ENGINEERING MECHANICS

‫اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﺎ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ‬

Second Part
Lecture 3

‫ اﺣﺳﺎن ﻋﻼء‬.‫د‬.‫م‬
 Outlines
1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY BALANCE
ENERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM ΔEsystem
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED
TO CLOSED SYSTEM
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED
TO OPEN SYSTEM
1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
A thermodynamic system is a collection of objects
we can regard as a unit, that can exchange energy
with its surroundings.
The first law of thermodynamics state that energy can be
neither created nor destroyed during a process; it can only
change forms. Therefore, every bit of energy should be
accounted for during a process. The first law of
thermodynamics , also known as the conservation of energy
principle.
We can now think about energy transfers into
and
out of these systems; through
– heat transfer Q and
– work W
Example

We all Know that a rock at some elevation possesses some potential

energy, and part of this potential energy is converted to kinetic
energy as the rock falls. Expermental data show that the decrease in
potential energy ( mgΔz) exactly equals the increase in kinetic
energy ½ m (v22 – v21) when the air resistance is negligible. Thus
confirming the conservation of energy principle for mechanical
energy
Example
Consider the heating of water in a pan on
top of range if 15 kJ of heat is transferred to
the water from the heating element and 3 kJ
of it is lost from the water to the
surrounding air, the increase in energy of the
water will be equal to the net heat transfer
to water, which is 12 kJ

in the absence of any work interactions , the energy change of a system is equal to the
net heat transfer
ENERGY BALANCE
In the light of the preceding discussions, the conservation of energy principle can be
expressed as follows: the net change (increase or decrease) in the total energy of the system
during a process is equal to the difference b etween the total energy entering and the total
energy leaving the system during that process. That is:

Total energy entering Total energy leaving Change total energy of

the system - the system = the system

Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem

ENERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM ΔEsystem

The determination of the energy change of a system during a
process involves the evaluation of the energy of the system at the
beginning and at the end of the process, and taking their
difference. That is:

Energy change = Energy at final state – Energy at initial state

ENERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM ΔEsystem
Energy can exist numerous forms such as internal ( sensible, latent,
chemical and nuclear), kinetic, potential, electric and magnetic and
surface tension effects ( i.e., for simple compressible system), the
change in the total energy of a system during a process is the sum
of the changes in its internal, kinetic and potential energies and can
be expressed as:

ΔEsystem = ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE

ΔU = m (u2 – u1 )
ΔKE = ½ m (v22 – v21)
ΔPE = mg (z2 – z1 )
ENERGY CHANGE OF A SYSTEM ΔEsystem
Most systems encountered in practice are stationary, that is, they
do not involve any changes in their velocity or elevation during a
process. Thus, For stationary system, the changes in kinetic and
potential energies are zero( that is ΔKE = ΔPE = 0) and the total
energy change relation in ΔE = ΔU for such systems.

Stationary systems :
v2 = v1  ΔKE = 0
z2 = z1 ΔPE = 0
ΔEsystem = ΔU
 FIRT LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED
TO CLOSED SYSTEM
Consider a closed system where there is no mass flow into or out of
the system, where the fluid mass remains constant. For such
system, the first law statement is known as the NON-FLOW ENERGY
EQUATION or NFEE abbreviated.
Specific Statement of First law for a Closed System:
1. Energy is conserved
2. Energy can cross the boundary of a closed system by only two mechanisms:
heat transfer or work transfer
3. The change in energy of closed system is equal to the net heat transferred to
the system minus the net work performed by the system

The NON-FLOW ENERGY EQUATION is can be summarized as follows:

Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem …………………………….. ΔEsystem – ΔEsurroundings = 0
ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE = Qin net - W out net
If ΔKE and ΔPE are negligible ………………. The NFEE Equation for closed system.
During a non flow process the change in internal energy is
calculated assuming the close`s system volume remains constant,
the following equation is used:

ΔU = m . Cv . ΔT
ΔU = m . Cp . ΔT

- Cv and Cp is specific heat capacity of the fluid at constant

volume and pressure respectively
- ΔT is the temperature difference during the process
EXAMPLE 1 : A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while
being stirred by a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the
fluid is 800 kJ. During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of
heat, and the paddle wheel does 100 kJ of work on the fluid.
Determine the final internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy
stored in the paddle wheel.

Tanks is stationary  ΔKE = ΔPE = 0

 ΔE = ΔU
 Ein – Eout = ΔEsystem
W pw, in - Q out = ΔU = U2 -U1
100 kJ - 500 kJ = ΔU = U2 – 800 kJ

U2 = 400 kJ
 FIRT LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED
TO OPEN SYSTEM
In open system, matter may flow in and out of the system boundaries. The first
law of thermodynamics for open system states:
- The increase in the internal energy of a system is equal to the amount of energy
added to the system by matter flowing in and by heating, minus the amount lost
by matter flowing out and in the form of work done by the system.
Sign Convention
1. if the work done by the system on the
surrounding when a fluid expands pushing a
piston outwards, the work is said positive
Work output of the system = +W
2. if the work done on the system on the
surrounding when a force is applied to a rotating
handle or to a piston to compress a fluid, the
work is said to be negative
Work output of the system = -W
FIRT LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED
TO OPEN SYSTEM
Consider the following unit of open system :
p1
Basis : 1 kg unit mass
A1
V1
U1
Q
Heat
W1
Exchanger

p2
Z1 A2
V2
Z2 WS U2
W2
FIRT LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS APPLIED
TO OPEN SYSTEM
Starting with Energy Balanced Equation :
ΔEsystem = Ein – Eout
ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE = (Q + W)in - (Q + W) out
ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE = (Qin - Q out ) - (W out - Win)
ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE = Qin net - W out net

ΔKE = ½ v22 – ½ v21 = ½ Δv2

ΔPE = g z2 – g z1 = g (z2 – z1) = g Δz

W1 = - [ p1 A1 x (V1 / A1 ) ] = - p1 V1

W2 = + [ p2 A2 x (V2 / A2 ) ] = + p2 V2
W = W1 + W2 + Ws
W = - p1 V1 + p2 V2 + Ws
Sub. Above parameters in Equation 1, we get :
ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE = Q - W
ΔU + ½ Δv2 + g Δz = Q – ( - p1 V1 + p2 V2 + Ws ) ΔpV = - p1 V1 + p2 V2
ΔU + ½ Δv2 + g Δz = Q – ΔpV + Ws
ΔU + ΔpV + ½ Δv2 + g Δz = Q + Ws
When ΔU + ΔpV = ΔH
ΔH + ½ Δv2 + g Δz = Q + Ws
The Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) for open system
EXAMPLE 2: In an internal combustion engine, during the
compression stroke the heat rejected to the cooling water is 50 kJ/kg
and the work input is 100kJ/kg. Calculate the change in internal
energy of the working fluid stating whether it is a gain or loss.
Sol:
Heat rejected to the cooling water
Q = - 50 kJ/kg
Work input: W = - 100 kJ/kg
Using the formula:
Q = (U2 – U1 ) +W
Q = (U2 – U1 ) + W
- 50 = (U2 – U1 ) - 100

(U2 – U1 ) = 100 – 50
U2 – U1 ) = 50 kJ/ kg
Hence gain in internal energy = 50
kJ/kg
 EXAMPLE 2: In an air motor cylinder, the compressed air has an
internal energy of 450 kJ/kg at the beginning of the expansion and an
internal energy of 220 KJ/kg after expansion. If the work done by the
air during the expansion is 120 kJ/kg. Calculate the heat flow to and
from the cylinder
Sol:
1. Internal energy at beginning of the expansion u1 = 450 kJ/kg
2. Internal energy after expansion u2 = 220 kJ/kg
3. Work done by the air during expansion W = 120kJ/kg

ΔEsystem = Ein – Eout

ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE = Qin net - W out net
ΔU = Qin net - W out net

Qin net = ΔU + W out net = (U2 – U1) + W out net

Qin net = (220 – 450 ) + 120 = - 110 kJ/kg
Hence Heat rejected by air = -110 kJ/kg