Vitamin B1 ( Thiamine )

and
Neurological Function

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 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
• Occurs in human body as Free
Thiamine (majority)
• And some various
phosphorylated form
– Thiamine Monophosphate
(TMP)
– Thiamine Diphosphate (TPP) /
Pyrophosphate
– Thiamine Triphosphate (TTP)
Thiamine, or thiamin,
sometimes called aneurin
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 Absorption and Excretion
• Thiamin is absorbed quite easily in the jejunum
and ileum.
• Thiamin is transported to the liver in the blood.
• High amounts of thiamin are stored in the
skeletal muscles, heart, liver, kidneys, and brain.
• Approximately one-half of the thiamin is stored in
the muscles.
• The half-life of thiamin in the body is 9 to 18
days.
• Thiamin is mainly excreted in the urine.

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 Recommended intake
The DRI for thiamin is:
• 0.2-0.3 mg for infants, 0.5-0.6 mg for children,
0.9-1.2 mg for adolescents, 1.2 mg for men,
1.1 mg for women, and 1.4 mg for pregnant
and lactating women.
• Requirements are somewhat dependent on
energy intake due to thiamin's primary role in
energy metabolism.

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 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
• Thiamine Diphosphate (TPP) / Pyrophosphate
is active form of Thiamine
• Use TPP synthetase

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 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
• Physiological importance: generation of
energy from carbohydrates, RNA/DNA
production, nerve function (synthesis of the
neurotransmitters acetylcholine and GABA).
• Deficiency-associated disease: beriberi
• Enzymes (examples):
– Pyruvate dehydrogenase
– alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase [Krebs cycle]
– Transketolase [pentose-phosphate cycle]
 oxidative decarboxylation

As. Karboksilat
 Thiamine and Neurotransmission

• Thiamin is thought to be involved in

neurotransmission and nerve conduction.
• Thiamin Triphosphate may play a role in the
control of sodium conductance at axon
membranes.

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 Dehydrogenase Complex

• Pyruvate Dehydrogenase
• Lactate Dehydrogenase
• Alpha Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase

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Acetylcholine

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Neural Cell

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Neural Action Potential

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Na/Sodium Channel

Thiamine
Triphosphate

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 Thiamine Deficiency

Decrease of Thiamin Status

↓  Acetylcoline ↑  Blood lactate/pyruvate

Memory loss
Depression Nerve Damage Heart Failure Muscle Pain Fatique
Irritability

Edema

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Thiamine Deficiency

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 Beri Beri Disease
peripheral
Dry neuropathy

Beri Beri Musle

Atrophy

Beri Beri dilated

Cardio
myopathy
Wet
Beri Beri peripheral
dilation
of arterioles
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 Dry Beri Beri
Dry beriberi causes wasting and partial paralysis
resulting from damaged peripheral nerves. It is
also referred to as endemic neuritis.
It is characterized by :
• Difficulty in walking
• Tingling or loss of sensation (numbness) in hands
and feet
• Loss of tendon reflexes
• Loss of muscle function or paralysis of the lower
legs

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 Dry Beri Beri
• Mental confusion/speech difficulties
• Pain
• Involuntary eye movements (nystagmus)
• Vomiting.
• A selective impairment of the large
proprioceptive sensory fibers without motor
impairment can occur and present as a
prominent sensory ataxia, which is a loss of
balance and coordination due to loss of the
proprioceptive inputs from the periphery and loss
of position sense
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 Wet Beri Beri
• Wet beriberi affects the heart and circulatory system. It
is sometimes fatal, as it causes a combination of heart
failure and weakening of the capillary walls, which
causes the peripheral tissues to become edematous.
Wet beriberi is characterized by:
• Increased heart rate
• Vasodilation leading to increased arteriovenous shunt
• Elevated jugular venous pressure
• Dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion
• Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
• Peripheral oedema(swelling of lower legs)

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