance. assortment.

26. Codominance is a condition in which both 37. P : AABBDDEE X aabbddee

members of an allelic pair contribute to 
phenotype. In cattles, the cross between red F1 : AaBbDdEe
and white produces roan offspring whose coat Types of gametes formed = 2n
consist of both red and white hair. (tetrahybrid)24 = 2×2×2×2 = 16 gametes

27. In codominance, both the genes of an 41.

allelomorphic pair express themselves equally Possible genotype Possible genotype
and independently in F1 hybrids. In co- of man with blood  of woman with
group A blood group B
dominance, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio
is identical, i.e. 1: 2 : 1
I A I A, I A I O  IB IB, IB IO

29. The allele IA and IB produce a sugar and allele

If the
i does not produce any sugar. IA IO  IB IO
genotype is

30. The six genotypes are -IA IA or IAi, IBIB or IBi, The possible blood groups can be A, B, AB
IAIB, ii. and O.
The four phenotypes are – A, B, AB, O. 45. Genotype  AaBbcc
No. of gametes produced = 2n (n = no. of
31. In Co-dominance, both alleles of a gene pair heterozygous alleles)
in heterozygote are fully expressed, with Here, n = 2 (Aa, Bb)
neither one being dominant or recessive to the
 No. of gametes produced = 22 = 4
other. Allele IA and IB when present together
(ABc, Abc, aBc, abc)
in AB blood group, express their own type of
sugar on the surface of RBC. Thus, it is an
example of Co-dominance.
32. A marriage between two carriers of sickle cell
anaemia will produce normal, carrier and
anaemic progeny in 1:2:1 ratio.

33. Human characters such as height, skin

showing gradations (continous variations) in
expression. These characters are determined
by two or more gene pairs and they have
additive or cumulative effect. These genes are
called cumulative genes or polygenes or
multiple factors.

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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Chapter 01: Genetic Basis of Inheritance

Evaluation Test

1. The percentage of ‘ab’ gametes produced by 7. Which of the following statements are true
‘AaBb’ parent will be about dihybrid?
(A) 50% (B) 25% (i) It is homozygous for two traits.
(C) 12.5% (D) 75% (ii) It is heterozygous for two traits.
(iii) It is produced in a cross between two
2. Match the column I with column II and select pure parents differing in two pairs of
the correct option. contrasting characters.
Column I Column II (iv) It is produced in a cross between two
a. Incomplete i. Unexpressed pure parents differing in one pair of
dominance contrasting characters.
b. Roan coat colour ii. Dihybrid cross (A) (i) and (ii) are true
of cattle (B) (ii) and (iii) are true
c. Recessive allele iii. 1 : 2 : 1 (C) (iii) and (iv) are true
d. Tall red  Dwarf iv. Co-dominance (D) (i) and (iv) are true
white
v. Expressed 8. When Mendel performed dihybrid cross by
crossing yellow round seed of pea plant with
(A) a  iii, b  ii, c  v, d  iv green wrinkled seed of pea plant, what result
(B) a  iii, b  iv, c  i, d  ii did he obtained in F2 generation?
(C) a  v, b  ii, c  i, d  iv (A) All yellow round seeds.
(D) a  ii, b  iv, c  v, d – iii (B) 75% yellow round and 25% green
wrinkled seeds.
3. Dwarf plants of F2 population of monohybrid
cross (C) Yellow round, yellow wrinkled, green
round, green wrinkled seeds.
(A) breed true for dwarfness
(B) breed true for tallness (D) All green wrinkled seeds.
(C) segregate into 3 tall and 1 dwarf 9. During a cross between yellow round (YYRR)
(D) show incomplete dominance and green wrinkled (yyrr), which of the
4. In peas, if 50% of the offsprings are short and following statement is true?
50% are tall, the probable genotypes of the (i) A gamete which receives ‘Y’ for colour,
parents are may receive ‘R’ or ‘r’ for shape.
(A) Tt  Tt (ii) A gamete which receives ‘Y’ for colour
(B) TT  tt will receive only ‘R’ for shape.
(C) Tt  tt (iii) A gamete which receives ‘y’ for colour
(D) tt  tt may receive ‘R’ or ‘r’ for shape.
(iv) A gamete which receives ‘y’ for colour
5. In which of the following cross do 3/4th of the will receive only ‘r’ for shape.
offsprings appear dominant? (A) (i) and (iii) are true
(A) Tt  Tt
(B) (i), (ii) are true
(B) TT  Tt
(C) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) are true
(C) TT  tt
(D) only (iv) is true
(D) Tt  tt
6. When Mendel selfed F1 generation, he 10. Find out the wrong statement.
obtained 1064 seeds. In F2 generation, out of (A) Test cross ratio is 1:1
1064 seeds, _______ were tall and ______ (B) Test cross is a back cross.
were dwarf. (C) Back cross is always a test cross.
(A) 882, 299 (B) 787, 277 (D) Test cross is done between F1 hybrid
(C) 787, 277 (D) 651, 207 and homozygous recessive parent.
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Target Publications Pvt. Ltd. Std. XII : Triumph Biology

11. Carina is
(A) outermost two petals of pea flower.
(B) the innermost two petals that are
appressed together.
(C) a boat shaped structure of petals.
(D) both (B) and (C)
12. What is not true about alleles?
(A) Two or more alternative forms of gene
are called alleles or allelomorphs.
(B) Round and wrinkled form of genes are
alleles of each other.
(C) Alleles occupy same loci on
homologous chromosomes.
(D) Only recessive allele express in hybrids.
13. F2 progeny of monohybrid cross shows
(A) two phenotypes and two genotypes.
(B) two phenotypes and three genotypes.
(C) two genotypes and three phenotypes.
(D) one phenotype and two genotypes.
14. When a heterozygous pea plant with inflated
pods is crossed with a plant with homozygous
constricted pods, the offspring are
(A) 75% inflated 25% constricted
(B) all inflated
(C) 50% inflated 50% constricted
(D) all constricted
15. Mendel’s laws of inheritance are applicable in
(A) plants raised through tissue culture.
(B) only sexually reproducing plants.
(C) only on garden plants.
(D) both sexually as well as apomictic
plants.

Answers to Evaluation Test

1. (B) 2. (B) 3. (A) 4. (C)

5. (A) 6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (C)
9. (A) 10. (C) 11. (D) 12. (D)
13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (B)

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