Fluid Flow Continuity Equation (Law of Conservation of Mass)

1 2

Mr = ρ x A x Vel Where:
= A x vel ρ = mass density
υ A = cross-sect. area
= Vr Vel = velocity
υ υ = specific volume
Vr = volumetric flow rate
Mr = mass flow rate

Conservation of Energy
- energy can neither be created nor destroyed only transformed.
- first law of thermodynamics.

First Corollary of the 1st Law

Closed system (non-flow system)

1. Conservation of energy applied to closed system (Non-flow closed system)

Rigid
body
Q Q

Q= U = U2– U1 Q= U + WK

Energy Balance:
Initial Energy + Energy Entering – Energy Leaving = Final Energy

Second Corollary of the 1st law

Open system (steady flow)
2. Conservation of energy applied to open system (Steady-flow open system)
- aside from the energy transfers in the form of heat or work, the mass entering the system brings in some
energy with it, and likewise the mass leaving the system carries away some energy. Due to these energy transfers,
the energy of the system may change
Q
m1
U1, PE1, KE1, Wf1, Wc

m2
U2, PE2, KE2, and Wf2
In general, a unit mass of moving fluid possesses the following forms of energy:
a. Internal Energy, u
b. Potential energy, gZ
c. Kinetic energy , V2/2
Thus the total energy possessed by a moving fluid is: u + gZ + V2/2

Some energy is required to push the fluid into or out of the system and this is known as the flow energy or flow
work. It is equal to the product of pressure and volume (p x v). The fluid is required to possess this additional energy
to cross the boundary.
Therefore, the total energy carried by a fluid crossing the system boundary is:
= u + gZ + V2/2 + pv
= (u + pv) + gZ + V2/2
= h + gZ + V2/2

For Steady flow open system:

- a flow process is said to be steady if,
o mass flow rate at inlet = mass flow rate at exit
o properties do not change with time

Sum of all the energy = Sum of all the energy

entering the system leaving the system

m(h1 + gZ1 + V1 2/ 2) + [Q or W entering] = m(h2 + gZ2 + V2 2/ 2) + [Q or W leaving]

where: m = mass flow rate

Q = rate of heat transfer, Watts
W = rate of work transfer, Watts

H1 + PE1 + KE1 + (Q or W)entering = H2 + PE2 + KE2 + (Q or W)leaving

Alternate Method:

m1

WkSF

U1 m2
PE1 Q
KE1
Wf1 U2
PE2
KE2
Wf2
WkSF = Q – U– PE – KE – Wf
WkSF = Q – H– PE – KE

Sign Convention:
Q - positive if added to the system
- negative if rejected from the system
WkSF - positive if done by the system
- negative if done on the system

Tutorial Problems: (part 3)

1. In an industrial process, 300 KJ of work is needed to compress 4 kg of oxygen. During compression 270 KJ
of heat is rejected to the surrounding air. Determine the change in specific internal energy of the oxygen.
Will the internal energy increase or decrease?
Recall: Initial energy + (Energy)entering – (Energy)leaving = Final energy
U1 + Wc – QR = U2
U1 + 300 KJ – 270 KJ = U2
ΔU = U2 – U1 = 300 – 270 = 30 KJ
Δu = ΔU/m = 30 KJ/4kg = 7.5 KJ/kg (increasing)

2. A rotary compressor draws 6,000 kg/hr of atmospheric air and delivers it at a higher pressure. The specific
enthalpy of air at inlet is 300 KJ/kg and that at the exit is 509 KJ/kg. The heat loss from the compressor
casing is 5,000 W. Neglecting the changes in kinetic and potential energy; determine the power required to
drive the compressor.
Recall: m[(u1 + p1v1) + gZ1 + v12/2] + WP = m[(u2 + p2v2) + gZ2 + v22/2] + Q
m[(h1 + gZ1 + v12/2] + WC = m[(h2 + gZ2 + v22/2] + Q
m[(h1 + 0 + 0] + WC = m[(h2 + 0 + 0] + Q
WC = m(h2 – h1) + Q = (6,000/3,600)kg/s[509 – 300]KJ/kg + 5KW
= 348.33 + 5 = 353.3KW

3. 10,000 kg/hr of steam with an enthalpy of 2,778 KJ/kg enters a turbine. If the exhaust steam leaves the
turbine with an enthalpy of 2,168 KJ.kg, determine the turbine power output.

m[(h1 + gZ1 + v12/2] + Eenter = m[(h2 + gZ2 + v22/2] + E leaving

m[(h1 + 0 + 0] + 0 = m[(h2 + 0 + 0] + W turbine
W turbine = m(h1 – h2) = (10,000/3,600)kg/s[2,778 – 2,167]KJ/kg = 1,695 KW

4. Steam with an enthalpy of 2,168 KJ/kg enters a condenser at a rate of 10,000 kg/hr. If the condensate
leaves the condenser with an enthalpy of 251 KJ/kg, determine the heat rejection rate.
m[(h1 + gZ1 + v12/2] + Eenter = m[(h2 + gZ2 + v22/2] + E leaving
m[(h1 + 0 + 0] + 0 = m[(h2 + 0+ 0] + E leaving
Qleaving = m(h1 – h2) = (10,000/3,600)kg/s[2,168 – 251]KJ/kg = 5,325.43 kW

5. In a turbine high temperature gas with a specific enthalpy of 1,860 KJ/kg flows continuously into the
turbine, turns the rotor and leaves the turbine with a specific enthalpy of 530 KJ/kg. The heat loss through
the turbine casing is 140 KJ/kg. Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy of the gases, find the
turbine work output per kilogram of gas flow.

m[(h1 + gZ1 + v12/2] + Eenter = m[(h2 + gZ2 + v22/2] + E leaving

[(h1 + gZ1 + v12/2] + Eenter = [(h2 + gZ2 + v22/2] + E leaving
[(h1 + 0 + 0] + 0 = [(h2 + 0 + 0] + Wturbine + Qleaving
Wturbine = h1 – h2 – qleaving = 1,860 – 530 – 140 = 1190 KJ/kg

6. In a rotating compressor atmospheric air with a specific enthalpy of 80 KJ/kg continuously enters the
compressor and is compressed to a high pressure. The air leaves the compressor with a specific enthalpy
of 426 KJ/kg. During this process 32 KJ/kg of heat is lost to the surroundings. Find the required work input
to the compressor per kg of air compressed.

m[(h1 + gZ1 + v12/2] + WC = m[(h2 + gZ2 + v22/2] + Q

[(h1 + 0 + 0] + WC = [(h2 + 0 + 0] + Q
WC = (h2 – h1) + Q = [426 – 80]KJ/kg + 32 KJ/kg = 378 KJ/kg