APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS

TDA301T

LECTURER: PROF MAURICE ONYANGO

ASSISTANT LECTURER: N/A
TUTORS: TO BE ANOUNCED
 Course Outline:
• LESSON ONE: REVIEW OF FIRST AND SECOND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
-Definitions, Examples of Thermodynamic Systems, First Law, Second Law, Perpetual Motion Machine, Tutorials

• LESSON TWO: HEATING AND EXPANSION

-Thermodynamics relations, Tutorials

• LESSON THREE: NOZZLES

-Introduction, Industrial applications, Thermodynamics Relations, Tutorials

• LESSON FOUR: CARNOT AND RANKINE CYCLES

-Introduction, Systems based on Carnot and Rankine cycles, p-v Diagram, T-s Diagram, efficiency and performance, Tutorials

• LESSON FIVE: REFRIGERATION AND COOLING

• LESSON SIX: STEAM GENERATION AND POWER PLANTS

• LESSON SEVEN: ANY OTHER TOPIC SUCH AS CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

Assessments
1. Two major tests : 50 %
2. Three class tests: 30%
3. Several assignments: 10 %
4. One practical: 10% (compulsory to pass the module)
5. Final mark = Mark1+Mark2+Mark3 + Mark4 = 100%
6. End semester exam: N/A (Continuous assessment)

NOTE:
1. Due to Covid-19, this course has been converted to continuous assessment
2. To pass: (i) the overall course mark must be atleast 50%
(ii) there is no end semester exams and therefore no suplimentary
(iii) no missing practical report
 Course Reference Books
Any Thermodynamics book with Engineering Approaches
Examples:
1. Applied Thermodynamics by Eastop and McConkey
2. Fundamentals of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by Themis Matsoukas
3. Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics by JM Smith
 Code of conduct
• No form of indiscipline will be allowed in the course. This include and not limited to:
(i) Making noise when the lecture is on
(ii) Picketing
(iii) Using mobile phone during the class session
(iv) Smoking, drinking, eating in class

• It is the responsibility of the student to attend classes and take all assessments
LESSON ONE: REVIEW OF FIRST LAWS OF THERMPDYNAMICS

What does First Law of Thermodynamics tell us?

And what about the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

What are some examples of thermodynamic systems at home ?

Examples of thermodynamic systems at home

Refrigerator Solar heating system

Air conditioning at home
INDUSTRIAL THERMODYNAICS SYSTEMS:
POWER PLANTS
 EVAPORATION UNITS IN SERIES: PULP AND PAPER
MILL

INDUSTRIAL DISTILLATION: REFINERIES, POWER

ALCOHOL
 Q1. Reversing the Direction of
Energy transfer
If you have a cup of hot tea and the surrounding is cold, which
direction do you expect energy to be transferred?

cold

hot
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS AND APPLICATIONS

ENERGIES
• GIVE 6 TYPES OF ENERGIES YOU KNOW
• HOW IS ENERGY TRANSFERRED
• WHAT ARE THE MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
• Write conservation energy equation
• Apply conservation energy equation to various thermodynamic
systems
 Forms of Energies
1. Heat (Q )
2. Work (w)
3. Internal Energy (U)
4. Kinetic Energy (KE)
5. Potential Energy (PE)
6. Flow Energy (Pv)

Using the above energies; how do you express the

first Law of Thermodynamics?
 Please take note:
The mass, energy and entropy balances for any system undergoing
any process are expressed as

1. Mass balance: min - mout = msystem

2. Energy balance: Ein - Eout = Esystem

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass = Change in internal,
kinetic, and potential, etc., energies

3. Entropy balance: Sin - Eout + Egen = Ssystem

Net entropy transfer by heat and mass + generation of entropy =
Entropy Change
 Energy Transfer
1.By HEAT ( Conduction, Convection and Radiation)

2. By Work

3. By Mass
 QUESTION ONE
A newly employed chemical engineering graduate buys Polo Vivo for use from
home to work. The car consumes about 5 L of gasoline a day, and the capacity of
the fuel tank of a car is about 50 L. Based on this assumption therefore car needs
to be refuelled once every 10 days. The density of gasoline 0.75 kg/L, and its
lower heating value is about 44,000 kJ/kg (that is, 44,000 kJ of heat is released
when 1 kg of gasoline is completely burned). Recently fuel price has been sky-
rocketing putting enormous pressure on car owners. The manufactures of Polo
Vivo decide to design a nuclear powered car. Suppose all the problems associated
with the radioactivity and waste disposal of nuclear fuels are resolved, and a car is
to be powered by U-235. The new design Polo Vivo car comes equipped with 0.1-
kg of the nuclear fuel U-235 (heat released for complete fission is 6.73x1010 kJ/kg),
determine if this car will ever need refuelling under average driving conditions.
 QUESTION TWO

A chemical process industry uses a rigid tank that

contains a hot fluid. Unfortunately, the tank is not
insulated and therefore it is cooled while being stirred
by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the
fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid
loses 500 kJ of heat, and the paddle wheel does 100
kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final internal
energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the
paddle wheel
 PROBLEM THREE
The water in a large lake is to be used to generate electricity by
the installation of a hydraulic turbine–generator at a location
where the depth of the water is 50 m. Water is to be supplied at
a rate of 5000 kg/s. If the electric power generated is measured
to be 1862 kW and the generator efficiency is 95 percent,
determine (a) the overall efficiency of the turbine– generator,
(b) the mechanical efficiency of the turbine, and (c) the shaft
power supplied by the turbine to the generator.
 The Conservation Equation: 1st Law of Thermodynamics
W Q

Inlet 1 Outlet 2

system

z2

z1
Datum

Conservation equation: Energy entering the system = energy leaving the

system ( on unit mass basis for steady state flow)

U1 + P1 1 + u12 /2 + z1g + Q = U2 + P2 2 + u22 /2 + z2g + W

 Notes:
1. For negligible potential, kinetic and flow energies
Q-W = U2-U1 = U

2. H1 =U1 + P1 1 and H2 = U2 + P2 2 (Enthalpies)

3.For negligible potential and kinetic energies only

Q-W = H2-H1 = H
 Applications:
1. Nozzle
A nozzle is a device that a. Rate of net energy transfer =
increases the velocity of a fluid rate of change of energy
at the expense of pressure
b. For nozzles: Q= 0; w=0, PE=0

c. H2-H1 = u12/2 - u22 /2

u1 u2
 Applications:
2. Pump
A pump is a device that adds
energy to a fluid (increases fluid
a. Rate of net energy transfer = rate of change
pressure). The energy is of energy
requirement is measured in
terms of shaft work
P2
b. For pump: Q= 0
u2
P1 z2 c. P1 1 + u12/2 + z1g + Win = P2 2 + u22/2 + z2g
u1
z1
Win d. Where pumps are used to transfer fluid over
long distances, energy dissipation interms of
frictional losses must be included in the output
 a. Rate of net energy transfer = rate of
3. Turbine change of energy
A turbine is a device that extracts
b. For turbine: Q= 0
energy (Wout) from a fluid
c. H1 + u12 /2 + z1g = H2 + u22 /2 + z2g + Wout
P1
u1
z1
H1

Wout
P2
u2
z2
H2
 a. Rate of net energy transfer = rate of
4. Compressor change of energy
A compressor is a device that
adds energy (Win) to a fluid i.e it b. For Compressor: Q= 0
increases pressure. Heat transfer
is negligible unless otherwise c. H1 + u12 /2 + z1g + Win = H2 + u22 /2 + z2g
indicated P2
u2
z2
H2

W in

P1 NOTE: In compressors PE is

u1
z1
negligible i.e. z1 =z2
H