ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Proceedings Volume 1 — ASME 1991 CHARACTERISTIC LENGTH OF COMPLEX BODIES FOR TRANSIENT CONDUCTION Leonard W. Kula Ontario Hydro Toronto, Canada M, Michael Yovano. Microelectronics Ileat Transfer Laboratory Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, Ontario, Canada : | ABSTRACT ‘A general expression is presented for determining the character Inte body length of convex bodies for transient conduction. The proposcd deflation of the conduction characteristic fength contains a geometry index which depends on two aspect ratios. It is con- sistent with the characteristic longthe required by the analytical s Jetions and the lumped-eapacitance model for the classical bodies ‘site slab, infinitely long cireular cylinder and sphere, ‘The pro- ol length was verlied by comparing the normalized heat loss from, tafnitely long square prismatic rods and circular cylinders for a wide ‘ge ofthe Fourier number and all values of tha Biot number. The ‘madmum percent difference was found to be less than 4.4%; and Woccurred at Fo = 0.2, the demarcation between short and long aesionless times. The percent diterence is lee than 1 % for very ‘hort and very long times forall values of Bi. The square and cisle ‘elts bound the sohvtione forall infinitely long priematie rode of ‘guar polygonal cross-sections. The square solution can be used to ‘timate the normalized heat loss from rods of equilateral triangle ‘rorsection with an estimated maximum percent difference of less thas 3%, The proposed characteristic length is equivalent to the ra- ts ofthe inser circle forthe regular polyguual priatatic ros. NOMENCLATURE, 4 + furface area, m? ARs. ARsa ~ aspect ratios of a parallelepiped E An B, Fourier and Fourier-Bessel coefficients p Br2\te —« sides of a parallelepiped, m. a + Biot number, dimensionless thermal resistance ratio, L/h specific heat, kJ/(kg- K) + Foutier number, dimensianloss time, at/£? seometry index, G = 1+ 1/ARa + 1/(ARas - ARoa) > convective heat transfer coefficient, W/(m? - K) + Bessel tunctions of the first kind of order 0 and 1 respectively thermal conductivity, W/(m ) arbitrary characteristic body length, m Po ¢ ‘ FI) ty 259 number of sides of regular polygon, 3 <.N' <0 + energy remaining in body, peV@, kJ “initial energy of body, peV0;, AS infinite creular eyinder radius, m + sphere radius, m constant temperature, K fniform fsid temperature, K inital temperature, + volume, m? = thermal diffusivity, m/s ‘igenvaluce, roots of transcendental equations macs density, kg/m? temperature excess, T ~ Ty, KC N Q % Tr a t v Se 2 4 a + initial temperature excess TK INTRODUCTION ‘Transient caluction fiom bodies aubjected to convective bound ary conditions i characterized by the Biot and Fourier numbers. The Fourier number is an expression of dimensionless time, at a a and the Blot number is the ratio of the internal resistance to the external film resistance, Fe Biz @ oth dimensionleee numbers require 4 langth € characteristic of the conduction within and convection from the body, For analysis and evaluation purposes, the appropriate choice of characteristic body length is esential ‘A survey of the literature leads one to the conclusion that there is no general method to determine the required charaetevate length For simple bodies such as infinite slabs (or plates), cylinders and spheres, the analytical solutions dletate appropriate characteristic lengths. These characteristic lengths have been used by a num- ber of authors including Gurney and Lurie (1923), Newman (1996) and Heisler (1947) in thelr classic studies, and others (Jacob (3949), Schneider (1955, 1963), Pashkis and Hlinka (1957), Sha and Ganic 7(1981)]. This method, however, cannot be used to provide correct values for more complex bodies such as infinitely long prismatic rods of polygonal crote-section and polyhedra. ‘A number of authors [Eckert (1959), Levenspiel (1984), Colakyan tal, (1984), Ineropera and DeWitt (1990]] recommend the ase of ' general expression derived from the lumped-capacitance solution However, this expression conflicts with the characteristic lengths of the simple bodies. Uther definitions of characteristic lengths have ‘been proposed [Olsen and Schultz (1942), Normington and Blackwell (1864), Schneider (1985); but thoes corvs to add confusions Veceuse they are not general expressions and sometimes confict with other definitions. ‘Therefore, the purpose of this paper isto present a general expres: sion to determine the characteristic lengths of complex bodies which raduce to characteristic lengths wwatanly used Tor simple bodies such as infinite slabs, circular cylinders and epheres. CHARACTERISTIC LENGTHS OF SIMPLE BODIES Nusvervus suudies have dealt with transient conduction from si ple bodies such as infinite slabs, infinite creular cylinders and spheres. For these simple bodies, the choice of characteretie dimeasion ie straightforward; and from the geometry, the characteristic length is () 6 = a Ginfnte stad) o (i) = re ( czeular eyinder) @ (i) = my Gephere) @ where each length is the distance from the central adiabat tn the solid-fuid or convection boundary ‘These characteristic lengths are consistent with those required by ‘the corsespuusling analytical solutions, For these simple bodies, the application of the convective boundary condition tothe general solu ton produces transcendental equations whose roote are the solution cigenvalues 6,, Prom Carslaw and Jaeger (1958), the transcendental equations are given 26 @ fqtand, = Mt (infinite slab) (6) 7 o uhlts) =" dtb) (cra epnany Gi) (EBay = (sphere) (8) ‘The dineusionless thermal resistance ratio in these equations is the Biot aumber. Therefor, the analytical solutions provide character: istic lengths which are the same at thoan wiggeeted by the goometey. Although the geometry and the analytical solutions provide suit- able characteristic dimensions for these bodies, these results cannot be readily applied to more complex bodies. Consequently, a general ‘expression for determining the characteristic length for complex bod- ica is required. CHARACTERISTIC LENGTHS FROM LUMPED- CAPACITANCE SOLUTIONS ‘The lumped-capacitance analysis based on i — 0 assumes uni- form volumetsic tomperotare and is applied to approximate heat transfer from bodies with negligible internal thermal resistance. ‘The lumped:-capacitance temperature solution fora cooling problem is ‘ 0 ‘The thormal energy loss from the the temper (10) which giver & an ‘The angrmont of the exponential term of the temperstuse and heat transfer equations can be re-arranged w= (FG) (#)* (03) testing s (3) ecw. (9) 04 fw exp-Bi Fo) aw Fawation (19) providee a cimple general expression for determining the characteristic length. Colakyan et al. (1984) used this defiition tnd showed that it is possible to condense the cooling history of variously shaped objects onto a singe plot. When the characteristic length of the infinite plate, circular cyis- der and sphere ave calculated using Eq. (1), the results ace ® cee (infinite sab) as (i) = ref? (infinite circular cylinder) (18) (it) = rf (sphere) an ‘The characteristic lengths specified by analytical solutions for cit calar cylinders and spheres dilfer from thoee calculated using Eq. (12). Before the cooling charts of Gumey and Lurie (1923), New: ‘man (1936) and Heisler (1947) can be weed, the Biot and Fourier sumbers whose characterstic lengths ate defined by Bq. (13) must be converted. Equation (12) provides 2 general expreasion for calculating the characteristic ength. ‘The expression is, however, unsuitable whes, applied to the circular cylinder and sphere as the length produced difers om that required by the analytical solutions for Bi >> 0. ‘To avoid this confusion, a general expression which alo provides the ‘haraetorstic langthe of simple bodies is desied. ALTERNATE DEFINITIONS OF CHARACTERISTIC LENGTH Several authors [Olsen and Schutz (1942), Normington and Black well (1964), Schneider (1985)] have nasd other definitions foe the characteristic body lengths. However, these definitions are not suit ably general. ‘Olson and Schultz (1942) used the plate thickness 2a asthe cha acteristic length for heat transfer from infiaite slabs. This choice it rade contrary to the results of the aualytival slutivn. Normiata and Blackwell (1064) examined heat transfer from prolate axd obit spheroids and used the focal length of the generating ellipse § characteristic length. This definition eannot be applied to othe Selutider (1985) used the smallest dimension of invxest in the problem as the characteristic longth. While this defiition gv same characteristic length as that required hy analytical slutioat ® cannot be used for more complex irregular shapes.¢€ “ies where a suitable length is not immediately evident. ir He GENERAL EXPRESSION FOR CHARACTERISTIC BODY LENGTHS “To prvide suitable chatacterntic dimeusions for all bodtes, she lowing general exprescion is propased v a snhere the geometry Index G ts defined with respect +o the paral: ‘mepiped of dimensions 2a by 26 by 2e where 2a < 2b < 2c G=1+N/ARn + 1/(ARa-ARs2) £ (18) (a9) ‘The aspoet enti ofthe parallelepiped azn defined ae A Ra, = Bfa > 1 and ARyp = c/b 2 1. The above definition of G reduces for the infinite slab (ARn) — 90 ) to Ge for bodies finite in one-dimension; for the infinitely long equate rod (ARy = 1 and ARsy ~ 20) it reduces to Ge for bodioe finite in two-dimensions (og. infinite regular polygonal prsmatie rods and circular cylinders) and for Aat = 1 and Ags = I the general expression reduces to c for bodies faite in three dimensions (eg. cubes and spheres) ‘The above general expression provides the characteristic lengths for simple bodies uch a nfaite lb eeu eyinders and spe identical to thoso suggorted by geometry and those required by the sualyialelutions, “Tis expresion also provides a charateristie dimension for bod- Langston (82) hae sown chat hea aur from an lal rectangulat rod with cross-section (2a x 2b) can be calalated by superposing sl ions for heat transfer fom slab of thickness 20 and 2b. Since each Aah basa characterise length the correct choice of characteristic length forth rectangular ro is uncles, For this ehape and forthe oer Dodies, the use of Eq. (19) resolves this contr ‘The use ofa single, general expression also aid in the study of teat lat by enndactlon from complex odlan. When comparing tr ‘alzed heat loss Q/Q; from diferent bodies, calcslaed values are ‘et compared when the dimensionless Biot and Fourier numbers are made equal. Using the general expression of Eq. (19), a consis- teat characteristic length can be calclated, thereby allowing valid ‘simple dividing line i needed to distinguish between bodies frite in one-two of three dimensions and to allow the geometry ladex G tole determined. Olson and Schultz (2942) claim that even H great accuracy is required, a length can be labelled remote (or Infnic) if i 10 ison tle feng of the shortest dimension. Tor fzampie, a parallelepiped (20% 26 x 2) where a c/a > bla: @ =? when c/a > 10> b/a (infinite rectangular ro = L when e/a > b/a Gait aay) OTD and = 1 when fa a> 10 ‘COOLING OF INFINITE SLABS saa <02ling (or heating) of «slab is a basic solution or building if obtaining solutions for rectangular (or square) prismatic te parallelepiped (r cubes). A brief summary of the results “Ube condoned hore 281 ‘Thesolution to the one dimensions differion oquatior 80/84, where H(3.1) erature excess is (16) 90%0/0=2 = T(2,1) ~ Ty is the instantaneous loeal tem 8 2S Ay exp(-82Fo)c00(642) (20) z 7 ‘The Fourier cooficients Aq, obtained from the initial condition, (2,0) = 4 =T,~Ty, are given by 2sin by . AO sind C88 and 6, are the roots of the transcendental uation Snsinb, = Bicoed, @) where Bi = ho/k, isthe slab Biot aumber and o is the slab half width ‘The Instantaneous area-mean temperature excess defined a8 1 at) = Oe, Ade (23) techie fom F venl-sr9 es ‘and the Fourier eat care given by By Deiat ba (25) EG+ sind, 1088) During the cooling (or heating) process the slab loves (or gains) a definite quantity of thermal energy, Q, and three methods can be ‘sed tofind Q. The first method is based on the temporal integration of the conduction rate out of the slab at the solid-luid boundaries; te sotuud asethud is based on te (euporal tegration of the con: vection loss through the solid-fuid boundary; and the third method is based on an enthalpy balance of the slab between the initial and final cooling times. ‘The three methods give the same result: Q a ‘whore Q; = 2aApe isthe inital enthalpy ofthe slab. ~ ¥ Brexw(-e20) (2) Computation of Eigenvalues ‘The above equations forthe Instantaneous and aresemesn tem. erate eevee, athe thermal snerg tet fom the lab reine the evaluation of the Foutier oefciets, dy and By, The Fourier Coeficiente are dependent on th eigenvalues which are the roots of Eq. (2) ‘The iterative Newton-Raphson techrique ie one method which can be uted to calelate the rove asatately. Ty caupute each root 4 fora particular valve of Bone can iterate until convergence the fellowing exoreston: Sk sin — Bacon, Wes On Fecal en ‘The number of iterations can be reduced significantly by means of te following appruaiusatious uf the Rist soot ofthe transcendental ™ -3(2)])" (es)for small values of 0 < Bi & 2, and forall Bi > 2 use Bi 2 aegis | mcap tran] © “The maximum error for both approximations of 6 i less than 0.1% and st occurs ar Bi = 2, To initiate the iterative prosadace for the second and higher order roots let the value of the frst guess be 8} = hconverged) + x. 1 = bnfconserged) #6 "A computational study shows that only 5 terms of the summation are required to obtain four decimal place accuracy forall Bi provided the dimensionless time, Fo 2 0.02; otherwive uose terme are required to achieve the same accuracy "The thermal energy lox from the elab during very short time intervals Fo < 0.02 can be accurately computed from the half-space ‘solution [16] which when divided by Q, = pea 8; gives: gl 2, Cn For Bi <2, the above result can be used for maximum dimensionless times determined by the following relationship: VFo~ Jt —erte wiv Foyexp(Bi?Fo)] (80) a [et p= Ta) a and for Bi > 2, Fomer = 0.068. "The half space result shoald not be used for very small Di and very amall Fo when negligible heat loss has occurred; the lumped cerlatance model is more suitable for thoee eases. The half-space emule is recommended for all Bi > 2 and all Fo < 0.06. TWO- AND THREE- DIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS (One can combine one-dimensional solutions developed for the slab ins ctraight forward manner to obtain solutions for multidimensional Systems such a6 rectangular (or square) prismatic rods and paral falepipeds (or cubes). Simple analysis shows that if (0/0.)au and (@/dj)o axe temperature solutions for infinite slabs of Uhshucss 20 land 2b respectively, the temperature solution for a rectangular pris antic rod of dimentione 2a by 2b is given by the product ofthe two independent slab solutions: @w* Ga 6 simi, fr «parapet dese 2 by 28 2 he Simla 5 Fenny ie pos of the abn Gyo), a6 Langston (1982) has demonstrated that one can obtain the ther imal energy 10s fOr two: and threrdimeusional systems from the tbove equations. For one-dimensional systems of width 2a and 2 E¢ @).. ih@a® : @). stangular prismatic nd one has LLG) oH ) @ and However, for which can be writen as Qo BOAO] ‘The above results lead to the following expression: @.7-E-@JE-@),) ‘Therefore, expanding the previous result gives, Go" GG... In a similar manner one can extend the above two-dimensional reaults to three-dimensional systems to obtain forthe parallelepiped Qo -b- Gl b- Ql b-@,] ‘The expressions forthe square prismatic rod and the cube can be ‘obtained from the above general two- and three-dimensional results: QB. B. BG), INFINITE CIRCULAR CYLINDER SOLUTION and ‘eat transfer from infinite circular cylinders is reviewed because it is an important analytic solution, and also the cieular evlinder represents an N—sided regular polygon with N+ oo. The tempera- ture solution of the one-dimensional diffusion equation a[@#8/@r? + (jrjoujor] = 26/08 wienin a sold cylinder of radius ais (16) ale A $= E sew arorits (a) where #9 = at/a?, and the Fourier-Bessel coofciens Ay are givea by 2B: = Hr BAI) with Bi = ha/k. The eigenvalues &, are the roots of the transcea- ental equation: Ay cn Sahiba) = Bidol 6) (3) where Jo() and Ji(:) are Bestel fanctions of the first kind of order Zero and one respectively, These special functions can be easily #4 accurately computed ating the polynomial approximations premste in Abramowite and Stegua (1980). ‘The arcarmenn instantaneous tomy ature wvcoat is defined 425 ff ortrnrer which leads to Enenl-@r9 « % ‘The thermal energy lost trom a cylinder of length 2e during the time interval from ¢ = 0 tot =# a [Be 282rn eel wich wives Q a ‘ehceo Q: = 2ra? Loch, is the initial internal thermal energy of the “hnder. The Fourier Bessel coeficients B, are found from the fol towing ceduced equation: nt SE mown 88s 9) ape P= Tas BA (50) ‘The eigenvalues can be computed using the iterative Newton-Raphson ethod applied to the following aquations 84(63) ~ BiJo(A4) fe Gay BE) aa ) ‘The fist eigenvalue is in the interval 0 < & < 2.40489 for 0 < Bi < we One cat reduce the numberof iterations for n > 2 by letting the iis guess of 6 = b,(converged) + 2, 6 = Sa(converged) + =, +, Ue for Fo > 0.02, oly & terme of the summation are reqaized to fGve four decimal place accuracy. COMPARISON OF NORMALIZED HEAT LOSS FROM INFINITELY LONG SQUARE RODS AND CYLINDERS ‘The smite of the above reviews and the proposed general char- acteristic body length will be used to compare the heat loss from infinitely long square rods and circular cylinders for a wide range of Foand all value of Bi. This san important comparison because the square and circular cross-sections can be classified as regular poly- fons of Nm tend N» 20 reepectivly; therefor, thete geometriee Sound an infinite set of regular polygons. Heat loss fom the square and circular cross-sections can be de termined accurately using the known analytical solutions. However, both solutions requize a characteristic body length, namely the half- sith for the square and tbe salius for the circle, The propoved seneral characteristic body length, £ = GV/A, which becomes “convection perimeter £ will be used in the two independent parameters: Bi = hL/k and Fo= at/£? which determine the solution. For both solutions described above, she elgenvalues éy are calew lated using the Newton-Raphson method discussed earlier. Succes: sue iterations on the roots are continned sat fm voles lu ublain very accurate solutione for ths comparison checks for the convergence of the infinite summations are made by ‘comparing the result after 10 additional terms have been included in ‘the summation, and applying a maximum tolerance on the dilference: (®ayo~ (®s ae ‘An upper limit of 2000 terms was applied tothe infinite summations ‘The heat loss from the square and crcalar cross-sections are com- Pared by computing the percent difference: (Parse (By are <0? % difference 263 ‘The percent dilference was computed for Fo ranging from 10 “0 x 10 for Bi ranging from 0.001 to 160 which essentially corresponds to an infinite value of Bi. The normalized heat ons Q/Q4 ranged feom 2.0 x 10~* to 1. Tabulated results are presented In Tables 1 through 13 for selevtel values of Di From these tables it ca be seen that the percent difference is less than 1 % for all values of Fo when Bi < 0.1. This isto be expected because the Iumped-eapacitance model applies to both geometries when Bi < 0.1. The percent difference continaes to be less than 1 Ye for very short times and very long times forall values of Bi. ‘The percent diffrence exceeds 1 % but never rises above 4.4 5 for ail other valuee of Po and Bi ‘The mavimam percent difference appears to occur in the range 0.2 < Fo <0 for 1 < Bi < 160. Th general, the maximum percent diference for Bi > 2 occurs at Fo'= 0.2 whichis often said to be the demarcation between short ‘and long time solutions. The heat los from the circular cross-section ‘exceeds that of the square crows sostion for all values of Bi and for all Fo> 0. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS A general expression is required to provide characteristic body langths for transiont conduction within complex bodies. For simple bodies such as infinite slab, infinite circular eylinders and spheres, the general expression must reduce to the characteristic length pro- vided by the analytical series solutions. Present expressions ar el- ‘ther insufficiently general or provide conflicting characteristic lengths for simple bodies ‘A novel expression has been proposed to calculate the character. istic body length of non-classical two- and three-dimensional bod- ies such as infinitely long prismatic rods of regular polygonal cross section, and parallelepipeds. This simple expression is based on Ue lusiped-eapacitance model as well eo the analytical volutions for slabs, infinitely long circular cylinders, spheres and cubes. The ex: ‘pression was derived from the lump-capacitance model applied to a parallelepiped, and, therefore, it contains 2 geometry index which is 8 fanction of two aspect ratios which are defined to be equal to or seater than ualy. Tt can be easily applied to all bodies; when applied to simple Innios, the proposed body length agrees with those body lengths required by the analytical solutions. "The percent difference between the normalized heat loss for the infinitely long square and circular cross-sections, whose solutions were based on the proposed characteristic body length, was found to be lea then 4.4 %. This maximum difference orenre at a dimen- sionless time of approximately 0.2 for Biot numbers greater than 2. Otherwise, the percent difference was found to be les than 1 % for very small and very long dimensionless times. Solutions for inGaitely long prismatic rode of regular polygonal shape 4c N < co, where denotes the number of sides, are presently eaavailable, Since the square and circular cross-sections bound the ifiite set of regulaz polygonal geometries, Le. 5 W « ce, the normalized heat loss for these geometries is expected to lie Gelween the ieulte for the oquare and the cirle reported in this study. ‘The arithmetic mean of the square and circle results can provide a good approximation for these two-dimensional geometries. Tadeed, the square results can provide a good approximation for the prismatic rod whose cross-section is an equilateral triangle (V = 3) heh a maximum percendiflerace estimated to be lees than thror percent provided the propoted characteristic body length is used,ACKNOWLEGMENTS “The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Natural Sei- ences tnd: Engineering Hesearch Council of Canada for an NSERC Stholarship to L. Kula and for the operating grant AT495 to De M ML Yorasovieh. REFERENCES Abeamowity, Mand LA, Stequn, 1980, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Dover, New York, Carslaw, ILS. and Sacger,J.C.,1980, Conduction of Heat in Solids, ‘dnd ed, Oxford University Press, London. Cotakyan, M., Turton, R. aad Levenspicl, On 1984, “Unsteady ‘Slate Heat Traasfer to Veriously Shaped Object”, Heat Trans jor Frgincering, vol. 5, 208. 3+ 4, pp. 82 ~ 88, Eckert, EAR.G., 1959, Heat and Mass Transfer, MeGraw-Hill, New York, Gurney, HP. and Lari, J., 1928, “Charts for Estimating Temper igure Disttbetions in Heating or Cooling Solid Shapes", In Eng. Chern, vol. 15, 0. 11, pp. 1170 1172, Heisler, MLP., 1041, “Temperature Carts for Induction and Constant Temperature Heating”, Tuns. ASME, wl. 69, n0. 3, pp. 227 - 35. Incropera, FP. and DeWitt, D-P., 1990, Aindamentals of Heat and "Mase ‘Transfer, 3 ed, Soh Wiley and Sona, New York, 1090. Jakob, M,, 1049, Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, New York Langston, [.S., 1982, “Heat Transfer from Multidimensional Ob- SocteTicing One-Dimensional Solutions for Heat Loss”, Int. J “Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 25, pp. 149 ~ 150. Levenspiel, 0.1984, Bngincering Flow and Heat Ezchanee, Plenum, Press, New York. Newman, A.B, 1996, “Heating auc Cooling Restangular and Cylin ‘ical Solids”, Ind. Eng. Chem, vol. 28, n0. 5, pp. 545 ~ 548. Norminton, E.J. and Blackwell Jt, 194, “Translent Heat Flow from Constant Temperature Spheroids and the Thin Circular Disk", Quart J: Mech Appl. Moth , vol. 17, no. 1. pp. 65 ~ 2. Olson, #.C.W. and Senultz, O-P., 1942, “Temperatures in Solids ‘Dating Heating or Cooling”, Ind. Eng. Chem., vol. 34, no. 7 pp. 874-87 Pashkis, ¥. and Hiinka, J.W., 1957, “Rave of Temperature Change ut Simple Shape"; Trane. ASME, wl. 79, pp- 1742 ~ 1750. Schneider, P.J., 1955, Conduction Heat Transfer, Addison-Wesley, ‘Heading MA Schneider, P-J., 1985, *Conduction”, Handbook of Heat Transfer Fundamental, WAL Rohsenow, J.P. Harmett, EN. Ganic, feds, nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York Schneider, PJ, 1963, Temperature Response Charts, Jonn Wiley and Sons, Now York Sha, W.C. and Ganie, E.N., 1981, “Transient Heat Conduction at Low Biot Numbers: A Supplement to Hesler's Charts”, Letters fa Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 8, pp. 279 ~ 399 288 Percent Difference Between (2/0. are amd (Q/Q dire Fo Pere Giese 1.995 #10 ca s ° s eble 1 atts a0 Tae 5 Fee Ditrenet dha ie 2 meenaPercent Diference Between (Q/Qu)asare and (Q/Qilar escent Dimenisin 2 ” a " Cirewlar Difference = ‘Square, newer terense oo ro fe | Side | ™ 10) t.gnas x 1079 | 2.3107?) x10? | 3.msext0- | 3.s1602 107% is ame 33 ts sasee sa lb Sar fear | ta aaert Be ge aa tae jis Cary cao"? | Cem ase"? | 2s es ema to Taw | teas” | bee es seen aoe ce HH time [ime ae He tam | dose is A 8 x sae; | $38 A ao 4 (3 ie 10° | 16m 107 * {tere ao | Ea FH thee Voawet | tte $3 Taro ike is is 6 i sow 2 sain a i im 3 cine u i ie so | pas 3 x8 ven ite dame | 8 39 tows + 1e? | Lon 210° | 0 ie Howe x08 2 set eo : Denese 2 ecm, 2 Te Ti eel = tee Diterace = sansa? | u9iei0? ine Mos see sn ier 20s ie | oor io 1.5673 e107? 285Percent Difference Between {/s)quare and (Q/0°% rin rect z ree ‘Time ~ ve —_ Cn ee = go [Ee HUB page Te ee 3B | Peleus | eB ao | ee [dee YER fe [ae x Blam lee OLS ie to ze iam te 10 3.4262 10 z i 7 u io B im % see # i 1 Sats is res ‘Bese i Ses aay i Hue Bh Paw | Ethan i fn 9 awe i £ Peres a Dimensions Fe hinge nn ro Sere ittereace pgsirt | goose | somerset [ oe vase 20 aaa a Soca 33 Sane a jae 3 ee Saw Leawexi07? | Lan eto-t 10x10? ww? | Lose | 1 ions tone xs Sue a ibe rat 20 hm aa 300 haw be Sie iB sau cae a & a hss 3 dass ae sie fon? [oss | sem | oe Haut xao-t 20 i089 ioe xo ae ihe 2 tes a6 ° oe 6 0 ene son 2 tee same wae ena sam St Se Sime Tee 8 anaesDimesvionien Percent Diference Metween ((2/0)x fe Hieeax 0"? | tone «10 per | an Eases x0"? | 16st x20 East 16 e107? | a0 Thee Bane Sis Dieenielen Seu Re il Percent tere Shee Sins sao amie? Phaser ort | se 2107t 133 sso. iba osm 33 he oom owe x! are and (W/ilarie Dinsesiatene 2 Pereeat a ss Scunre Gucater | Ditters od Ginger pont | rgnecator | paseeaaor? | pa eter! 1.04309 j “2 xo amie 58 30 1067x1074 | ansex1om! | 7.0 7 Leo 4.7080 1.05 x10? noxio? | zona oe ize 20 nna iat 1 30 sar son Kos so nn com esty 10 ont S109 1 hori? | sae sone 338 ts 679 son 34 to ais 1305 x0 x0 27s xn Loa? sane Be 4s om 2.1 x10°?| 3 1.000020 | 1.0600 210° | 0.0 267