SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE
INTERNATIONAL * INTERNATIONAL *
GEREMY * RIZZALYN * MARK ANTHONY * LEO *
* LLAMZON * LORENZO * LUKBAN
WHAT TO EXPECT:
REPORT OBEJECTIVES
SHORT REVIEW
DISORDERS and DISEASES
REPORT SUMMARY
REPORT OBEJECTIVES
REPORT*OBEJECTIVES
To provide a short review on the Endocrine System
To discuss common & rare Endocrine diseases & disorders
To discuss the effects on normal physiology
To present preventive measures and cures
To provide a short summary on the topics discussed
To familiarize students with Endocrine processes
REVIEW
REVIEW
ENDOCRINOLOGY
REVIEW
ENDOCRINOLOGY
REVIEW
ENDOCRINOLOGY
ORGAN HORMONES EFFECT
Anterior Pituitary FSH Stimulates activity in ovaries and
testes
LH Stimulates activity in ovary
(release of ovum) and
production of testosterone
ACTH Stimuates the adrenal cortex
Growth Hormone Stimulates bone and muscle
growth
TSH Stimulates the thyroid to secrete
thyroxine
Prolactin Causes milk secretion
Posterior Pituitary Oxytocin Causes uterus to contracb watert
and ducts of mammary glands
Vasopressin Causes kidney to reabsor
Thyroid Thyroid Hormone Regulates metabolic rate
Calcitonin Lowers blood calcium levels
Parathyroid Parathyroid Hormone Increases blood calcium
concentration
Adrenal Cortex Aldosterone Increases Na
+
and H
2
O
reabsorption in kidney
Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine Increases blood glucose level
and heart rate
Norepinephrine
Pancreas Insulin Decrease blood sugar
concentration
Glucagon Increases blood sugar
concentration
Ovaries Estrogen Promote female secondary sex
characteristics and thickens
endometrial lining
Progesterone Maintains endometrial lining
Testes Testosterone Promotes male secondary sex
characteristic and
spermatogenesis

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DISEASES
AND
DISORDERS
PARATHYROID GLAND
DISEASES&DISORDERS
THYROID GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
ADRENAL GLAND
PANCREATIC ISLET
SEX HORMONES
PITUITARY GLAND
DWARFISM & GIANTISM
DIABETES INSIPIDUS
PITUITARY GLAND
DWARFISM & GIANTISM
DIABETES INSIPIDUS

Pituitary Gland Disorders

Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes Insipidus

-(diabetes= overflow, insipidus= tasteless)
-most common abnormality associated with the
dysfunction of the posterior pituitary
-due to defects in antidiuretic hormone receptors
or inability to secrete ADH
-can be neurogenic (or central) or nephrogenic


Diabetes Insipidus
How does the normal physiology is disrupted?

Neurogenic DI Nephrogenic DI
A brain tumor, brain
surgery or head
trauma that damages
hypothalamus or
posterior pituitary can
result to a hypo
secretion of ADH.

The kidneys have
decreased ability to
concentrate urine due
to a resistance to ADH
action in the kidney.

Diabetes Insipidus
Symptoms:
- excretion of large volumes of urine with
resulting dehydration and thirst
- bed-wetting


How can normal physiology be regained?


- Hormone replacement, usually for life (for
neurogenic DI)
- Subcutaneous injection or nasal application of
ADH analogs
- Restriction of salt in the diet and diuretic
drugs
Pancreatic Islet Disorder
Hyperinsulinism





Pancreatic Islet Disorder
Hyperinsulinism
- also known as hyperinsulinemia
- Usually causes Type 2 diabetes
- Occurs when there is reduced sensitivity of
diabetics who undergo insulin therapy
- Can also occur when insulin is injected by non-
diabetics. This is usually done by athletes who
are trying to enhance their overall anaerobic
performances.


Some Causes
-obesity/ overweight
-excess glucocorticoids
-excess growth hormone
-mutations of insulin receptors
3. Hyperinsulinism
How does the normal physiology is
disrupted?
Consequences of these disruptions
1. Insulin stimulates too much uptake of
glucose by cells. Thus, there is
decreased blood glucose level, or
hypoglycemia.
1. Epinephrine, glucagon and human
growth hormone are secreted.
2. Anxiety, sweating, tremor, increased
heart rate, hunger and weakness
occur.

Severe hypoglycemia

3. Mental disorientations, convulsions,
unconsciousness and insulin shock.
3. Hyperinsulinism
How can normal physiology be regained?
- immediate intravenous administration of large quantities of
glucose
- administration of glucagon (or, less effectively of
epinephrine) can cause glycogenolysis in the liver and thereby
increase blood glucose level extremely rapidly

**Permanent damage to the neuronal cells of the nerous system
usually occurs when treatment is not given immediately.
PARATHYROID GLAND
DISEASES&DISORDERS
THYROID GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
ADRENAL GLAND
PANCREATIC ISLET
SEX HORMONES
THYROID GLAND
GOITER
HYPERTHYROIDISM
HYPOTHYROIDISM
GOITER
WHY, YES. THIS IS A.
GOITER?
ENLARGEMENT
WHAT IS A GOITER?
OF THE
THYROID.
GOITER
NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Thyroid Hormones (T3 & T4)
- produced by cells in thyroid gland
- regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- produced through the attachment of
iodine atoms to ring structures of T3 and T4

SYMPTOMS
AHEM! AHEM!
Breathing and swallowing difficulties
Coughing and hoarseness

GOITER
CAUSES
Endemic Goiter due to iodine deficiency Iodine deficient therefore Thyroid
Hormone is not produced
Pituitary gland produces more Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone
Thyroid enlarges
Hashimotos Thyroiditis (destroys thyroid
gland)
Damage on thyroid gland therefore
insufficient thyroid hormone is
produced
Pituitary gland secretes more Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone
Throid enlarges
Graves Disease Immune system produces Thyroid
Stimulating Immunoglobin
Thyroid enlarges, producing my
Thyroid Hormone
Causes hyperthyroidism

TREATMENT
Surgery- thyroidectomy
Lugols Iodine
Radiocative Iodine
POSSIBLE COMPLICATIONS
HYPERTHYROIDISM
HYPOTHYROIDISM
PARATHYROID GLAND
DISEASES&DISORDERS
THYROID GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
ADRENAL GLAND
PANCREATIC ISLET
SEX HORMONES
PARATHYROID GLAND
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
PARATHYROID GLAND
* control calcium within the blood.
* control how much calcium is in the bones,
and therefore, how strong and dense the bones are!
* As the blood filters through the parathyroid glands,
they detect the amount of calcium present in the blood
making more or less parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Calcium level in the blood is too low: the parathyroid cells make more parathyroid hormone.
FUNCTION &NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY
PARATHYROID GLAND
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
occurs when your parathyroid glands make too much PT
and cause you to have too much calcium in the bloodstream.
CAUSES OF TOO MUCH PTH:
Growth on the parathyroid glands!
Enlargement of 2 or more of the parathyroid glands!
OR medical conditions (like, lessay, kidney failure and rickets...)


HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Normally, the amount of calcium going into your bones
matches the amount of calcium passing out of your bones.
This means that the amount of calcium in your bones
should stay about the same all the time. If you have
hyperparathyroidism, more calcium is coming out of your
bones than is going back in. When this happens, your
bones might hurt, ache or become weak. Weak bones
break more easily and heal slower than normal bones.
PHYSIOLOGY&IMPLICATIONS
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
Feeling weak or tired most of the time
General aches and pains
Frequent heartburn
Nausea & Vomiting; Loss of appetite
An increase in bone fractures or breaks
Confusion and memory loss
Kidney stones; Excessive urination
High blood pressure
THE SYMPTOMS
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
SURGERY
DRINK PLENTY OF WATER
LIMIT INTAKE OF CALCIUM AND
VITAMIN D
DO NOT SMOKE
EXERCISE DAILY
TREATMENT
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
PARATHYROID GLAND
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition in which your body
secretes abnormally low levels of parathyroid hormone
(parathormone). This hormone plays a key role in
regulating and maintaining a balance of your body's levels
of two minerals calcium and phosphorus.
The low production of parathyroid hormone in
hypoparathyroidism leads to abnormally
low ionized calcium levels in your blood and bones
and to an increased amount of phosphorus.
PHYSIOLOGY&IMPLICATIONS
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
Tingling or burning (paresthesias)
Muscle aches or cramps; Twitching or spasms
Fatigue or weakness
Painful menstruation
Patchy hair loss, such as thinning of your eyebrows
Dry, coarse skin; Brittle nails
Headaches; Depression, mood swings
Memory problems
THE SYMPTOMS
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
RESTORE THE CALCIUM
AND MINERAL BALANCE IN THE BODY.
Treatment involves calcium carbonate and vitamin
D supplements, which usually must be taken for life.
Blood levels are measured regularly to make sure
that the dose is correct. A high-calcium, low-
phosphorous diet is recommended.
TREATMENT
HYPOPARATHYROIDISM
ADRENAL GLAND
PARATHYROID GLAND
DISEASES&DISORDERS
THYROID GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
PANCREATIC ISLET
SEX HORMONES
ADRENAL GLAND
CUSHINGS SYNDROME
ADDISONS DISEASE
CUSHINGS DISEASE
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Occurs when your body is
exposed to high levels of the
hormone cortisol
Characterized by high plasma
levels of ACTH and cortisol
Another name
hypercortisolism
Can occur from multiple
causes including:
1. Adenomas of the anterior
pituitary that secrete large
amounts of ACTH
2. Abnormal function of the
hypothalamus that causes
high levels of corticotrophin-
releasing hormone (CRH)
ectopic secretion of ACTH
by a tumor elsewhere in the
body
3. Adenomas of the adrenal
cortex
High blood pressure.
High blood sugar.
Suppressed immunity (and more infections).
Insulin resistance
Suppressed sex hormones and reduced libido.
Suppressed thyroid hormones.


- A round, red, full face, often called a "moon" face.
- Muscle weakness and thin limbs.
- Growth of fine hair on the face, upper back, or arms.
- A lump of fat (buffalo hump) on the back of the neck.
- Stretch marks over abdomen.
SYMPTOMS
CUSHINGS
CUSHINGS
DISEASE
Cushing's syndrome is treated by
restoring a normal balance of hormones.
This may involve surgery, radiation
treatments or drugs. Tumors on the
adrenal glands are removed by surgery. If
there is a tumor on just one adrenal
gland, the other gland usually shrinks
and ceases normal productivity.
CUSHINGS
TREATMENT
ADDISONS
DISEASE
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A disorder that occurs
when your body produces
insufficient amounts of
certain hormones
produced by your adrenal
glands.

It may be due to :
(1)a disorder of the adrenal
glands themselves
(primary adrenal
insufficiency) or
(2) inadequate secretion of
ACTH by the pituitary
gland (secondary adrenal
insufficiency)
Addison's disease results
from damage to the
adrenal cortex.

This damage may be
caused by the following:
The immune system
mistakenly attacking the
gland (autoimmune disease)
Infections such
as tuberculosis, HIV, or
fungal infections
Hemorrhage, blood loss
Tumors
Use of blood-thinning drugs
(anticoagulants)

ADDISONS
Changes in blood
pressure or heart rate
Chronic diarrhea
Darkening of the skin ;
Paleness
Extreme Weakness
Unintentional weight loss
Mouth lesions on the
inside of a cheek
Nausea and vomiting
Salt craving
Slow, sluggish movement
SYMPTOMS
Taking hormones to replace
the insufficient amounts being
made by your adrenal glands
(glucocorticoids (cortisone or
hydrocortisone) and
mineralocorticoids
(fludrocortisone))
ADDISONS
TREATMENT
ADRENAL GLAND
PARATHYROID GLAND
DISEASES&DISORDERS
THYROID GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
PANCREATIC ISLET
SEX HORMONES
PANCREATIC ISLET
DIABETES MELLITUS
PANCREAS
retroperitoneal
Exocrine gland
Endocrine gland


-98% of the secreting cells in
the pancreas make digestive
enzymes

-2% of the cells make
hormones that are secreted
into the portal vein
Pancreatic Hormones
GLUCAGON INSULIN SOMATOSTATIN
Cell origin alpha beta delta
Target liver liver, adipose tissue,
muscle, and satiety
center of
hypothalamus
alpha and beta cells
Action release of glucose
to the blood from
liver cells

transport of glucose
into body cells
inhibition of
glucagon and
insulin secretion
Normal Physiology
Circulating glucose is derived from three sources:
1. intestinal absorption during the fed state
2. glycogenolysis -breakdown of glycogen
3. gluconeogenesis -formation of glucose primarily from
lactate and amino acids during the fasting state

insulin is the key regulatory hormone of glucose
disappearance (hypoglycemic hormone), and glucagon is a
major regulator of glucose appearance (extremely potent
hyperglycemic agent)
Disruptions on Physiology
Insulin and glucagon
antagonistic interaction
humoral stimuli
potent regulators
of glucose metabolism
bi-hormonal
definition of diabetes:

diabetic state = insulin deficiency
+ glucagon excess

Diabetes [Mellitus] Pathophysiology

glucose concentrations rise due to lack of
insulin-stimulated glucose disappearance
poorly regulated hepatic glucose
production
increased or abnormal gastric emptying
following a meal
Type 1 IDDM:
autoimmune-mediated
destruction of pancreatic -
cells
peripheral insulin resistance (insulin
insensitivity)
impaired regulation of hepatic glucose
production
declining beta () cell function, eventually
leading to possible -cell failure
Type 2 NIDDM:
insulin resistance coupled
with progressive -cell
failure and decreased
availability of insulin
(most common)


NOTE:

TYPE1 noticeable
early
symptoms

TYPE2 may occur
without
or gradual
development of
symptoms
Diabetes Complications
(VASCULAR)

Lipidemia,
high blood
cholesterol
levels
stroke
heart
attacks
renal
shutdown

Atheros-
clerosis
gangrene
blindness
Diabetes Complications
(NEURAL)
loss of sensation
impaired bladder function
impotence

loss of sensation
impaired bladder function
impotence

Treatment and Prevention


ADRENAL GLAND
PARATHYROID GLAND
DISEASES&DISORDERS
THYROID GLAND
PITUITARY GLAND
PANCREATIC ISLET
SEX HORMONES
SEX HORMONES
POLYCYSTIC OVARIES
KLINEFELTERS DISEASE
PCOS
polycystic ovary syndrome
PCOS
polycystic ovary syndrome
one of the most common
female endocrine disorders
a health problem caused by hormonal system
imbalance: increase in ovarian production and
insulin resistance
What causes PCOS?
Resistance to the hormone insulin diabetes
Too much production of LH compared to FSH follicles on the
ovaries produce more of the male hormone testosterone than the
female hormone estrogen adrenal glands start to produce
increased amounts of testosterone
Too much testosterone prevents ovulation
Estrogen is still produced deficiency in progesterone
Symptoms
irregular or non-existent periods
very light or very heavy bleeding during your period
mild to moderate abdominal discomfort
excessive hair growth on your face, chest and lower abdomen
acne
Infertile
overweight
Management
Lifestyle modification: health control; exercise
Birth control pills
Diabetes medications
Fertility medications
Surgery - laparascopic ovarian drilling K
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a condition in which human males have an extra X
chromosome instead of the normal XY
also known as XXY Syndrome or 47, XXY
low testosterone level

What causes XXY Syndrome?
X and Y chromosome fail to pair and fail to exchange
genetic material production of an additional X
chromosome
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Symptoms
Small, firm testes
Osteoporosis (in young or middle-age men)
Motor delay or dysfunction
Speech and language difficulties
Attention deficits
Learning disabilities
Dyslexia or reading dysfunction
Psychosocial or behavioural problems
Management and Treatment
Educational guidance
Therapeutic Options
Medical Options
e.g. Testosterone
Replacement Therapy (TRT)