03/08/2017

Hybrid Vehicle Introduction Continued

• A hybrid vehicle combines any two power (energy) sources.
• In this case we mean a vehicle powered by two different power
plants
– Electric motor
– Internal combustion engine
• Possible combinations include
– Diesel IC / Electric Battery
– Gasoline/ Electric Battery
– Fuel cell (FC)/Battery.
– Battery / Flywheel
Typically, one energy source is storage, and the other is
conversion of a fuel to energy.

Automotive Vehicle layout Typical View of Hybrid Vehicle

1
 03/08/2017

Components of Hybrid Vehicle

Advanced Technology used in Hybrid
Vehicle

2
 03/08/2017

Motivation To HEV Vehicles Hybrid Vehicles Were Came…

Domestic Policy Goals 2009 2010 2011 2012
 Reduce dependence on foreign oil
 Job creation
 Economic Growth (energy sources local)

Sport/Luxury
Tesla Model S
Global Impact Cadillac XTS PHEV
 Europe to mitigate climate change
 India to balance growth with pollution Tesla Roadster
Volvo V70
 Governments around the world have allocated funding for clean technology Porsche 918 PHEV Audi A1 PHEV Fisker Karma PHEV

Energy Independence

Compact
 Local energy sources reduce price volatility
 Reduce export of dollars, particularly to unstable regions of the world Mini EV Wheego Toyota Prius
LiFe
 Reduce dependence on few key regions – roughly half of the EU’s gas consumption comes from only three Think City Honda insight PHEV
Zenn EV Mitsubishi i-MiEV Smart for two
countries (Russia, Norway, Algeria)

Sedan/SUV
Developing Nations
 Lower-cost conventional vehicles support economic development goals.
 Urban air pollution and rising oil imports to be the main driver of electrification
 China has stated its goal of reducing the carbon intensity of its economy. GM Volt Nissan Leaf Coda EV Toyota Rav4 EV BYD e6 EV Ford Focus EV
 Lack of Infrastructure (grids) is a huge factor.

Light Trucks
Climate Change
 Global support for climate change has gained momentum with Europe leading the way.
 Transportation accounts for roughly 15% of energy related CO2 emissions globally.
 In 1992, the United States ratified the United Nations’ Framework Convention on Climate Change Smith Electric Navistar eStar Ford Transit Connect Mercedes Vito E-cell Renault Bright Auto Idea
Edison Kangoo
(UNFCCC), which called on industrialized countries to make voluntary efforts to reduce greenhouse gases.
 EU energy policy provides affordable energy while contributing to the EU's wider social and climate goals

Hybrid Structure Hybrid Structure Build In Vehicles

• Two Type of Hybrid Vehicle Structures
– Parallel Hybrid
– Series Hybrid
– Combined Hybrid
– Complex Hybrid

3
 03/08/2017

Introduction of Series Hybrid vehicle Components in Series Hybrid

Working of Series Hybrid Power flow in Series Hybrid vehicle

• The mechanical output is first converted into
electricity using a generator
• The converted electricity either charges the
battery or can bypass the battery to propel the
wheels via the motor and mechanical
transmission.
• It is an ICE assisted Electric Vehicle (EV).

4
 03/08/2017

Layout of Series Series Hybrid

Series

5
 03/08/2017

Advantages Application
• Mechanical decoupling between the ICE and driven • The series hybrid drive train is used in heavy
wheels allows the IC engine operating at its very
narrow optimal region commercial vehicles,
• Nearly ideal torque-speed characteristics of electric • Military vehicles and buses.
motor make multigear transmission unnecessary.
Disadvantages • The reason is that large vehicles have enough
• The energy is converted twice (mechanical to electrical space for the bulky engine/generator system.
and then to mechanical) and this reduces the overall
efficiency.
• Two electric machines are needed and a big traction
motor is required because it is the only torque source of
the driven wheels.

Introduction Parallel Hybrid Parallel Hybrid Vehicle

6
 03/08/2017

Working of Parallel Layout of Parallel Hybrid

• The parallel HEV allows both ICE and electric
motor (EM) to deliver power to drive the wheels.
• both the ICE and EM are coupled to the drive
shaft of the wheels via two clutches.
• The propulsion power may be supplied by ICE
alone, by EM only or by both ICE and EM.
• The EM can be used as a generator to charge the
battery by regenerative braking or absorbing
power from the ICE when its output is greater
than that required to drive the wheels.

Parallel Hybrid Parallel

7
 03/08/2017

Advantages
• Both engine and electric motor directly supply torques to
the driven wheels and no energy form conversion occurs,
hence energy loss is less
• Compactness due to no need of the generator and smaller
traction motor.
Disadvantages
• mechanical coupling between the engines and the driven
wheels, thus the engine operating points cannot be fixed in a
narrow speed region.
• The mechanical configuration and the control strategy are
complex compared to series hybrid drive train.
Applications
• Due to its compact characteristics, small vehicles use
parallel configuration. Most passenger cars employ this
configuration.

Combined Hybrid Introduction

• In the series-parallel hybrid the configuration
incorporates the features of both the series and
parallel HEVs.
• This configuration needs an additional electric
machine and a planetary gear unit making the
control complex.

8
 03/08/2017

Schematic Layout of Combined Hybrid Layout of Combined hybrid

Mileage tips for Hybrid Vehicle Advantages

9
 03/08/2017

Technology Challenges and

Disadvantages
opportunities

Technology ONLY Found in Hybrid

Cars
Regenerative Braking
• Electric motor applies resistance to the drive train
causing the wheels to slow down.
• The energy from the wheels turns the motor,
functioning as a generator.
• This converts energy normally wasted during coasting
and braking into electricity.
• This electricity is then stored in a battery until it is
needed by the electric motor.
Technology ONLY Found in Hybrid
Cars
Electric Motor Drive/Assist
• Electric motor provides additional power to assist
the engine in accelerating, passing or hill
climbing.
• This allows a smaler, more efficient engine to be
used.
• In some vehicles, the motor alone provides power
for low speed driving conditions where internal
combustion engines are least efficient.

10

Technology ONLY Found in Hybrid
Cars
Automatic Start/Shutoff
• Automatically shuts off the engine when the
vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the
accelerator is pressed.
• This prevents wasted energy from idling.
Forces acting on a vehicle moving
uphill
03/08/2017
Road loads
Road load is define as the “…force or torque which
opposes the movement of a vehicle.
Tractive Resistance (TR):
– When a vehicle is traveling at constant speed, its resistance to motion,
termed the tractive resistance,
Rolling resistance (RR): This depends mainly upon the nature of the
ground, the tires used, the weight of the vehicle, and to a lesser
extent, the speed (the last variation is usually ignored).
Air resistance (AR): Air resistance (wind resistance) depends upon the
size and shape of the vehicle — its degree of streamlining- and
increases approximately as the square of the speed through the air.
Gradient resistance (GR): This is determined by the steepness of the
hill and the weight of the vehicle, which must, in effect, be lifted
from the bottom to top.
Why an Needs to study performance
parameters of engine?
• To find out performance before mass production and
fitting it into a vehicle.
• To improve the design and configuration, to integrate
new materials and technology
• Historically, the performance is basically to find out
the power and fuel consumption.
• To test effectiveness of cooling, vibration and noise,
lubrication, controllability,etc.
• Modern regulations force engines to reduce harmful
emission and comply stringent regulations, therefore,
test is getting more and more sophisticated.
11
 03/08/2017

Performance Parameters Standard performance characteristic curves for engine

• Performance means how well an engine is doing its

job in relation to the input energy. (Degree of
success)
– Power
– Efficiency
– Mean effective pressure
– Specific output
– Specific fuel consumption
– Fuel air ratio
– Exhaust smoke and emissions
– Specific Weight

Vehicle Performance

12
 03/08/2017

Traction Motor Characteristics

Power and Torque versus Engine Speed

Rated brake power There is a maximum in the brake power

versus engine speed called the rated
brake power.
1 kW = 1.341 hp
At higher speeds brake power decreases as
friction power becomes significant compared
to the indicated power

Max brake torque There is a maximum in the torque versus

speed called maximum brake torque (MBT).
Brake torque drops off:
• at lower speeds do to heat losses
• at higher speeds it becomes more difficult
to ingest a full charge of air.

13
 03/08/2017

Vehicle Performance
Grade ability Performance

Acceleration Performance

14
 03/08/2017

Energy Consumption

Typical Electric Motor Characteristics

15

Grid Connected Hybrids
• Grid-connected hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs),
also known as plug-in hybrids (PHEVs).
• It is the vehicle used for reducing the use of
petroleum fuel.
• These vehicles are powered with both petroleum
fuel and electricity from the grid.
• They are designed with varying amounts of all-
electric range.
• It designed on the basis of needs of drivers, policy
goals, and economic factors.
03/08/2017
Description
• Grid-connected HEVs use much of the same
technology deployed in current HEVs.
• It draws the electricity from the grid to recharge
their batteries.
• This gives the ability to travel a limited distance
using electricity as the primary “fuel”.
• When this all-electric range is exhausted, normal
(petroleum-fueled) HEV operation resumes.
• 63 percent of consumers’ daily trips are less than
60 miles in length.
16
 03/08/2017

Types of Grid Connected HEVs

Grid-connected HEVs are essentially a
Two types of grid-connected HEVs are combination of two existing technologies:
considered: – Gasoline-electric hybrid vehicles
• PHEV 20, an HEV with a 20-mile all-electric – Battery electric vehicles
range
• PHEV 60, an HEV with a 60-mile all-electric • The PHEVs considered in this analysis have
range performance characteristics similar to vehicles
of the same size and function.
• Cost of these system will be increases.

Summary EHV Design and Safety

• Effect of battery weight and volume
• In an EV, the lead acid battery and associated motor and control weighs
about twice the weight of equivalent IC engine, drive train and fuel.
• Hence, stronger and heavier structural components are required to support
battery and to provide adequate crash protection.
• This increases curb weight of vehicle; correspondingly performance
decreases.
• Use of advanced batteries may be made; however due to lower energy
density of batteries as compared to gasoline, range limitation cannot be
removed.
• Compared to lead –acid batteries, tank of gasoline has more than 40 times
the useful specific energy per kg and more than 60 times the useful energy
density per litre of volume. Hence, weight and volume of batteries is much
larger than the tank and take more space. Advanced batteries like NiMH or
Li-Ion improve the situation to certain extent.

17
 03/08/2017

Design Consideration of EHV Safety Precautions of EHV

• Designing for minimum weight
• Honda Insight Hybrid : Extensive use of
extruded, stamped and die cast aluminum
components and ABS composites to reduc
body weight by 40% below that of comparable
steel body
• Advanced weight reduction techniques
increase the vehicle cost.
Safety of Batteries
• Crash performance of EV
• Battery should not get loosened or develop faults
particularly short ckting under impact conditions.
• Lead-acid battery: gassing problem ventilation/fan
is required
• Battery terminal voltage: 350 – 500 volts
Insulation of cables and connectors
Use of interlocks

Safety of other electrical systems in

EHV
• Protection of power transistors against
overvoltage and short – circuiting
• Thermal protection for battery, motor and
controller – temperature sensors
• Over speed protection in case of dc
commutator motor – speed sensor
• Protection for auxiliary power system –
through conventional fusing and circuit
breaker

18