Simulation of

Fluid-Structure Interactions
in Aeronautical Applications
Martin Kuntz
Jorge Carregal Ferreira
ANSYS Germany
D-83624 Otterfing
Martin.Kuntz@ansys.com

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 1

Outline

• Flow Analysis with CFX-5.6

– Numerical scheme
– Turbulence modeling
– Applications
• Structural Analysis with ANSYS
– Applications
• Fluid-Structure Interaction with ANSYS / CFX
– Multiphysics
– Applications

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 2

ANSYS Organisation

ANSYS, Inc.

Business
Units Mechanical Meshing Fluids

ANSYS ICEM-CFD CFX

Core
Technologies

Integration
Platform ANSYS Workbench

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 3

CFX-5 Numerical Method

• Finite volume method for hybrid grids

• Conservative, vertex-based discretization

• Implicitly coupling of equations
• Rhie/Chow pressure-velocity coupling
• Algebraic multigrid
• Scalable parallelization
• Second order space and time discretization
• Suitable for whole range of Mach- and Reynolds
numbers
December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 4
CFX-5 Turbulence Modeling
k-ε model

• Variety of models
– For different types of flow
– With different SST model

computational effort
• Examples
– One-equation models
(KE1E)
– Two-equation models
(SST, k-eps)
– Reynolds stress models
(LLR, SSG)
– DES / LES models
December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 5
NACA 4412 Airfoil

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 6

Shear-Stress Transport Model

• Optimized model for flow with separation and

adverse pressure gradients
• Zonal model
– k-omega model near the wall
– k-epsilon model in freestream
• Blending dependent on solution
• Additional limiter for turbulent viscosity
• Automatic blending between
• Wall treatment
– Logarithmic law on coarse grids
– Low-Re formulation on fine grids
December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 7
Aerodynamic Applications

• DLR F6 Wing/Body/Nacelle/Pylon configuration

– Particpation at AIAA drag prediction workshop 2003,
Orlando
– Analysis of accuracy and performance of CFD codes
– Participants
• Industry: Airbus, Boeing, CESNA
• Research centers: NASA; DLR, ONERA, NAL, QinetiQ
• Universities
• Two Configurations
• Wing / body
• Wing / body/
nacelle / pylon

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 8

DLR F6: Lift for Wing Body

• Wing / body
Configuration
– Medium grid
– 5.8 million nodes
– ICEM-Hexa
• Excellent Lift Coefficient
agreement for
complete range
of incident

Angle of Attack [Deg]

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 9

DLR F6: Turbulence Model

NASA Codes CFX 5

CL increased by 0.015
when SST A1 changed
from 0.31 to 0.33 (Reduced
separation, comparable to
S-A turbulence model)

⎡ ρk a1 ρk ⎤
µ t = min ⎢α *
ω ΩF2 ⎥⎦
;
⎣

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 10

DLR F6: Lift vs. Drag

CFX-5

Lift Coefficient Drag Coefficient

Drag Coefficient
• Design parameter drag
• Good agreement with SST model
• Constant deviation for Spalart-Almaras model
December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 11
 Computational Performance

• Lift and Drag

converged
after 120
iterations
• Oscillations in
residuals due
to transient
separation
• Computation
time about
12h fort 6 M
nodes on 16
processors

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 12

Structural Analysis

• Initial focus on
analysis of solids Magnetic
– Structural
Fluid
analysis, thermal
analysis Electrostatic

• Expanding focus Structural

to other fields Thermal

– Multiphysics Electrical
environment HF
EMAG

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 13

Strategy: Multiphysics

ANSYS MultiPhysics

Heat
Electricity
Transfer

Solid
Mechanics

Fluid
Magnetism
Mechanics

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 14

Fluid-Structure Interaction

• Simultaneous • Simultaneous run of

solution of multiple individual software
fields in single solver – Using advanced and
– Non-optimal software validated features of
for individual fields participating codes
– Requirement for
– Exchanging data at
common grid
common boundaries
– Large problems
or overlapping
become
computationally domains
expensive
⇒ ANSYS / CFX code
coupling
December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 15
FSI Classification

CFD Structural
Multiphysics
Electromagnetics Thermal

Iterative Explicit Implicit

Coupling algorithm
One-way Two-way

Interaction domain Surface Volume

Pressure Force Displacement

Exchange variables Velocity Mom. source

Heat flux Heat source Temperature

Transfer medium Files MPI

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 16

Two-way Coupling

FSI FSI
Time Time
loop loop

ANSYS CFX-5
solver solver
Stagger Coef.
loop loop

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 17

Interaction Domain

• Surface coupling Fluid Solid

at 2D interface
• Volume coupling Fluid Electro-
at 3D domain Structure magnetics

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 18

Data Transfer

• Variables
– Variables available in both fields
• Transformation
– System of units, scaling
• Interpolation
– Dissimilar meshes
• Data transfer media
– Files, MpCCI

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 19

FSI Examples

• Gas turbine
• Heart valve
• Aerofoil flutter

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 20

FSI Application: Gas Turbine

• Gas turbine rotor: 113 blades

• Interaction: Structural / thermal / fluid
• CFX
– Fluid flow and CHT in blades
• ANSYS
– Directly coupled elements
– Thermal and structural analysis of blades

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 21

Turbine: CFD

Pressure

Streamlines

Temperature

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 22

Turbine: Thermal/Mechanical

Displacement

Temperature

Equivalent stress (SEQV)

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 23
St Jude Heart Valve

• Popular bi-leaflet design

• Coupling CFX-5 and Dynamic Rigid Body
Module
• Several re-meshing steps

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 24

St Jude Heart Valve

Static Result Animation

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 25

St Jude Validation

• Valve Angle against time

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 26

Wing Flutter

• AGARD 445.6 testcase

• Experimental set-up
described in AGARD
Report 765
• Wall-mounted semispan
model, mahogany
• Wing aspect ratio:
1.6525, quarter-chord
sweepback angle 45 deg.

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 27

Wing Flutter

• Test case : Mach number 0.901

• CFD grid: 272.600 nodes, CSA grid: 960 nodes
• Grid generation ICEM-HEXA

December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 28

Summary

• Fluid Structure Interaction software for

aerodynamic applications
– Accurate prediction of flow field and global
parameters
– High performance
– Efficient coupling algorithms
• Future
– Continuation of validation work
– Improvement of usability
December 2003 3rd FENET Annual Industry Meeting Slide 29