Chapter Four

Energy Balance
Energy Balance

 Energy is expensive
 Effect product cost
 Thus, need to do energy balance on a process
unit
 Not difficult, just like mass balance
Energy Balance
Energy forms:
1. Kinetic Energy, Ek
 Translational motion to a reference
 In other words; motion, movement or flow
1 2
 Given by: Ek = mv where,
2 m is mass, kg
v is velocity, m/s
Energy Balance
Energy forms:
2. Potential Energy, Ep
 Position of system in a potential field
 In other words; energy ready to use
 meaning of potential
where,
 Given by: E p = mgz m is mass, kg
g is gravitational
velocity, m/s
z is height, m
Energy Balance
Energy forms:
3. Internal Energy, U
 Other than kinetic and potential energies
 Motion of molecules
Energy Balance
Total energy then given by:

kinetic + potential + internal energies, as

1 2
Etotal = Ek + E p + U = mv + mgz + U
2
Energy Balance(closed system)
 Balance governed by First Law of Thermodynamics
i.e , energy is neither created nor destroyed
 thus:
accumulation = input - output
 Generation and consumption are left out as they are
not relevant in a conservation system
 accumulation term is actually the changes of energy
at the beginning and at the end.
 Then we can define input as initial energy state and
output as final energy state
Energy Balance(closed system)
So that we have:
final energy state - initial energy state = energy change
(output) (input) (accumulation)

Also, energy in a closed system (no mass transfer):

1. Heat, Q - energy as a result of temperature
difference
 high to low direction
 positive when flow to system

2. Work, W - energy as a result of a driving force

other than temperature , eg. force, voltage.
 positive when done by system
Energy Balance(closed system)
So
final energy state - initial energy state = energy change
(output) (input) (accumulation)

In a closed system becomes:

(Uf + Ekf + Epf) - (Ui + Eki + Epi) = Q-Ws
or
(Uf- Ui) + (Ekf - Eki) + (Epf- Epi) = Q-Ws
it turned out then as:
DU + DEk + DEp = Q-Ws
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws
DU :
 depends on chemical composition, aggregation and
Temperature
 usually independent of pressure in ideal conditions
 thus usually equals 0 in closed system where not
much changes to the species and conditions
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws

DEk : equals 0 when system is not accelerating

DEp : equals 0 when system is not rising or falling
Q: equals 0 when system is adiabatic - no heat
movement between system and surrounding.
Ws : equals 0 when system boundary is not
experiencing movement
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws

Cylinder with piston:

25oC Add 2 kcal 100oC

initial final
state state
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws

25oC Add 2 kcal 100oC

initial final
state state

DEk = 0, system not moving

DEp = 0, no vertical displacement DU = Q
Ws = 0, no moving boundary
Energy Balance(closed system)
DU + DEk + DEp = Q - Ws

Piston
released
100oC Do 100J 100oC
work
initial final
state state
DEk = 0, system not moving
DEp = 0, no vertical displacement Q = Ws
DU = 0, no Temperature changes
Energy Balance(open system)
H  Ek  E p  Q  Ws
For unit mass of material (i.e. for m=1):

 1 2  1 2
 h1  g z1  v1   q   h2  g z 2  v 2   wS  0
 2   2 
1
 h  g z  v 2  q  wS
2
 Change   Change   Change 
     
  in    in    in   q  wS
 enthalpy   P  E   K  E 
     
 Energy Balance(open system)
In most chemical processes, kinetic energy and potential energy changes
are insignificant compared with the rest. Thus the equation above can be
reduced to:

h  q  wS .....................................................1

h is the difference in enthalpy b/n the out-flowing and the in-flowing streams.
For a process with a multiple input and output streams, equation (1) becomes:

n l

m ok  hok   mij  hij  Q  WS ...................................2 

k 1 j 1
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