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6300 Weirs For Flow Measurement Lecture Notes 1 PDF
6300 Weirs For Flow Measurement Lecture Notes 1 PDF
I. Cipoletti Weirs
Q = CL h3 / 2 (1)
⎛ ⎛2⎞ ⎞
Q = ⎜ 0.63 ⎜ ⎟ 2g ⎟ L h3 / 2 = Ccip L h3 / 2 (2)
⎝ ⎝3⎠ ⎠
where L is the weir length (equal
to the width of the bottom of the
crest, as shown above); and h is
the upstream head, measured
from the bottom (horizontal part)
of the weir crest
X. V-Notch Weirs
Q = Ch5/2 (3)
dQ 5 3 / 2
= Ch (4)
dh 2
• Dividing Eq. 4 by Eq. 3 and rearranging,
dQ 5 dh
= (5)
Q 2 h
• It is seen that the variation of discharge is around 2.5 times the change in head
for a V-notch weir
• Thus, it can accurately measure the discharge, even for relatively small flows
with a small head: h is not too small for small Q values, but you still must be able
to measure the head, h, accurately
• A rectangular weir can accurately measure small flow rates only if the length, L,
is sufficiently small, because there is a minimum depth value relative to the crest;
but small values of L also restrict the maximum measurable flow rate
• The general equation for triangular weirs is:
hu
⎛θ⎞
Q = Cd 2 2g tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
∫ (hu − hx ) hx dh (6)
0
because,
dA = 2x dh (7)
x
= tan(θ / 2) (8)
hu − hx
dQ = Cd 2gh dA (9)
8 ⎛θ⎞
Q = Cd 2g tan ⎜ ⎟ hu2.5 (10)
15 ⎝2⎠
• For a given angle, θ, and assuming a constant value of Cd, Eq. 10 can be
reduced to Eq. 3 by clumping constant terms into a single coefficient
8 ⎛θ⎞
Q= 2g Ce tan ⎜ ⎟ he5 / 2 (11)
15 ⎝2⎠
where,
he = hu + K h (12)
• The curves in the two figures below can be closely approximated by the following
equations:
for θ in radians
• Of course, you multiply a value in degrees by π/180 to obtain radians
• Some installations have an insertable metallic V-notch weir that can be placed in
slots at the entrance to a Parshall flume to measure low flow rates during some
months of the year
Kh (inches)
2 0.075
Kh (mm)
0.050
1
0.025
0
20 40 60 80 100
Notch Angle, θ (degrees)
0.60
0.59
Ce
0.58
0.57
20 40 60 80 100
Notch Angle, θ (degrees)
Q f = k + αhβ (15)
where k = 0 for the V-notch and rectangular weirs, but not for the Sutro; and β is
as defined below:
Single Curve
0.385
⎛ ⎛ h ⎞nf ⎞
Qs = Qf ⎜ 1 − ⎜ d ⎟ ⎟ = K sQ f (16)
⎜ ⎝ hu ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
• For hd ≤ 0, Ks = 1.0 and the flow is free
• For hd > hu, there will be backflow across the weir
• For hu = hd, the value of Qs becomes zero (this is logical)
• The value of Qf is calculated from a free-flow weir equation
• The exponent, nf, is that which corresponds to the free-flow equation (usually, nf
= 1.5, or nf = 2.5)
• The figure below shows that in applying Eq. 16, hu & hd are measured from the
sill elevation
• Eq. 16 is approximately correct, but may give errors of more than 10% in the
calculated flow rate, especially for values of hd/hu near unity
where Q is the flow rate; Cf and nf are calibration parameters for free-flow
conditions; L is the “length” of the crest; Hu is the total upstream hydraulic head
with respect to the crest elevation; and Ks is a coefficient for submerged flow, as
defined above. As before, the coefficient Ks is equal to 1.0 (unity) for free flow
and is less than 1.0 for submerged flow. Thus,
K s ≤ 1.0 (18)
hu Hu
hd
flow
weir
5hu
• The coefficient Ks can be defined by a family of curves based on the value of
Hu/P and hd/Hu
• Each curve can be approximated by a combination of an exponential function
and a parabola
• The straight line that separates the exponential and parabolic functions in the
graph is defined herein as:
• Below the straight line (Eq. 19) the function from Eq. 20 is applied
• And, Eq. 21 is applied above the straight line
• In Eq. 19, let A = 0.2 y B = 0.8 (other values could be used, according to
judgment and data analysis)
• In any case, A+B should be equal to 1.0 so that the line passes through the point
(1.0, 1,0) in the graph (see below).
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.2 < Hu/P < 2.0
0.20
K 0.5
0.40
0.60
0.4 0.80
1.00
0.3 1.20
1.40
1.60
0.2 1.80
2.00
0.1
0.0
-0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
hd/Hu
• This curve is defined by Eq. 20, but the values of α and β depend on the value of
Hu/P
Gary P. Merkley 80 BIE 5300/6300 Lectures
• The functions are based on a separate analysis of the laboratory results from
Scoresby (ibid) and are the following:
α = 0.24
FG H IJ + 0.76
HPK
t
(22)
FH I
β = 0.014 G J + 0.23
HPK
t
(23)
• The point at which the two parts of the curves join is calculated in the following:
F hI F hI
AG J + B = αG1 − J
β
(24)
HH Kt H HK t
β
⎛h ⎞ ⎛ h ⎞
F = A ⎜ d ⎟ + B − α ⎜1− d ⎟ = 0 (25)
⎝ Hu ⎠ ⎝ Hu ⎠
β−1
∂F ⎛ h ⎞
= A + αβ ⎜ 1 − d ⎟ (26)
⎛h ⎞ ⎝ Hu ⎠
∂⎜ d ⎟
⎝ Hu ⎠
• With Eqs. 25 and 26, a numerical method can be applied to determine the value
of hd/Hu
• Then, the value of Ks can be determined as follows:
⎛h ⎞
Ks = A ⎜ d ⎟ + B (27)
⎝ Hu ⎠
• The resulting values of hd/Hu and Ks define the point at which the two parts of the
curves join together on the graph
hu
L
P
θ
hinge
• The calibration equations presented below for overshot gates are based on the
data and analysis reported by Wahlin & Replogle (1996)
• The representation of overshot gates herein is limited to rectangular gate leafs in
rectangular channel cross sections, whereby the specified leaf width is assumed
to be the width of the cross section, at least in the immediate vicinity of the gate;
this means that weir end contractions are suppressed
2 2g
Q = K s Ca Ce Gwh1.5
e (28)
3
where Q is the discharge; θ is the angle of the opening (10° ≤ θ ≤ 65°), measured
from the horizontal on the downstream side; Gw is the width of the gate leaf; and
he is the effective head
• The value of P can be calculated directly based on the angle of the gate opening
and the length of the gate leaf (P = L sinθ, where L is the length of the gate)
• The coefficient Ca is a function of the angle setting, θ, and can be adequately
described by a parabola:
where θ is in degrees
C2
⎡ ⎛ h ⎞1.5 ⎤
K s = C1 ⎢1 − ⎜ d ⎟ ⎥ (31)
⎢⎣ ⎝ hu ⎠ ⎥⎦
where,
C1 = 1.0666 − 0.00111 θ for θ < 60
(32)
C1 = 1.0 for θ ≥ 60
and,
C2 = 0.1525 + 0.006077 θ − 0.000045 θ2 (33)
in which θ is in degrees
P
θ
flow
• The issue of approach velocity was raised above, but there is another standard
way to compensate for this
• The reason this is important is that all of the above calibrations are based on
zero (or negligible) approach velocity, but in practice the approach velocity may
be significant
• To approximately compensate for approach velocity, one approach (ha ha!)
method is to add the upstream velocity head to the head term in the weir
equation
• For example, instead of this…
nf
Qf = Cf ( hu ) (34)
which means it is an iterative solution for Qf, which tends to complicate matters a
lot, because the function is not always well-behaved
• For known hu and A, and known Cf and nf, the solution to Eq. 36 may have
multiple roots; that is, multiple values of Qf may satisfy the equation (e.g. there
may be two values of Qf that are very near each other, and both positive)
• There may also be no solution (!*%&!#@^*) to the equation
• Conclusion: it is a logical way to account for approach velocity, but it can be
difficult to apply
• One of the possible flow measurement errors is the effect of siltation upstream of
the weir
• This often occurs in a canal that carries a medium to high sediment load
• Some weirs have underflow gates which can be manually opened from time to
time, flushing out the sediment upstream of the weir
• The effect is that the discharge flowing over the weir can be increased due to a
higher upstream “apron”, thus producing less flow contraction
• The approximate percent increase in discharge caused by silting in front of a
rectangular weir is given below:
0.50 3% 4% 5% 6% 6%
0.75 1% 2% 2% 3% 3%
1.00 zero
P
W
X
• W is the value of P when there is no sediment deposition upstream of the weir
• X is the horizontal distance over which the sediment has been deposited
upstream of the weir – if X is very large, use the top of the sediment for
determining P, and do not make the discharge correction from the previous table
• The reason for the increase in discharge is that there is a change in flow lines
upstream of the weir
• When the channel upstream of the weir becomes silted, the flow lines tend to
straighten out and the discharge is higher for any given value of hu
Addison. 1949.
Kindsvater and Carter. 1957.
Flinn, A.D., and C.W.D. Dyer. 1894. The Cipoletti trapezoidal weir. Trans. ASCE, Vol. 32.
Scoresby, P. 1997. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Utah State Univ., Logan, UT.
Wahlin T., and J. Replogle. 1996.