Choppers PDF

Power Electronics
DC CHOPPERS
Introduction
• Chopper is a static device.
• A variable dc voltage is obtained from a constant dc voltage
source.
• Also known as dc-to-dc converter.
• Widely used for motor control.
• Also used in regenerative braking.
• Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency, faster response,
lower maintenance, smaller size and smooth control.
2
•2
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
1
Power Electronics
Choppers are of Two Types

 Step-down choppers.
 In step down chopper output voltage is less than input
voltage.
 Step-up choppers.
 In step up chopper output voltage is more than input
voltage.
3
Principle Of Step-down Chopper

Chopper
i0
+
V R V0

4
•4
2
Power Electronics
• A step-down chopper with resistive load.
• The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch.
• When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears across

the load
• When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the load will

be zero. 5
v0
V
V dc
t
tON tOFF
i0
V /R
Idc
t
T
6
3
Power Electronics
V dc  A v e r a g e v a lu e o f o u tp u t o r lo a d v o lta g e .
I dc  A v e r a g e v a lu e o f o u tp u t o r lo a d c u r r e n t.
tO N  T im e in te rv a l fo r w h ic h S C R c o n d u c ts .
tO FF  T im e in te rv a l fo r w h ic h S C R is O F F .
T  tO N  tO FF  P e rio d o f s w itc h in g o r c h o p p in g p e rio d .
1
f   F re q . o f c h o p p e r s w itc h in g o r c h o p p in g fre q .
T
7
A v e ra g e O u tp u t V o lta g e
 tO N 
V  V  
 tO FF 
dc
 tO N
 t 
V dc  V  ON   V .d
 T 
 t 
b u t  O N   d  d u ty c y c le
 t 
8
4
Power Electronics
A v e ra g e O u tp u t C u rre n t
V
I dc  dc
R
V  tO N  V
I dc     d
R  T  R
R M S v a lu e o f o u tp u t v o lta g e
tO N
1
VO 
T 
0
v o2 d t
9
B u t d u rin g tO N , vo  V
T h e re fo re R M S o u tp u t v o lta g e
tO N
1
VO  
2
V dt
T 0
V 2 tO N
VO  tO N  .V
T T
VO  d .V
10
5
Power Electronics
O u tp u t p o w e r PO  V O I O
VO
But IO 
R
 O u tp u t p o w e r
V O2
PO 
R
2
dV
PO 
R
11
E ffe c tiv e in p u t re s is ta n c e o f c h o p p e r
V
Ri 
I dc
R
Ri 
d
T h e o u tp u t v o lta g e c a n b e v a rie d b y
v a ry in g th e d u ty c y c le .
12
6
Power Electronics
Methods Of Control
• The output dc voltage can be varied by the following
methods.
– Pulse width modulation control or constant
frequency operation.
– Variable frequency control.
13
Pulse Width Modulation

• tON is varied keeping chopping frequency ‘f’ & chopping
period ‘T’ constant.
• Output voltage is varied by varying the ON time tON
14
7
Power Electronics
V 0
tON tOFF
t
T
V 0
t
tON tOFF
15
Variable Frequency Control

• Chopping frequency ‘f’ is varied keeping either tON or tOFF
constant.
• To obtain full output voltage range, frequency has to be varied

over a wide range.
• This method produces harmonics in the output and for large

tOFF load current may become discontinuous
16
8
Power Electronics
v0
V
tON tOFF
t
T
v0
tO N tO F F
t
T 17
Step-down Chopper
With R-L Load
C hopper
i0
+
R
V V0
FW D L
E

18
9
Power Electronics
• When chopper is ON, supply is connected across load.

• Current flows from supply to load.
• When chopper is OFF, load current continues to flow in the
same direction through FWD due to energy stored in inductor
‘L’.
• Load current can be continuous or discontinuous depending
on the values of ‘L’ and duty cycle ‘d’
• For a continuous current operation, load current varies
between two limits Imax and Imin
• When current becomes equal to Imax the chopper is turned-off
and it is turned-on when current reduces to Imin. 19
v0
O u tp u t
v o lta g e
V
tO N tO FF
t
T
i0 O u tp u t
Im ax c u rre n t
C o n tin u o u s
I m in c u rre n t
t
i0 O u tp u t
c u rre n t
D is c o n tin u o u s
c u rre n t
t
20
Pro. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
10
Power Electronics
Principle Of Step-up Chopper

I L D
+
+ 
L
C O VO
V A
D
Chopper
21
• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage higher than

the input voltage V.
• The values of L and C are chosen depending upon the
requirement of output voltage and current.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is connected across
the supply.
• The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor stores energy
during the ON time of the chopper, tON.
22
11
Power Electronics
• When the chopper is off, the inductor current I is forced to flow

through the diode D and load for a period, tOFF.
• The current tends to decrease resulting in reversing the polarity
of induced EMF in L.
• Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI
VO  V  L i .e . , VO  V
dt
23
• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the load, will provide a

continuous output voltage
• Diode D prevents any current flow from capacitor to the
source.
• Step up choppers are used for regenerative braking of dc
motors.
24
12
Power Electronics
Expression For Output Voltage

A s s u m e th e a v e ra g e in d u c to r c u rre n t to b e
I d u rin g O N a n d O F F tim e o f C h o p p e r.
W h e n C h o p p e r is O N
V o lta g e a c ro s s in d u c to r L  V
T h e re fo re e n e rg y s to re d in in d u c to r
= V . I .t O N
W h e re tO N  O N p e rio d o f c h o p p e r.
25
W h e n C h o p p e r is O F F
(e n e rg y is s u p p lie d b y in d u c to r to lo a d )
V o lta g e a c ro s s L  V O  V
E n e rg y s u p p lie d b y in d u c to r L  V O  V  ItO FF
w h e re tO FF  O F F p e rio d o f C h o p p e r.
N e g le c tin g lo s s e s , e n e rg y s to re d in in d u c to r
L = e n e rg y s u p p lie d b y in d u c to r L
26
13
Power Electronics
 V ItO N  V O  V  ItO F F
V 
V  tO N  tO F F 
O
tO F F
 T 
V  V  
 T  tO
O
N 
W h e re
T = C h o p p in g p e rio d o r p e rio d
o f s w itc h in g . 27
T  tO N  tO FF
 
 1 
VO  V  
t
 1  ON 
 T 
 1 
 VO  V  
1 d 
t
W h e re d  O N  d u ty c y le
T
28
14
Power Electronics
Classification Of Choppers
Choppers are classified as

 Class A Chopper
 Class B Chopper
 Class C Chopper
 Class D Chopper
 Class E Chopper
29
Class A Chopper
i0 v0
+
Chopper
L
O v0 V
V A
FWD D
 i0
Class A Chopper is a first quadrant chopper .
30
15
Power Electronics
• When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is connected across the

load.
• When chopper is OFF, vO = 0 and the load current continues to
flow in the same direction through the FWD.
• The average values of output voltage and current are always
positive.
• Class A Chopper is a step-down chopper in which power
always flows form source to load.
• It is used to control the speed of dc motor.
• The output current equations obtained in step down chopper
with R-L load can be used to study the performance of Class A
Chopper. 31
ig T h y r i s to r
g a t e p u ls e
t
i0
O u t p u t c u rr e n t
CH ON
t
v0 F W D C o n d u c ts
O u t p u t v o l ta g e
t
tO N
T
32
16
Power Electronics
Class B Chopper
D
i0 v0
+
R
V L v0
Chopper
E i0

Class B Chopper operates in second quadrant
33
• When chopper is ON, E drives a current through L and R in a

direction opposite to that shown in figure.
• During the ON period of the chopper, the inductance L stores
energy.
• When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts, and part of the
energy stored in inductor L is returned to the supply.
• Average output voltage is positive and average output current
is negative.
• In this chopper, power flows from load to source.
• Class B Chopper is used for regenerative braking of dc motor.
• Class B Chopper is a step-up chopper. 34
17
Power Electronics
ig
T h y r i s to r
g a t e p u ls e
t
i0 tO FF tO N
T
t
O u t p u t c u rr e n t
Im a x
I m in D
c on d u cts C h o pp e r
c on d u cts
v0 O u t p u t v o lt a g e
35
Class C Chopper
CH 1 D1
i0 v0
+
V R
CH 2 D2 L v0
Chopper
i0
E

36
18
Power Electronics
• Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A and Class B

Choppers.
• For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2 conducts.
• For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or D1 conducts.
• When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive.
• The output voltage is equal to ‘V’ & the load receives power
from the source.
• When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in inductance L forces
current to flow through the diode D2 and the output voltage is
zero.
37
• Current continues to flow in positive direction.

• When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces current to flow in
opposite direction through L and CH2 .
• The output voltage is zero.
• On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the inductance
drives current through diode D1 and the supply
• Output voltage is V, the input current becomes negative and
power flows from load to source.
38
19
Power Electronics
• Average output voltage is positive

• Average output current can take both positive and negative
values.
• Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned ON simultaneously
as it would result in short circuiting the supply.
• Class C Chopper can be used both for dc motor control and
regenerative braking of dc motor.
• Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up or step-down
chopper.
39
ig 1
G a te p u ls e
of C H 1
t
ig 2 G a te p u ls e
of C H 2
t
i0
O u t p u t c u r re n t
t
D1 CH1 D2 CH2 D1 CH1 D2 CH2

ON ON ON ON
V0
O u t p u t v o l ta g e
t
40
20
Power Electronics
Class D Chopper
v 0
C H 1 D 2
R i0 L E
V
+ v 0  i0
D 1 C H 2
41
• Class D is a two quadrant chopper.

• When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered simultaneously, the
output voltage vO = V and output current flows through the
load.
• When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the load current continues
to flow in the same direction through load, D1 and D2 , due to
the energy stored in the inductor L.
• Output voltage vO = - V .
42
21
Power Electronics
• Average load voltage is positive if chopper ON time is more

than the OFF time
• Average output voltage becomes negative if tON < tOFF .
• Hence the direction of load current is always positive but load
voltage can be positive or negative.
43
ig 1
G a te p u ls e
of C H 1
t
of C H 2
t
i0
O u tp u t c u rre n t
t
C H 1 ,C H 2 D 1 ,D 2 C o n d u c t in g
ON
v0 O u t p u t v o lt a g e
V
Av era g e v0
t
44
22
Power Electronics
ig 1
G a te p u ls e
of C H 1
t
of C H 2
t
i0
O u tp u t c u rre n t
CH1
CH2
t
D 1, D 2
v0
O u t p u t v o lt a g e
V
t
Av era g e v0
45
Class E Chopper
CH1 D1 CH3 D3
i0 R L E
V
+ 
v0
CH2 D2 CH4 D4
46
23
Power Electronics
Four Quadrant
v
Operation
0
C H 2 - D 4 C o n d u c ts CH1 - CH4 ON
D 1 - D 4 C o n d u cts C H 4 - D 2 C o n d u c ts
i0
CH3 - CH2 ON D 2 - D 3 C o n d u cts

C H 2 - D 4 C o n d u c ts C H 4 - D 2 C o n d u c ts
47
• Class E is a four quadrant chopper

• When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output current iO flows in
positive direction through CH1 and CH4, and with output
voltage vO = V.
• This gives the first quadrant operation.
• When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the energy stored in the
inductor L drives iO through D2 and D3 in the same direction,
but output voltage vO = -V.
48
24
Power Electronics
• Therefore the chopper operates in the fourth quadrant.

• When CH2 and CH3 are triggered, the load current iO flows in
opposite direction & output voltage vO = -V.
• Since both iO and vO are negative, the chopper operates in
third quadrant.
• When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the load current iO continues
to flow in the same direction D1 and D4 and the output voltage
vO = V.
• Therefore the chopper operates in second quadrant as vO is
positive but iO is negative.
49
Effect Of Source & Load Inductance

• The source inductance should be as small as possible to limit
the transient voltage.
• Also source inductance may cause commutation problem for
the chopper.
• Usually an input filter is used to overcome the problem of
source inductance.
50
25
Power Electronics
• The load ripple current is inversely proportional to load

inductance and chopping frequency.
• Peak load current depends on load inductance.
• To limit the load ripple current, a smoothing inductor is
connected in series with the load.
51
i0
+
C hopper
L
O v0
V FW D A
D
52
26
Power Electronics
Mode-1 Operation
LS T1
+ + IL
VC _ C iC
L
VS O
A
D
L D1
_
53
• Thyristor T1 is fired at t = 0.
• The supply voltage comes across the load.
• Load current IL flows through T1 and load.
• At the same time capacitor discharges through T1, D1, L1, & ‘C’
and the capacitor reverses its voltage.
• This reverse voltage on capacitor is held constant by diode D1.
54
27
Power Electronics
C a p a c ito r D is c h a rg e C u rre n t
C
iC t s in  t
 V
L
1
W h e re  
LC
& C a p a c ito r V o lta g e
VC t  V cos t
55
Mode-2 Operation
IL
+ LS _ IL
VC C L
VS + T2 O
A
D
_
56
28
Power Electronics
• Thyristor T2 is now fired to commutate thyristor T1.

• When T2 is ON capacitor voltage reverse biases T1 and turns if
off.
• The capacitor discharges through the load from –V to 0.
• Discharge time is known as circuit turn-off time.
57
• Circuit turn-off time is given by:

VC  C
tC 
IL
• Where IL is a load current
• tc is depends on load current, it must design for the
worst case condition which occur at the maximum
value the load current and minimum value of load
voltage
58
29
Power Electronics
• Capacitor recharges back to the supply voltage (with plate ‘a’ +ve).
• This time is called the recharging time and is given by
V  C
td  S
IL
• The total time required for the capacitor to discharge and recharge
is called the commutation time and it is given by t r  t C  t d
• At the end of Mode-2 capacitor has recharged to VS and the free
wheeling diode starts conducting.
59
Mode-3 Operation
IL
+ LS + IL
VS _C T2 L
VS O
A
FW D D
_
60
30
Power Electronics
LS
VC  t   VS  I L sin S t
C
61
Mode-4 Operation
LS
+ + IL
VC _ C L
D1 O
VS
A
L D
_ FW D
62
31
Power Electronics
• Capacitor has been overcharged i.e. its voltage is above supply

voltage.
• Capacitor starts discharging in reverse direction.
• Hence capacitor current becomes negative.
• The capacitor discharges through LS, VS, FWD, D1 and L.
• When this current reduces to zero D1 will stop conducting and
the capacitor voltage will be same as the supply voltage
63
Mode-5 Operation
IL • Both thyristors are off and the

load current flows through the
L
O FWD.
FW D
A • This mode will end once
D thyristor T1 is fired.
64
32
Power Electronics
ic C a p a c i t o r C u rr e n t
IL
0 t
Ip
iT 1
Ip
IL C u rre n t th ro u g h T 1
t
0
65
vT1
Vc V o l ta g e a c r o s s T 1
t
0
vo
V s+ V c
Vs O u tp u t Vo lta g e
t
vc
Vc
t
C a p a c ito r Vo lta g e
-V c
tc
td
66
33
Power Electronics
Disadvantages
• A starting circuit is required and the starting circuit should be
such that it triggers thyristor T2 first.
• Load voltage jumps to almost twice the supply voltage when
the commutation is initiated.
• The discharging and charging time of commutation capacitor
are dependent on the load current and this limits high
frequency operation, especially at low load current.
67
• Chopper cannot be tested without connecting load.

• Thyristor T1 has to carry load current as well as resonant
current resulting in increasing its peak current rating.
68
34

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Choppers PDF

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Power Electronics

Choppers are of Two Types

Principle Of Step-down Chopper

• A step-down chopper with resistive load.

• The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch.

• When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears across

• When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the load will

Pulse Width Modulation

Variable Frequency Control

• To obtain full output voltage range, frequency has to be varied

• This method produces harmonics in the output and for large

• When chopper is ON, supply is connected across load.

Principle Of Step-up Chopper

• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load voltage higher than

• When the chopper is off, the inductor current I is forced to flow

• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the load, will provide a

Expression For Output Voltage

Choppers are classified as

Class A Chopper is a first quadrant chopper .

• When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is connected across the

• When chopper is ON, E drives a current through L and R in a

• Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A and Class B

• Current continues to flow in positive direction.

• Average output voltage is positive

D1 CH1 D2 CH2 D1 CH1 D2 CH2

• Class D is a two quadrant chopper.

• Average load voltage is positive if chopper ON time is more

CH3 - CH2 ON D 2 - D 3 C o n d u cts

• Class E is a four quadrant chopper

• Therefore the chopper operates in the fourth quadrant.

Effect Of Source & Load Inductance

• The load ripple current is inversely proportional to load

• Thyristor T2 is now fired to commutate thyristor T1.

• Circuit turn-off time is given by:

• Capacitor has been overcharged i.e. its voltage is above supply

IL • Both thyristors are off and the

• Chopper cannot be tested without connecting load.

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