Volume 3. No.

3
September - November 2014
 R
ISSN-2278-7887
Volume 3. No. 3
September - November 2014

i-manager’s
Journal on
Structural Engineering
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CONTENTS

ARTICLE

1 GEOSYNTHETICS APPLICATIONS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN J&K:

SUSTAINABLE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
By B. A. Mir

RESEARCH PAPERS

10 CORROSION RESISTANCE OF M100 GRADE CONCRETE USING QUARTZ SAND AND

QUARTZ FILLERS IN HYBRID FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE
By B. Narendra Kumar, P. SrinivasaRao, K. Rajesh, R. Krishneswar

19 BEHAVIOR OF INTEGRAL ABUTMENT BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURE INCLUDING SOIL

STRUCTURE INTERACTION UNDER THERMAL LOADING
By R. Shreedhar, Vinod I Hosur

25 UTILIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE COPPER SLAG AND FLY ASH IN CONCRETE

By Jagmeet Singh, Jaspal Singh, Manpreet Kaur

REVIEW PAPER

34 A STUDY ON COLD FORMED STEEL BEAMS- A REVIEW

By M. Adil Dar, Deepankar K. Ashish, A.R. Dar
EDITORIAL

Structural engineering deals with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads and its
significance is increasing in the construction field day-by-day. This issue is mainly focused on Geosynthetics Applications in
Highway Construction, Corrosion Resistance of M100 Grade Concrete Using Quartz Sand and Quartz Fillers in Hybrid Fiber
Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete, Behavior of Integral Abutment Bridge Superstructure Including Soil Structure
Interaction under Thermal Loading, Utilization of Industrial Waste Copper Slag and Fly Ash in Concrete and Cold Formed
Steel Beams.

Mir has presented an overview of geosynthetics as a lightweight and sustainable material for wide range of
applications in various fields of construction technology. There is a lot of scope for the utilization of geosynthetics as a
lightweight and sustainable material for construction of roads, erosion control, growth of vegetation, drainage etc. Finally, it
is concluded that, the conventional methods of steep slope stabilization are not practically feasible and technically viable.

Narendra Kumar et.al have researched the Corrosion Resistance of M100 Grade Concrete using Quartz Sand and
Quartz Fillers in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Concrete. Finally the results have indicated that the specimens
with Hybrid Fibre had superior performance and mostly yielded longer time to corrosion cracking at similar curing
condition and testing age compared to those with no Fibre content.

Shreedhar and his co-author Vinod Hosur have focused on the Structural behaviour of Integral Bridges including
the effect of soil-structure interaction, under thermal loading. Finally the study has revealed that the response of the Integral
Abutment Bridges (IAB) is very sensitive to the thermal loading especially at larger temperature changes. The effect of rise in
temperature significantly affects the behaviour of deck only adjacent to the abutments.

Jagmeet Singh et.al have investigated the Utilization of Industrial Waste Copper Slag and Fly Ash in Concrete. The
combined effect of copper slag (CS) and fly ash (FA) is a partial replacement of cement on the compressive strength of
concrete. Results have indicated that the compressive strength of concrete decreases as copper slag content increases
for all curing ages. XRD showed that the addition of fly ash with 10% of copper slag slightly reduced the hydration of
cement, but the addition of fly ash with 20% of copper slag significantly reduced the hydration of cement.

Adil Dar et.al have presented the study on Cold Formed Steel Beams, which are structural products that are made
by forming plane sheets of steel at an ambient temperature into different shapes that can be used to satisfy structural and
functional requirements. Based on this review, it was concluded that developing new innovative sections with appropriate
stiffening arrangements and hollow compression flanges will be the newer areas of study.

This issue has brought out many cutting edge research areas in the field of Structural Engineering and we hope this
would lead to more structural innovations in the future.

Enjoy reading!

Warm regards,

Sajitha Shahin
Associate Editor
i-manager Publications
 REVIEW PAPER

A STUDY ON COLD FORMED STEEL BEAMS- A REVIEW

By
M. ADIL DAR * DEEPANKAR K. ASHISH ** A.R. DAR ***
* P.G. Research Scholar, Department of Structural Engineering, Swami Devi Dyal Institute of Engineering Technology, Haryana, India.
** Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Swami Devi Dyal Institute of Engineering Technology, Haryana, India.
*** Professor & Head, Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, J&K, India.
ABSTRACT
Cold formed steel structures are structural products that are made by forming plane sheets of steel at an ambient
temperature into different shapes that can be used to satisfy structural and functional requirements. In recent years, the
demand for high strength materials for wide range of structural applications has been instrumental for more
developments in cold-formed steel sections as compared to the hot rolled steel sections. Therefore, the understanding
of cold formed steel performance becomes an important issue to be studied. This paper holds three works. First, it
reviews an introduction on cold formed steel structures. Second, it summarizes special design criteria and local
buckling and post buckling strength of cold formed steel constructions. Finally, it offers a conclusion on the need for
innovative sectional profiles over the conventional sections for cold formed steel.
Keywords: Cold Formed Steel, Buckling, Special Design Criteria, Innovative Sectional Profiles.

INTRODUCTION ultimate load carrying capacity of cold-formed steel

In steel structures, two primary types of structural steel
members are: Hot-Rolled steel members and Cold-formed
steel members
The hot-rolled steel members are formed at elevated
temperature, whereas the cold-formed steel members are
formed at room temperature. Until recently, the hot-rolled
steel members have been recognized as the most
popularly and widely used steel group. But because of its
several advantages over the hot-rolled steel sections, the
use of cold-formed high strength steel structural members
has rapidly increased lately. However, the structural
behavior of this light gauge high strength steel members
characterized by various buckling modes such as local
buckling, distortional buckling, flexural torsional buckling is
not yet fully understood[Chen J. and Young B, 2006], hence
there is lot of scope for future research in this area. Open
cold formed steel sections such as C,Z ,hat sections are
commonly used because of their simple forming and easy
connections, but they suffer from certain buckling modes
due to their mono symmetric or point symmetric nature,
high plate slenderness, eccentricity of shear center to
centroid and low torsional rigidity [M. Meiyalagan et.al
2010]. It is therefore important that this buckling modes are
either delayed or eliminated completely to increase the
members
1. Conventional cold formed steel section type
The use of cold formed steel is increasing rapidly around
the world. The main use of cold formed steel is found in the
construction of residential buildings and other low rise
buildings such as commercial, industrial and institutional
buildings. Some of the commonly used cold formed
section types in the above application include channel(C)
section, Z-section, angel section , hat section, and tubular
section such as rectangular hollow section and square
hollow section[Hankock, g.m.(2001)].
These sections are commonly used, but they are more
susceptible to structural unstability due to their geometrical
shapes[Schafer et.al, (2006)]. The characteristics due to
point symmetric nature of these sections are normally
encountered in doubly symmetric sections such as I-
sections or tubular sections.
Therefore combining the advantages of Hot-rolled I-
sections(better stability) and conventional cold formed
steel sections such as C and Z sections(high strength to
weight ratio) can produce an improved cold formed steel
section that can be made, using modern technologies
available in the cold formed steel industries. Complex

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structural shapes may now be formed in two or more parts required.

and then assembled to a single shape. This may have the ·Cold rolling can be employed to produce almost any
advantage of combining the different material qualities desired shape as per requirement.
and thickness into single component, however the use of
·Pre-galvanised or pre-coated metals can be formed,
higher strength steel is inevitably accompanied by
so that high resistance to corrosion, besides an
reduction in thickness of the section and may result in more
attractive surface finish, can be achieved.
slender section which could be structurally unstable
·All conventional jointing methods, (i.e. riveting, bolting,
[Nayrayanan et.al, (2003)].
welding and adhesives) can be employed.
Structural behavior of the commonly used cold-formed
·High strength to weight ratio is achieved in cold-rolled
steel sections has been well researched in the past
products.
However, only limited research has been carried out to
investigate the structural performance of new shapes of ·They are usually light in weight thus making it easy and
cold formed steel sections. Therefore there is an urgent cheaper to transport and erect.
need in the cold formed steel industries to look beyond the It is possible to distribute the material away from the neutral
conventional cold formed steel sections and generate axis in order to enhance the load carrying capacity
new innovative cold formed steel beam sections which are (particularly in beams). There is almost no limit to the type of
structurally very efficient especially from buckling cross section that can be formed. In Table 1, hot rolled and
consideration and economical as well. Sarvade S.M., cold formed channel section properties having the same
Sarvade M.M (2013). area of cross section are shown. It is obvious that thinner the
2. Problem with hot rolled steel section walls, the larger will be the corresponding moment
of inertia values (Ixx and Iyy) and hence capable of resisting
The main drawback of the conventional hot-rolled steel
greater bending moments. The consequent reduction in
sections is that they are available in certain standard
the weight of steel in general applications produces
predefined sectional shapes. When such sections are used
economies both in steel costs as well as in the costs of
in cases where only light loads are encountered, these
handling transportation and erection. This, indeed, is one of
sections are generally under-stressed (most of its sectional
the main reasons for the popularity and the consequent
capacity is not mobilized). This not only leaves most of the
growth in the use of cold rolled steel. Also cold form steel is
section capacity un-utilized, but also adds to the self-
protected against corrosion by proper galvanizing or
weight of the structure which requires heavy foundations,
powder coating in the factory itself.
which in turn increases the overall cost of the facility.
4. Characteristics of Cold Formed Steel Structural
Hence there is an urgent need to come up with new
Members
innovative sections in which the sectional capacity is fully
utilized. Compared with other materials such as timber and
concrete, the following qualities can be realized for
This need can be catered by replacing the conventional
hot rolled steel sections with light gauge cold formed steel
sections McDonald, M., Heiyantuduwa, M.A., Rhodes, J.
(2008).
3. Advantages of cold rolled steel sections
Some of the main advantages of cold rolled sections, as
compared with their hot-rolled counterparts are as follows:
·Cross sectional shapes are formed to close tolerances
and these can be consistently repeated for as long as Table 1. Comparison of hot rolled and cold rolled sections
[Hankock, g.m.(2001)].

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coldformed steel structural members. structural point of view, roll-forming may produce a
·Lightness different set of residual stresses in the section and hence
the section strength may be different in the case where
·High strength and stiffness
buckling and yielding interact.
·Ease of prefabrication and mass production
5.2 Press Braking
·Fast and easy erection and installation.
The equipment used in the press brake operation
·Substantial elimination of delays due to weather.
essentially consists of a moving top beam and a stationary
·More accurate detailing. bottom bed that produce one complete fold at a time
·Non-shrinking and non-creeping at ambient along the full length of the section (Figure 2). This method is
temperature. normally used for low volume production where a variety of
·Form work not required. shapes are required and the roll-forming tooling costs
cannot be justified. However, this method has a limitation
·Termite proof and rot-proof.
that it is difficult to produce in continuous lengths
5. Methods of Forming
exceeding approximately 5 meters.
In general, two manufacturing methods are used to
6. Connection
produce various shapes of cold formed steel sections
The generally used connection types in the cold-formed
(Figures 1 and 2), and they are cold roll-forming and press
steel construction include; welds, bolts, screws, rivets and
brake operations.
other special devices such as clinching, nailing and
5.1. Cold Roll-forming
structural adhesives (Figure 3).
The cold roll-forming process consists of feeding a
Due to the comparative low thickness of the material,
continuous steel strip through a series of opposing rolls
connection technology plays an important role in the
(Figure 1(a)) to deform the steel plastically to form the
development of structures using cold-formed steel
desired shapes. The process involved in cold-forming for a Z-
members. Although the above mentioned conventional
section is illustrated in Figure 1(b). A simple section may be
methods of connections are available and used in cold-
produced by as few as six pairs of rolls, but a complex section
formed steel constructions, they are practically less
may require as many as 15 sets of rolls (Yu, 2000). This method
appropriate for thin-walled member connections in terms
is usually used to produce cold-formed steel sections where
of cost, quality and construction efficiency The self-piercing
a large quantity of a given shape is required.
riveting introduced commercially by HENROB is a recently
However, a significant limitation of this method is the time discovered connection type with many advantages
taken to change rolls for different size sections.
Consequently, adjustable rolls are often used which allow a
rapid change to a different section width or depth. From

Figure 2. Press Breaking [Hankock, g.m.(2001)].

(a) Cold Roll-forming Machines (b) Roll-forming Sequence for a Z Section

Figure 1. Cold Roll-Forming Processes Figure 3. Generally Used Cold-formed Steel Fasteners
[Hankock, g.m.(2001)]. [Hankock, g.m.(2001)].

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Figure 4. Cross section of a Self-piercing Rivet (Voelkner, 2000)
compared with other conventional methods used in cold-
formed steel connections (Hankock, G.M. (2001), Figure 4).
Therefore, the choice of connection type is an important
decision in cold-formed steel manufacturing, because it
affects the combinations of cost, quality and construction
efficiency of the whole project Bayan A, Sariffuddin S.,
Hanim O (2011).
7. Common Section Profiles and Their Applications
Cold-formed steel shapes can broadly be classified into
two groups: individual structural frame members, and
panels and decks. The former includes sections shapes
such as, I, L, C and Z, which are commonly used in
engineering practices of cold formed steel construction.
However with the improvement of industrial cold forming
processes, more complex section types are possible
(Figure 5) and offer competitive solutions to achieve
structural weight reduction and having higher carrying
capacity. There are wide range of applications for these
section types: Typical Z or C sections are used as purlins and
bracings in roof and wall systems in residential, commercial
Figure 5. Various Shapes of Cold-formed Steel Sections
[Hankock, g.m.(2001)].
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and industrial buildings and circular, square or rectangular
hollow sections are used for structural members such as
chords and webs in plane and space trusses. The panels
and decks are used mostly for roof decks, floor decks, and
wall panels.
8. Special Design Criteria
A set of unique problems pertaining to cold-formed steel
design has evolved mainly due to the thinner materials and
cold-forming process used in the production of cold
formed sections. Hence, unlike the usually thicker
conventional hot-rolled steel members, the design of cold-
formed steel members must be given special
considerations during the design phase of such members.
9. Local Buckling and Post Buckling Strength
Individual elements forming cold-formed steel members
are usually thin with respect to their width. Therefore, they
are likely to buckle at a lower stress than yield point when
they are subjected to compression, bending, shear or
bearing forces. However, unlike one-dimensional structural
elements such as columns, stiffened compression
elements will not collapse when the buckling stress is
reached, but they often continue to carry increasing loads
by means of redistribution of stresses. The ability of these
locally buckled elements to carry further load, known as
post buckling strength, and this phenomenon in the design
contributes in achieving the desired economical solution.
Figure 6. Illustrates a case of local buckling of thin-walled
box. The applied sagging bending moment induces
longitudinal compressive stresses in the top flange plate,
causing local buckling in the top flange.
9.1 Local Buckling
Figure 6. Local Buckling of Compression Flanges
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 REVIEW PAPER

The individual plate components forming cold-formed

steel sections are normally thin compared with their width.
This may lead to local buckling of plate elements in cold-
formed sections before yield stress is reached. Local
buckling in plate elements involves flexural displacements,
with the line junctions between plate elements remaining
straight (Figure 7). The local buckling failure in thin walled
sections can occur under compression, bending or shear
loading. Previous researchers C. Yu, B.W Schafer (2006), C.
Yu, B.W Schafer (2002) have extensively investigated and
summarized the elastic critical stress for local buckling. The
elastic critical stress for local buckling (fcr) of a plate element
is determined using Bryan's equation based on small
deflection theory; Bryan's differential equation has been
developed based on a rectangular plate of width w, length
a and thickness t, with in plane stress fx acting on the plate
as shown in Figure 7. Figure 8. Local Buckling in Z-section [Hankock, g.m.(2001)

The elastic critical local buckling stress (fcr) is a function of

the elastic material properties (E,V), plate slenderness ratio
w/t, and the restraint conditions along the longitudinal
boundaries represented by the value k, where k, E are
called as plate local buckling coefficient, elastic modulus
and the Poisson's ratio, respectively. For example, a steel
plate with simply supported edges on all four sides and
subjected to uniform compression will buckle at a half-
wavelength equal to the plate width (w) with a plate
buckling coefficient (k) of 4.0. C. Yu, B.W Schafer (2002). A
slender section will buckle locally before the squash load
(Py) or the yield moment (My) is reached. If the elastic critical
buckling stress (fcr) exceeds the yield stress fy, the
compression element will buckle in the inelastic range (Yu,
2000). Figure 8 shows local buckling in Z- section. A
summar y of local buckling coefficients, k with
corresponding half wavelengths of the local buckles for a
long rectangular plate subjected to different types of stress Note: L=Plate length, b=Plate width
Table 2. Local Buckling Coefficient (Hancock, g.m 2001)

(compression, shear, or bending) and boundary conditions

Figure 7. Rectangular Plate Subjected to Compression Stress
(Hancock, 2001)
(simply supported, fixed, or free edge) are given in Table 2.
Although local buckling occurs at a stress level lower than
the yield stress of steel, it does not necessarily represent the
collapse of the members. In the case of considerably low
(b/t) ratios, failure is governed by post-buckling strength

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which is generally much higher than local buckling
strength. For example, a plate subjected to uniform
compressive strain between rigid frictionless platens will
deform after buckling, and will redistribute the longitudinal
membrane stresses from uniform compression to those
shown in Figure 8. Although the stiffness is reduced to 40.8%
of the initial linear elastic value for a square stiffened
element and to 44.4% for a square unstiffened element,
the plate element will continue to carry load (Hancock,
2001). The theoretical analysis of post buckling and failure
of plates is extremely difficult, and generally requires a
sophisticated computer analysis to achieve an accurate
solution (Hancock, 2001).
Conclusion
The structural use of cold formed steel in construction
industry is continuously growing at a rapid pace across
the world exceeding that for hot rolled steel structural
members. The use of thinner sections and high strength
steels leads to design problems for structural engineers,
which may not normally be encountered in the routine
structural steel design using hot rolled sections. This paper
has concentrated on the importance of either delaying
or completely eliminating the buckling modes so as to
increase the ultimate load carrying capacity of cold-
formed steel members. Based on this review it was
concluded that developing new innovative sections with
appropriate stiffening arrangements and hollow
compression flanges are new areas of study.
Recommendations
·To develop sections with corrugated web instead of
straight web for increased load carrying capacity.
·To develop innovative sections based on shape
factors with increased load carrying capacities than
the conventional ones.
·To develop innovative sections with higher buckling
resistance.
·To develop innovative arrangements in compression
zone for increased load carrying capacity and
buckling prevention.
Suggestions for Future Research
Following are some suggestions for future research.
i-manager’s Journal on Structural Engineering, Vol. 3 l
No. 3 l
September - November 2014
·Development of innovative sectional profiles with
increased load carrying capacities.
·Development of appropriate stiffening arrangements
which improves the load carrying capacity of the
section and prevents local stability failure.
·Development of hollow compression flanges with
increased buckling prevention.
References
[1]. Chen J. and Young B. (2006). “Corner properties of
cold-formed steel sections at elevated temperatures”.
Thin-Walled Structure, Vol.44, pp. 216-223.
[2]. Hankock, G.M. (2001). “Cold formed steel designing &
analysis”, Marcell Dekker Sydney. Australia.
[3]. C. Yu, B.W Schafer (2006). “Distortional buckling tests on
cold formed steel beams”, Journal of Structural
Engineering ASCE, Vol. 1, No. 132, pp.515-528.
[4]. M. Meiyalagan , M.Anbarasu , and Dr.S.Sukumar
(2010). “Investigation on cold formed c section long
column with intermediate stiffener & corner lips –under
axial compression” International Journal of Applied
Engineering Research Dindigul, Vol. 1 ,No 1, pp.28-41.
[5]. C. Yu, B.W Schafer (2002). “Local buckling tests on cold
formed steel beams”, Proceedings of16th International
Specialty Conference Cold-Formed Steel Structures 2002,
Orlando, FL.
[6]. Nayrayanan and Mahendran M.(2003). “Ultimate
capacity of innovative cold formed steel columns”, Journal
of Constructional Steel Research, Vol.59, No.24, pp.489-
508.
[7]. Schafer, B. W., and Adany, S. (2006). “Buckling analysis
of cold-formed steel members using CUFSM, conventional
and constrained finite strip methods.” Proc., 18th Int.
Specialty Conf. on Cold-Formed Steel Structures,
pp.39–54
[8]. Sarvade S.M., Sarvade M.M (2013). “Load carrying
capacity of innovative Cold Formed Steel column”,
Proceedings of Second International Conference on
Emerging Trends in Engineering.
[9]. McDonald, M., Heiyantuduwa, M.A., Rhodes, J.
(2008). “Recent developments in the design of cold-
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formed steel members and structures”. Thin-Walled formed steel joints and structures -A review”, International
Structures, Vol. 4 , No.6, pp.1047-1053 Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, Vol. 2, No 2,
[10]. Bayan A, Sariffuddin S., Hanim O (2011). “Cold pp.621-634

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

M. Adil Dar is presently pursuing his M-Tech in Structural Engineering from Kurukshetra University. He has published more than
twenty papers in numerous high quality peer reviewed International Journals and International Conferences. His research
interests include Earthquake Engineering, Bridge Engineering, and Pre-stressed Design& Steel Design. He is a Chartered
Engineer from The Institution of Engineers, India &Chartered Structural Engineer from The Institution of Structural Engineers. He is
the Fellow of IIBE, CET(I), ICC & IAEME & Life Member of ISE(I), ISET, IAENG, ISSS, IET(U.K), ICI, IABMAS( ), IBC, ISTE, ISTAM & many more
National & International Professional Societies. He is the Board Member, IJETT (Seventh Sense Research Group), Associate Editor,
JOAE (Scientific Digest, An International Publication),Reviewer, IJSW (Science Publishing Corporation, Germany) & IMPACT:IJRET

Deepankar K. Ashish is presently working as an Assistant Professor and Head of Civil Engineering Department in SDDIET, Panchkula.
He was also selected through UPSC as Junior Works Manager (Civil) in Indian Ordnance Factory, Ministry of Defence, and Govt. of
India. He received his B.E in Civil Engineering from PTU Jalandhar, M.E (Hons) in Structural Engineering from PEC University of
Technology, Chandigarh. His research interests include Earthquake Engineering, Advanced Concrete Technology and RCC
Design. He worked as a Project Engineer in Barnala Builders. He later worked as an Assistant Professor in many institutions in the
Chandigarh region.

A.R. Dar is presently working as a Distinguished Professor & Head of Civil Engineering Department in N.I.T Srinagar. He has
received his B.E in Civil Engineering from R.E.C Srinagar (Presently N.I.T Srinagar), M.E (Hons) in Structural Engineering from I.I.T
Roorkee & Ph.d in Earthquake Engineering from University of Bristol U.K under prestigious Commonwealth Scholarship Award. He
published papers in several International Journals & Conferences. His research areas include Earthquake Resistant Design, Tall
Structures, Structural Dynamics, RCC design, Steel Design & Design of Prestressed Structures. He is a Recognized Consultant in
the areas of Design of RCC Structures, Steel Structures, Bridges & Foundations. He is the Life Member of several professional
bodies in structural engineering. He was the Advisor in UPSC Board 2011 for conducting interviews of IES candidates. He was also
empanelled as Paper setter& Examiner for Public Service Commission, Himachal Pradesh in Civil Engineering.

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