Closed Systems

Remember the General Energy

Equation?

 
Q  W  1 m C22  C12  mg ( z 2  z1 )  m(u2  u1 )  p2V2  p1V1
2
 Closed Systems

Q W  1
2
 
m C2  C1  mg ( z 2  z1 )  m(u2  u1 )  p2V2  p1V1
2 2

W
The system is in
equilibrium in the initial
and final states, i.e.,
properties are uniform
Gas
throughout the system.
Gas Q
U = Q - W
 Closed Systems
0
Q W  1
2
 
m C2  C1  mg ( z 2  z1 )  m(u2  u1 )  p2V2  p1V1
2 2

No mass can cross the

closed system boundary,
C  0, KE  0
Gas
Gas Q
U = Q - W
 Closed Systems
0 0
Q W  1
2
 
m C2  C1  mg ( z 2  z1 )  m(u2  u1 )  p2V2  p1V1
2 2

The volume of fluid in

the system is small;
PE  0
Gas
Gas Q
U = Q - W
 Closed Systems
0 0 0 0
2
 2 1
2

Q  W  1 m C  C  mg ( z 2  z1 )  m(u2  u1 )  p2V2  p1V1
2

W
The change in energy, E, for a
closed system is hence the
internal energy U, since there
are no other energy storage
effects such as PE, KE, electrical
etc
Gas
Gas Q Q  W  m(u2  u1 )
U = Q - W
 Closed Systems
The system boundaries of a closed system enclose
the mass of fluid.
A closed system may have either a fixed or a
movable boundary. Fixed
Moving Boundary
Boundary

Gas
2 kg
Gas 3 m3
2 kg
1 m3
 Closed Systems
A closed system is
also known as a
CONTROL MASS
No mass can cross its
mass No
boundary. Closed
Energy (heat or System
work) can cross its energy Yes
m = constant
boundary.
 Open Systems
These are also
known as CONTROL
VOLUMES.
A control volume
must be a properly
selected region in Control mass Yes
space. Volume
Both mass and energy Yes
energy can cross the
boundaries of a
control volume
 The First Law of Thermodynamics

Work out W
The difference is positive
Heat in Q between the heat
in and the work
is positive out is the change
in energy E.

The change in energy (E) of a system is equal to

the difference between the heat in and the work out.
The First Law of Thermodynamics

Work out W
The difference is positive
Heat in Q between the heat
in and the work
is positive out is the change
in energy E.

Q  W  E or per unit mass, q  w  e

 The First Law of Thermodynamics
q  w  e

This is known as the FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS and is an alternative
statement of the principle of Conservation of
Energy.
The first law of thermodynamics states that:

Energy can neither be created

nor destroyed.
Closed System – The First Law of
Thermodynamics
• work done by the fluid to maintain either a
constant volume or constant pressure
closed system, hence W = f(P)

• For such a closed system, the First Law

usually is expressed as:
Q – W = U
or per unit mass, Q  W  m(u2  u1 )
 Constant Volume Closed System
If no work is done on or by the system, then
Q – W = U simplifies to:

Q = U

…because practically work can only be done by

some means of churning the fluid.
Constant Pressure Closed System
Work done Work done by
moving boundary
• Work = force  distance, x,
moved in the direction of force
• generally W =  force dx
• but force = pressure  area
• pressure force is exerted to move a
Gas
boundary a distance x Gas

• hence x = volume/area
 Constant Pressure Closed System
Work done by
moving boundary
from W = force dx W = pdV

Work done in moving the

boundary

V 
W   pA d     p dV  m  pd
 A
Gas
Gas
 The area under the pV graph
2

The value of  pdV

1 p (MPa)

is the area under

the pV graph.
This is a good way
1
of calculating the Area T (C)
2
work done during a under
Graph
process between v (m3 kg-1)
states 1 and 2.
 The area under the pV graph
Note that for a p (MPa)

constant pressure
process,
2

 pdV  pV  V1 
T (C)
2 1 2
1 Area T (C)
under
Graph

v (m3 kg-1)

Q12 = U2  U1 + p(V2  V1)

(For Open systems we use the SFEE)
 Polytropic Processes (I)
During the expansion and compression of real gases,
pressure and volume are often related by:
pV n  C
p
n n
p 1V 1 = p 2V 2
p1
n
pV = const
gas
p2
n
pV = const

V1 V2 V
 Polytropic Processes (II)
During the expansion and compression of real gases,
pressure and volume are often related by:
pV n  C
where n and C are constants. In terms of p, this gives:
p  CV  n
This is known as a Polytropic Process. In general,
p1V1n  p2V2n  pV n
 Polytropic Processes (III)
If pV n  C and pV  mRT
n 1
 n1
T2  V1  or T2  p2  n
   
T1  V2  T1  p1 
Where n is a number that describes how the
expansion relates to the temperature and pressure.
When n= 0 this goes to p = constant,
when n= 1 this goes to T = constant, and
when n= this goes to V = constant.
 Polytropic Processes (IV)
n 1
 n1
T2  V1  or T2  p2  n
   
T1  V2  T1  p1 
When n= 0 this goes to p = constant,
when n= 1 this goes to T = constant, and
when n= this goes to V = constant.
At any number in between, the equations can still be
used, but n must be known
 Polytropic Processes (V)
n 1
 n1
T2  V1  or T2  p2  n
   
T1  V2  T1  p1 

A very special case occurs for Isentropic expansions

(which we will learn about later) and compressions.
These convert enthalpy into work and KE in the
most efficient way, believe me!
For an isentropic process
cp
n 
cv
 Work done during a reversible,
polytropic process in a closed system
As dw = pdv and pvn = C and provided that n  1, the work
done per unit mass during a change from state 1 to state 2
is:
2 2

w   p dv   Cv dv 
n 
Cv 1 n
2
1 n
 v1  p2 v2n v12 n  p1v 1n v11 n
1 1
1 n 1 n
p2 v2  p1v1
w
1 n
When the fluid is a perfect gas (pv = RT), this
expression can also be written as: R
w T2  T1 
1 n
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
polytropic process in a closed system
From the first law, the heat transferred into the system per kg
of fluid is, p2 v2  p1v1
q  u2  u1  
1 n
or for a given mass of fluid,
p2V2  p1V1
Q  mu2  u1  
1 n
For a given mass of an ideal gas,
p2V2  p1V1
Q  mcv T2  T1  
1 n
The above is true if n  1.
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
p2V2  p1V1
Q  mcv T2  T1  
1 n
This can be rearranged by using
p2V2  p1V1
m T2  T1  
R
to get :
p2V2  p1V1
Q  mcv T2  T1  
1 n
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
p2V2  p1V1
Q  mcv T2  T1  
1 n
This can be rearranged by using
p2V2  p1V1
m T2  T1  
R
to get :
cv p2V2  p1V1
Q   p2V2  p1V1  
R 1 n
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
p2V2  p1V1
Q  mcv T2  T1  
1 n
This can be rearranged by using
p2V2  p1V1
m T2  T1  
R
to get :
cv  1  n  p2V2  p1V1
Q  p2V2  p1V1  
R  1  n  1 n
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
p2V2  p1V1
Q  mcv T2  T1  
1 n
This can be rearranged by using
p2V2  p1V1
m T2  T1  
R
to get :
 cv  1  n   p2V2  p1V1
Q  1 
 R  1 n
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
p2V2  p1V1
Q  mcv T2  T1  
1 n
This can be rearranged by using
p2V2  p1V1
m T2  T1  
R
to get :
 cv  1  n  
Q  1  W
 R 
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
substituting cv 1

R  1

 cv  1  n  
into Q W   1
 R 
we get

 1  n  
Q  W    1
  1 
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
substituting cv 1

R  1

 cv  1  n  
into Q W   1
 R 
we get

1 n  1
Q  W    
  1  1
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
substituting cv 1

R  1

 cv  1  n  
into Q W   1
 R 
we get

1 n   1
Q  W   
  1 
 Heat transfer during a reversible,
.
polytropic process in a closed system
substituting cv 1

R  1

 cv  1  n  
into Q W   1
 R 
we get

n
Q  W   
  1 
 Isothermal processes

A process that takes place at a constant

temperature in known as an Isothermal process.

On a T-v or a T-p diagram, an isothermal process

will be shown as a straight, horizontal line.
For an Isothermal process, in either an
open or a closed system
T = 0, pvn = C and n = 1.
Since pv = C, then p1v1 = p2v2.
This means that h = u.

So we can use the same equation for open and closed

systems, but only for isothermal processes.
2 2
C  v2 
w   p dv   dv C ln v 1  C  ln 
2

1 1
v  v1 
For an Isothermal process, in either an
open or a closed system
2 2
C  v2 
w   p dv   dv C ln v 1  C  ln 
2

1 1
v  v1 
The work done during an isothermal process in a
closed or an open system is:
 v2 
w  p1v1  ln 
 v1 
Or for the complete system
 v2   V2 
W  mp1v1  ln   p1V1  ln 
 v1   V1 
Work done during an Isentropic Process
An isentropic process is one in which the Entropy
change S is 0. We will learn more about this later,
so for the moment, just think about an isentropic
process as a adiabatic reversible one. For an isentrop
process, the polytropic constant is:
cp
n 
cv
R c p  cv cv c p  cv 
w T2  T1   c T2  T1   T2  T1 
n 1 c p  cv
p
1
cv
 w  cv T2  T1   u2  u1
Work done during an Isentropic Process

 w  cv T2  T1 
as
cv T2  T1   u2  u1

from the first law, the heat transfer q must be zero,

i.e. the isentropic process is also adiabatic,
q0
 Closed system
So during an Isentropic process in a CLOSED system,
the work per kg is:

w  cv T1  T2 

or for a given mass of fluid

W  mcv T1  T2 
and there is no heat output, so an isentropic
process is also a Reversible Adiabatic one.
 Adiabatic processes (I)
Insulation A process in which no
heat transfer takes
place is known as an
Q=0 adiabatic process. An
Adiabatic
adiabatic process is
System W0 one in which the
system is thermally
insulated from its
During an Adiabatic process, a system
exchanges no heat with its surroundings, surroundings.
but can do work
 Adiabatic processes (II)
Remember that for a non-
Insulation flow process, the energy
equation is:  w  ( u2  u1 )

Q=0 That is, all of the

Adiabatic energy for the work
System W0 must come from
internal energy of the
system.
 Adiabatic processes (III)
Insulation

Q=0
Adiabatic
Adiabatic processes can System W0
come about in one of
two ways. Either:
1. the system is well insulated, or
2. it takes place at the same temperature
as its surroundings such as in a water pump.
 Adiabatic processes (IV)

In an adiabatic expansion, work is done by the

system at the expense of its internal energy.
For ideal gases, this will cool the system down.
Conversely, in an adiabatic compression, the
internal energy of the system will increase due to
the work being done on it.
For ideal gases, an adiabatic compression will raise
the temperature of the system.
 Adiabatic processes (V)

As entropy always tends to increase, the best

adiabatic operation that can be produced is one
that does not change entropy, so:

s  0

This is known as an ISENTROPIC Process.

If there is no heat transfer, an isentropic process
is also a reversible one.
 Steady Flow Thermal Systems
 
Q  W  1 m C22  C12  mg ( z 2  z1 )  m(u2  u1 )  p2V2  p1V1
2

Or as V  m v

Q  W  1 m C22  C12   m g z2  z1   m u2  u1    p2v2  p1v1 

2
 Thermal Systems
 
Q  W  1 m C22  C12  mg ( z 2  z1 )  m(u2  u1 )  p2V2  p1V1
2

Or as V  m v

Q  W  1 m C22  C12   m g( z2  z1 )  m u2  u1   ( p2v2  p1v1 )

2

For thermal systems we are not usually interested in the

pressure, so we simplify by using enthalpy as h=u+pv
 Thermal Systems
 
Q  W  1 m C22  C12  mg ( z 2  z1 )  m(u2  u1 )  p2V2  p1V1
2

Or as V  m v

 
Q  W  1 m C22  C12  m g ( z 2  z1 )  m ((u2  u1 )  p2 v2  p1v1 )
2

For thermal systems we are not usually interested in the

pressure, so we simplify by using enthalpy as h=u+pv

Q  W  1 m C22  C12  m g ( z 2  z1 )  m (h2  h1 )

2
 Thermal Systems
Q  W  1 m C22  C12  m g ( z 2  z1 )  m (h2  h1 )
2
As we are usually dealing with gases we can
ignore the Potential and Kinetic terms to give

Q  W  m ( h2  h1 )
 Ideal Gas
For an IDEAL GAS undergoing an isentropic,
adiabatic process, the polytropic index is
cp
 and  1
cv  p2  
T2 s  T1  
 p1 

The ideal work is therefore,

  
W  mh1  h2 s   m c p T1  T2 s 
 The Ideal Work Out of a Turbine
or Into a Compressor
We should expect that the maximum work output
for a turbine, or the minimum input to a
compressor will occur when the process is
reversible.

Since it should also be adiabatic, the ideal process

is therefore isentropic, from state 1 to state 2.
 Ideal Gas
For an IDEAL GAS undergoing an isentropic,
adiabatic process, the polytropic index is
cp
 and  1
cv  p2  
T2 s  T1  
 p1 

The ideal work is therefore,

  
W  mh1  h2 s   m c p T1  T2 s 
 Steam
for STEAM, it is necessary to use the condition
s2 = s1 and hence look up the entropy at the intake
of the expansion where both temperature and
pressure are known.

The final conditions can be found from the known

exit pressure and that entropy.