ENGINEERING MECHANICS

‫لاــميكانـيكا لاــهندسية‬

Second Part
Lecture 2

‫ احسان عالء‬.‫د‬.‫م‬
OUTLINE
Temperature
Equilibrium
Zeroth law of thermodynamic
 TEMPERATURE
Although we are familiar with temperature as a measure of -
.HOTNESS or COLDNESS is not easy to give an exact definition for it
The temperature is thermal state of a body which distinguishes a hot
body from a cold body. The temperature of a body is proportional to
.the stored molecular energy

when you heat a metal strip

at one end, the heat travels
to the other end
TEMPERATURE
F = (1.8 x C) + 32.0
 :VOLUME
 volume is a property, begin that property which is associated with cubic
measure. V = 1 m3 or 1L 1L = 1dm3

 If the volume of a substance increases then the substance is said to have been
Expanded
 if the volume of a substances decrease than the substances said to have been
compressed
 Specific volume is given symbol ν --> ν = V / m [m3 / kg]
ν- it is the reciprocal od density and defined as the volume per mass

 Density defined as mass per unit volume

m / V [kg /m3] = ρ

: Specific gravity or relative density

Is defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some
standard substance at specified temperature
ρs= ρ / ρH2O
 STATE AND EQUILIUBRIUM
 Consider a system that is not undergoing change. At this point all properties
can be measured or calculated through out the entire system, which gives as a set
of properties that completely describe the condition or the state of the system

m = 2 kg m = 2 kg
A system at two
T = 20 OC T = 20 OC
different state
V1 = 1.5 m3 V2 = 2.5 m3

a state 1 b state 2

thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states. The word equilibrium implies a

state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potential ( or
.driving forces) with the system
 TYPES OF EQUILIUBRIUM
THERMAL EQUILLIBRIUM
 MECHANICAL EQUILLIBRIUM

 Is related to pressure and a system is in mechanical equilibrium if there is no

.change in pressure at any point of the system with time

PHASE EQUILLIBRIUM

 If a system involves two phases, it is phase equilibrium when the mass of each
phase reaches an equilibrium level and stays there

CHEMICAL EQUILLIBRIUM

 A system is in chemical equilibrium if its chemical composition does not

change with time ( no chemical reactions occur)

 A system will not be in equilibrium unless all the relevant equilibrium criteria are satisfied
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
The "Zeroth law" states that if two systems are at the same time
in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in 
.thermal equilibrium with each other
Let us say TA ,TB and TC are the temperatures of three objects
A,B and C

A and C will also be in thermal equilibrium where TA = TC

 ENERGY AND ITS FORMS
Energy is defined as that capacity a body or substance processes
which can result in the performance of work. From the law
conservation of energy the energy can not be created or
.destroyed
Total Energy at any moment may be the algebraic summation of
the different forms of energy. Conversion of energy from one to
other is also possible. In thermodynamics we are primarily
.interested in studying the change in total energy of a system
 ENERGY AND ITS FORMS
:Energy can classified in two general categories
ENERGY IN TRANSITION – It refers to the energy that is in -1
process of transition between substances or regions because of
some driving potential, such as difference or gradient of force or
temperature or of electrical potential etc. For example work,
.heat
ENERGY STORED BY IN PARTICULAR MASS: It refers to the – 2
potential and kinetic energy associated with masses that are
.elevated or moving with respect to the Erath
 ENERGY AND ITS FORMS
INTERNAL ENERGY
The sum of all microscopic of energy is called INTRENAL ENERGY of system
and is denoted by U. The microscopic forms of energy are those related to
the molecular structure of the system and the degree of the molecular
.activity and they are independent of outside reference frames

Where U=mu [ kJ]

m – mass [kg]
u – specific internal energy[kJ / kg]
 ENERGY AND ITS FORMS
KINETIC ENERGY
The energy that a system possesses as a result of its motion relative to some
reference frame is called kinetic energy (KE). When all parts of a system
:move with same velocity, the kinetic energy is expressed as
KE = m (v2 / 2) [ kJ] or C1 C2

On a unit mass basis KE = (v2 / 2) [ kJ / kg]

V – denotes the velocity of the system
dx
dE = F. dx
dE = ∫F. dx∫ F = m. a = m . ( dc / dt) c - velocity t - time
dE = ∫F. dx = ∫ m . (dc/ dt) .dx = m ∫(dc/ dt) .dx∫ c = dx/ dt
dE = m ∫c. dx∫
E C2
∫dE = m ∫c. dx
0
C
m [ C2 / 2] = C2
1
KE = (1/2)m (C2 2 - C1 2 )
C1

C1 = 0 KE = (1/2) m C2 2
On a unit mass basis KE = (1/2) C2 2
 ENERGY AND ITS FORMS
POTENTIAL ENERGY
The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a
: gravitational field is called Potential energy( PE). And is expressed as
PE = W.Z = m.g.z [ kJ] or
On a unit mass basis PE = gz [ kJ / kg]
g – gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/ s2
z – elevation
FLOW ENERGY
Any volume of fluid entering or leaving a system displace an equal volume,
.the energy produced due to this flow is called FLOW ENERGY( FE)
F.E = P.V [ kJ]
 ENERGY AND ITS FORMS
HEAT ENERGY
It is one from of energy that produced only when temperature difference
:between the system and surrounding. These are 3 types of heat transfer
Conduction 2- Convection 3- Radiation -1

Heat energy is given the symbol Q to indicate a rate of heat transfer a dot is
: placed over the symbol Q, these

Q = heat transfer / unit time

 ENERGY AND ITS FORMS
WORK ENERGY
It is a from of energy defined as the multiplication of the force that effected
on the mass by the distance that the mass will be moved due to this effect
dW = F. dL , F = P.A m m
F
dW = P.A. dL , A . dL = dV
P.dV =
2 V2 V2

∫= dW ∫ P. dV
1 V1
∫
= W1-2 P. dV
V1
Power is the rate of doing work Power = work done / time taken
P = W / t [ J/s] = [ Watt]
Power = ω ṁ [kW]
ṁ - flow rate = ρCA
ω – Area under the curve
ρ – density [kg/ m3 ] C – velocity [m/s] A – Area [m2 ]
EXAMPLE 1
An insulated 2kg box falls from a balloon 3.5 km above earth. What's the
.change in potential energy of the box after it has the earth surface

EXAMPLE 2
Let the pressure in the cylinder in the figure given by the equation p = c/v as
.a function of volume
a) find the work done, if the initial volume 0.02 m3 and the final volume 0.08
m3
?b) Is the sign correct