Lecture3 - 2nd Law of Thermodynamics PDF

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI
Lecture 3
2ND Law of Thermodynamics
 Heat Engines & Heat pumps

 Carnot Engine
 Advances in Heat Engines
A motorcycle is a heat engine. It takes in heat from

burning of petrol, does work and ejects the remainder as
waste
25-Feb-20to the atmosphere.
2/25/2020 7:19 AM
FWN_UoN Nyongesa F. W.
SPH 302: Thermodynamics 22
Page 1
Introduction
 Recall: 1ST Law
dQ = dW + dU
 2nd Law defines efficiency of

processes that convert heat  work
e.g., heat engines, Jet engines, internal
combustion engines etc.
Nyongesa F. W.
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2/25/2020 7:19 AM SPH 302: Thermodynamics 3
Objectives
 Explain principle of heat engines & heat
pumps
 Explain 2ND Law & its significance

 Explain Carnot engine & thermal
efficiency
 Explain recent advances in heat engines
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 2
3.1
Heat Engines
 Device that converts heat  work

 Eg steam, automobiles, jet engines
25-Feb-20
2/25/2020 7:19 AM SPH 302: Thermodynamics 66
Page 3
W
Qh Qc
High-temp Heat Low-temp
Source, Th Engine Sink, Tc
(e.g., flame) (e.g., cooling pond)
 A heat engine takes in heat Qh from a high

temp source, produces work W, and wastes
heat Qc.
 2nD Law defines the limits of converting heat
into work.
7
 Objective: Turn heat (Qh) from

hot reservoir into work (W) HEAT ENGINE
TH
 Cost: “heat (QC) is wasted”
into cold reservoir QH
 Since System operates in closed W

cycle  dU = 0 QC
TC
  dQ = Qh - QC = W
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 4
Efficiency of heat engine
Work output W Qh  QC
  
Heat input Qh Qh
Qc
   1
Qh
  < 1 since QC  zero

Nyongesa F. W.
Kelvin/Engine Statement of 2ND Law

 “No device can convert All heat input
(dQ) into work (dW) ”.
  “If you eat, you must shit”.
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 5
Perpetual Machines of 2nd kind
 Device that converts all dQ  dW is NOT
ALLOWED
 E.g car without exhaust
Th No exhaust
Qh
Engine
Fuel Tank
W
E
Nyongesa F. W.
Food
dQ  dW
work output
Impossible
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 6
1ST Requirement of 2ND Law
 Real < 100%
Nyongesa F. W.
Max efficiency of Ideal Engine

 Max efficiency of ideal heat engine (called
Carnot Efficiency) is governed by max work
that can be produced and is expressed in terms
of temp. i.e.,
WMax T
 Carnot   1 C
Qh Th
 Thus, as Th Tc, Wmax  0.
 Carnot = Max possible efficiency

14
Page 7
3.2
Refrigerators, Air Conditioners
& Heat Pumps
Refrigerators
 It is a heat engine
operated in reverse REFRIGERATOR
to transfer heat from TH
colder reservoir to a QH
hot reservoir
W
QC
TC
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 8
 sdssd
Nyongesa F. W.
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 9
 Objective: remove heat (QC)
from cold to hot reservoir at Th REFRIGERATOR
TH
 Cost: (W) is done
QH
 For cyclic process, dU = 0 W

QC
 dQ = Qh -QC = W TC
Nyongesa F. W.
 Effectiveness of refrigeration =
Coeficiency of performance (COP)
Heat tranferred from cold reservior
COP R 
Work Supplied
Qc QC
  1
WCycle Qh  QC
 For (ideal) Carnot Refrigerator,

TC
COP R ,Carnot 
Th  TC
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 10
“Refrigerator/Clausius Statement”
 “No Refrigerator transfers heat from
cold to hot reservoir with no work
input”.
 “To earn, you must work” Th

Qh
  nothing like free lunch R
QC
TC
Hypothetical Refrigerator
Nyongesa F. W.
Worked example
 A Fridge does 153 J of work to
transfer 568 J of heat from its cold
compartment. Calculate
(i) COPR
(ii) Heat exhausted to the kitchen
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 11
Soln
Qc 568
(a) COP R    3.71
W 153
(b) QH  W  QC  721 J
Nyongesa F. W.
Qs
 Why it is difficult to obtain cooling at very low
temperatures in a refrigerator
 Can a room be cooled by opening the door of a

refrigerator?
24
Page 12
Air Conditioners
 In this case, the refrigerator box becomes the
room or entire building
QC
COP AC 
W
Nyongesa F. W.
25-Feb-20
Heat Pumps
 It is a refrigerator turned
inside out so that its cold
end is outdoors and its
warm end indoors.
 Used to heat buildings

during the cold weather
by transferring heat from
the outside (lower temp)
to the insider which is at
a higher temperature.
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 13
 Coefficiency of performance
Heat transfered to hot reserviour heating Effect
COP HP  
work input Work input
Q Qh
 h  1
WCycle Qh  QC
  COP HP depends on outside temp

 NB. For fixed values of Qh and Qc then:
COP HP  COP R  1
Nyongesa F. W.
Q
 Why it is uneconomical to use a heat
pump during very cold seasons
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 14
“Humour” Statement of 2nd Law
 It states: “You can’t break even”
 No matter how much effort you

put in, no matter how efficient you
are, you will have a tiny bit of waste.
Thermodynamics and Laws of nature

Rule of Nature: We eat to live
Laws of Nature Laws of Thermodynamics
1. We eat when Zeroth Law: Heat flows
hungry from hot to Cold
2. We eat in order to 1st Law: dQ = dU + dW
work
3. (i) If you eat, you 2nd Law:
must shit (i) Efficiency of systems <
100%
2/25/2020 7:19 AM 30
Page 15
Lecture Evaluation
 State the Kelvin & Clausius statements
 List examples of perpetual machines of

2ND kind
 List 1ST requirement of 2ND law
Nyongesa F. W.
3.3
The Carnot Engine
Page 16
 To increase real, Qc must  0, 
Process must be
 Reversible
 Thermodynamic equilibrium MUST

exist at all times during heat transfer
between reservoir  working
substance
Nyongesa F. W.
Therefore:
(i) Reservoir & working substance must be at
same temp (isothermal process)
(ii)  no heat loss (adiabatic process) during
heat transfer.
  for max efficiency, engine operates in

isothermal and adiabatic processes only.
 The only Engine that meets these requirements
is Carnot engine
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 17
Carnot Engine
 It is hypothetical, idealized reversible
heat engine
 Has 4 cycles abcd (2 isothermal and 2

adiabatic processes) & uses ideal gas
Nyongesa F. W.
Qh W
P
V1, P1
C Qh Isothermal expansion
V2, P2
D
System Adiabatic Adiabatic
slowly compression expansion W
returns to V4, P4
initial B
Temp drops with
state V3, P3
little work done as
Qc A System stabilizes
Isothermal
 Exhaust
compression
Qc
25-Feb-20
2/25/2020 7:19 AM
Carnot Cycle on a P-V
FWN_UoN diag
Nyongesa F. W.
SPH 302: Thermodynamics
V
36
36
Page 18
Gasoline engines
(O)A AB BC CD DA
Carnot (Thermal) efficiency

 Given by W Q T
 Carnot  1 C 1 C
Qh Qh Th
 Carnot = Max possible efficiency
ACTIVITY
 Prove the above Eqn
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 19
Carnot's theorem
 “All real (irreversible) heat engines
are less efficient than a Carnot
engine operating between the same
temperatures”
Nyongesa F. W.
2ND Requirement of 2ND Law
Real < Carnot
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 20
W.E 1
 A Carnot Cycle operates between 200 oC
and 1200 oC. Calculate its thermal
efficiency if it operates as a heat engine
and its COP if it operates as
(i) a refrigerator
(ii) Heat pump
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2/25/2020 7:19 AM FWN_UoN 41
Soln
TC 1  473
 1   67.8%
(i) Th 1473
Re f Effect T 473
(ii) COPR   C   0.47
Work Supplied Wcycle 1473  473
(iii) COP  Heating Effect  Th  1.47

HP
Work Supplied Wcycle
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 21
W.E 2
 A Carnot engine working as a refrigerator
between 260 K and 300 K receives 2100
J of heat from the lower temp reservoir.
Calculate
 (a) the heat ejected to the high temperature
reservoir
 (b) Work done in each cycle to operate the

refrigerator
 (c) COP
Nyongesa F. W.
Soln
TC QC  300 
(i)   QH  2100   2,423.1 J
TH QH  260 
(ii) Since dU =0,  dW = QH – QC = 323 J
TC 260
(iii) COP    6.5
Th  TC 300  260
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 22
W.E 3
 An inventor claims to have developed an
engine which takes in 11  107 J at 400K,
rejects 5  107 J at 200K and delivers
16.67 kW hours of work. Would you
advice investing money in this project?
Nyongesa F. W.
Soln
Qh = 11107 J, Th = 400K, Qc = 5107J, Tc
= 200K, dW = 6.67 kW
Condition: Check if
(i) real < 1
(ii) real < Carnot
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 23
Now
QC
 1  54.5%  OK
Qh
TC
 Carnot  1   50.0%
Th
  real > Carnot which is violation of 2nd
Law. Hence not viable
Nyongesa F. W.
Lecture Evaluation
 State 2ND requirement of 2ND Law
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 24
3.4
n
Advances in Heat
Engines
(a) Steam engine

 Uses steam as working substance
Q
 Steam  1  C
Qh
 Steam  5-18%
and depends on
strength of boiler
and Th
Nyongesa F. W.
50
Page 25
 ww
25-Feb-20
51
Worked Example
 The boiler of a steam engine operates at
500 K while the cold reservoir’s temp is
300K. Determine the maximum thermal
efficiency of the engine.
 Solution
TC 300K
 Carnot  1  1  40%
Th 500K
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 26
(b) Internal Combustion Engines
 CONCEPT: Combustion takes place
within confines of engine
 They employ a fluid (gas + air)
  2 types
 Spark ignition (petrol) or compression
ignition (diesel)
 Gas turbines
UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 53
Petrol - Diesel
Page 27
Gas Turbines
(i) Gasoline Engine

 In Real engines, the cycles proceed
rapidly with friction and turbulence and is
irreversible.
 For simplicity, Real engines are studied
using an idealized model (Otto cycle)
using ideal gas & reversible
 Gasoline engine operates in 4 strokes viz:
Page 28
Gasoline Engine (Otto Cycle)
ss
P
 P2
c
Qh Adiabatic
P1 b W out
d
QC
P0
Intake Compress Ignition & Exhaust e a

Power stroke
V1 V2 V
ea ab bcd da
The Otto Cycle
 1
 V2  1
  1    1 rc = compression ratio
 V1  rC 1
(ii) Diesel engines

 Only air is adiabatically
compressed (a  b) & P
fuel is directly injected Qh

Adiabatics
into the cylinder causing b c
spontaneous ignition & W out

power stroke (bcd)
d
W in
 No spark plugs are QC
needed. e a
V rV V
Diesel Cycle
Page 29
Idealized Diesel
cycle
Nyongesa F. W.
Petrol Vs Diesel
1. Faster, quiter and “cleaner” 1. Sluggish, noisy and smelly
2. More Torque
2. More horsepower (rapid (pulling/turning power) 
response/acceleration) per suitable for heavy vehicles
cc  suitable for small cars 3. High   70% 
3. Low   30%  economical economical for larger
for small engines < 2 litres engines > 4 litres or higher
mileages
4. Simpler to service and fix 4. Expensive to service and fix
Page 30
Q
 Explain the concept of turbo
charges?
Nyongesa F. W.
 NB. 2-3 litres diesel engines can give high

performance with turbocharges
 CONCEPT: increase output power by
increasing compression ratio by compressing air
before ignition
 Explain why diesel > petrol
Page 31
From rear to front drive
(c) Hybrid Engines

 Hybrid means a combination of two or
more power sources
 E.g.,
 Gasoline – electric
 CONCEPT: reduce fuel consumption &

pollution by supplementing gasoline engine
with clean power sources
Page 32
About Hybrid Cars
 DC power is used during idling & at low speeds
( < 15mph)
 ½ as powerful compared to gasoline engine
 Recharge the batteries through regenerative

braking (i.e., by taking K.E. energy generated
by braking to charge the batteries)
Types of hybrid
(a) Parallel Hybrid
 Both Engine & Electric motor work
together to power the transmission at
the same time
Page 33
(b) Series Hybrid
 Gasoline motor turns a generator
 Subsequently, the Generator powers the
motor (through the battery) that drives the
transmission
Examples of Hybrids
Lexus SUV
Toyota Prius
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 34
Summary
 Mandates of 2ND Law
 real < 1
 real < Carnot
 dS > 0
 SIGNIFICANCE OF 2ND LAW

 Gives efficiency of processes that
convert heat  work
Lecture Evaluation
1. Explain a Carnot engine giving its

thermal efficiency
2. List mandates of 2ND Law and
significance of 2ND Law
3. Explain recent advances in heat

engines
Nyongesa F. W.
Page 35

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UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI

 Heat Engines & Heat pumps

A motorcycle is a heat engine. It takes in heat from

 2nd Law defines efficiency of

 Explain 2ND Law & its significance

 Explain recent advances in heat engines

 Device that converts heat  work

 A heat engine takes in heat Qh from a high

 Objective: Turn heat (Qh) from

 Since System operates in closed W

  < 1 since QC  zero

Kelvin/Engine Statement of 2ND Law

  “If you eat, you must shit”.

 Real < 100%

Max efficiency of Ideal Engine

 Thus, as Th Tc, Wmax  0.

 Carnot = Max possible efficiency

to transfer heat from TH

 For cyclic process, dU = 0 W

 For (ideal) Carnot Refrigerator,

 “To earn, you must work” Th

 Can a room be cooled by opening the door of a

 Used to heat buildings

  COP HP depends on outside temp

 It states: “You can’t break even”

 No matter how much effort you

Thermodynamics and Laws of nature

 State the Kelvin & Clausius statements

 List examples of perpetual machines of

 List 1ST requirement of 2ND law

The Carnot Engine

 Thermodynamic equilibrium MUST

  for max efficiency, engine operates in

 Has 4 cycles abcd (2 isothermal and 2

Carnot (Thermal) efficiency

 Carnot = Max possible efficiency

2ND Requirement of 2ND Law

Real < Carnot

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2/25/2020 7:19 AM FWN_UoN 41

(iii) COP  Heating Effect  Th  1.47

 (b) Work done in each cycle to operate the

(ii) Since dU =0,  dW = QH – QC = 323 J

 State 2ND requirement of 2ND Law

(a) Steam engine

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 53

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 54

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 55

(i) Gasoline Engine

 Gasoline engine operates in 4 strokes viz:

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 56

Intake Compress Ignition & Exhaust e a

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 57

(ii) Diesel engines

fuel is directly injected Qh

spontaneous ignition & W out

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 58

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 60

 NB. 2-3 litres diesel engines can give high

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 62

UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 25-Feb-20 FWN_UoN 63

(c) Hybrid Engines

 CONCEPT: reduce fuel consumption &

 ½ as powerful compared to gasoline engine