23/5’

PAPER FOR SPE FALL MEETING - “ANALYSISOF WATER

INJECTIONWELLS USING THE HALL TECHNIQUEAND

PRESSUREFALL-OFFDATA - PRENTICE (CENTRALGLORIETA)

UNIT - TERRY AND YOAKUM COUNTIES,TEXAS”

Q

Michael DeMarco

April 25, 1968

●
 ..-. . . .. ..

?.

ABSTRACT

This paper presentsa review of injectionwell performance

in the Prentice (CentralGlorieta)Unit, Yoakum and Terry

Counties,Texas. The method utilizedis the Hall Technique

in conjunctionwith surface recordedpressure fall-offdata.

The Hall Techniqueis a simplifiedmethod for rapid

evaluationof injectionwell performance. Such problemsas

well plugging,low formationpermeabilityto water, and

pressureparting can readily be ascertained.

This approachhas been utilizedin the Tenneco-operated

Prentice (CentralGlorieta)Unit to improve injectionwell

capacity. Examplesare includedin the paper. Also included.

o is an exampleof an indicationof water channelingto an

offset well. This offset is completedin a lower zone than

Che main GlorietaT-1 zone.

 INTRODUCTION

The Prentice (CentralGlorieta)Unit, PrenticeField, Terry

aIKi Yoakum Counties,Texas is located100 miles north of Odessa.

The PrenticeField is situatedon the southeasternflank of the

NorthwesternShelf Area (Fig. 1). The CentralGlorietaUnit

—

was formed in August, 1966 and water injectionbegan in nine

wells duringMarch, 1967. The Midwest Oil CorporationTract 15

encercd the Unit in February,1967 and Well No. 53 was placed on

injectionduring August, 1967.

Figure 2 is an isopachousmap of the main Glorietapay, T-1

zone and Figure 3 is a plot of Unit production.

DISCUSSIONOF HALL TECHNIQUE

The Hall Techniquefor analyzingwater injectionwells first

appeared in the literaturein 1963.1 This techniqueis a graphical

approach for evaluatingchanges in injectionwell capacities. In

general,injectionwell capacitiesare difficultto evaluatebecause

of a simultaneousvariationof injectionrates and pressures.

Usually to evaluatepossiblepluggingor injectionimprovement,it is

necessaryto know reservoirpressure,water viscosity,and water

●
density. In order to avoid these problems,Hall showed that the

slope of the summationof wellheadpressuresmultipliedby time

.
versus cumulativewater volume injected &WHP X t vs. cum. water

injection- plotted on co-ordinatepaper), is proportionalto well

 When cumulativewater injectionis plottedon the abscissavs.

ZWHP X t on Che ordinateand a decreasein slope is noted, some form

of improvementin well-borecapacityis indicated(i.e.,pressure

parting,hydraulicfracturing,acidizing,etc.). Conversely,an

increasein slope will indicatesome form of well-boredamage,

usually plugging.

One other importantassumptionof Hall’s techniqueis that

reservoirpressureand producingwell fluid level remain constant.

Thus, during fill-upwhen the reservoirpressureis changing,the

slope of the plot will change in a concaveupward direction. If

the producingwell fluid level is increased$the slope of the Hall

Plot will change indicatingapparentdamage or if the fluid level

drops the slope will change also thus indicatingimprovement.

APPLICATIONOF HALL TECHNIQUE

Early in the injectionhistioryof the Prentice (Central

Glorieta)Unit, it was apparentthat the southwesternend was

becomingout of balance. Where injectionrates in Well Nos. 1,

4, 6, 20, and 51 were above 1000 BWPD at 1100 psig, the injectivity

in Well No. 34 was approximately380 BWPD at 1150 psig. A similar

unbalanceoccurredin Well Nos. 43, 49, and 50. Table I is a list

of the data used to make a Hall Plot for Well Nos. 34 and 1. Figs.

4 and 5 are injectivitycurves for both wells and Figs. 6 and 7 are

Hall Plots from the data in Table I.

AnalyzingFig. 6 it can be noted that the Hall Plot of Well

No. 34 was-very szeep during the first50$000 BW injectedas

.
comparedwith the “textbook-like”exampleof Well No. 1 (Fig. 7).

The latter curve shows a gradual concaveupward curve. The

other threewells irithe southwesternportion of the Unit had

Hall Plots similar to Well No. 34 whereas the better injectors

were very similar to Well No. 1. Formationpluggingwas

discountedsince all of the injectedwater in the Unit area came

from fresh water Ogallalasands, One would expect to see

pluggingin all the wells if this were a problem.

It was decided that low injectivityrates in the southwestern

portionof the Prentice (CentralGlorieta)Unit probablywas due

to reduced ~h. Pressure fall-offtestswere conductedon all

injectors. The method used is the very simple techniqueoutlined

by Morse and Ott.2 A surfacepressurerecorderwas equippedwith

a 24 hour”- 96 minute quick - change combinationdrive clock. In

most instancesthe wells were on a vacuum within 1000 minutes.

The flexibilityin a 96 minute quick - change chart is in the

ability to obtain fairly accuratepressurereadingsduring the

first 10 minutes of fall-off.

Figures 8 and 9 are presume fall-offplots for Well No. 34,

showing the fall-offbefore fracturingand after fracturing. The

kwh before fracturingwas 112 ml. - ft. After a hydraulic

fractureof 30,000 gals. gell&lwater and 60,000 lbs. sand (using

three stages of rock salt), the kwh was improvedto 940 md. - ft.

Figure 4 shows that the rate was increasedto 1000 BWPDat 1100

psig, and eight months after the treatmentinjectivityremains twice

the rate prior co the treatment. Note that the Hall Plot of Well No.
 -. . .. . .. .. ... . ...

34 (Fig. 6) shows an abrupt change in the slope indicating

capacityimprovement, Similarcurves were plotted for Well Nos.

●
43, 49, and 50 after thesewells’werehydraulicallyfractured.

There had been some concern that the fracturetreatments,

althoughincreasinginjectivityraces,may have communicated

outside the main T-1 zone. This was a possibilityin Well No.

34 since it was treatedin stages and a temperaturelog was

utilized to calculaterock salt.volumes. We found that 100%

of the injectedfluid (and first stage treatment)had gone out

the bottom four feet of perforations. Subsequentstages and

temperatureruns indicatednew pay was being treated. Early

inklarch,1968, injectivityprofileswere run on each of the

injectionwells. Figure XO is a profileof Well No. 34 which “

shows fairly uniform injectivity. Profiles on the other

fracturedwells also had good injectivitydistributionwith .

only small amountsof water being injectedoutside the main pay

zone. In view of the successwith the other wells in the

southwesternportion of the Unit, it is planned to frac~ureWell

No. 53 since it also has low injectivity.

LOCATINGWATER CHANNELING

One of the uses of the Hall Techniqueis the indicationof

water channelingor formationpressureparting..Figure 11 is a

Hall Plot of Well No. 20. It can be noted that the well

performedvery similar to Well No. 1 during the first 90,000 BW

injected. However,between 90,000 and 140,000BW injected,there

0 was a sharp break in slope to the right (capacityimprovement).

 During this same t~me interval,a large water productionincrease

was noted in the offset Clearforkzone well, locazedapproximately

330t southeastof Well No. 20. Subsequenttestingindicatedwater

had swept.fromWell No. 20 to the Glorieta zone of the offset and

then communicatedthrougha small channeldown to the Clearfork

●
zone. Data from the Hall Plot helped isolate the problemwhich was

immediately,corrected.It also gave confidencethat fill-up

calculationsare reasonableand that the offset well would have

experiencedresponseif the Glorieta zone were on production.

CONCLUSION

The Hall Techniquefor injectionwell analysisis a simple

tool that can be utilizedby the engineer to evaluatewaterflood.

● It requiresthe use of minimum data that is normallyavailable

each month, i.e., weekly pressuresand injectionvolumes. The

data can be set up in such a maaner that clericalor secretarial

help can make the monthly plots and the engineercan review the

data.

Problemssuch as pressureparting or formationplugging

should not be allowed to continueunabated. Utiliza&ionof the

Hall Techniqueand monthly plots will readily point out these

potentialproblemsto the engineer.

By analyzingthe water injectionperformanceof the Prentice

(Centr@Glorieta) Unit early in its life, it has been possibleto

improve the poor injectionbalance between the northeastand southwest

part of the Unit. This should lead to more rapid fill-upand an

earlierwaterfloodresponsethroughoutthe Unit.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

l’heauthor wishes to thank che managementof Tenneco Oil

Company and partnersin the Prentice (CentralGlorieta)Unit
for theix permissionto publish this paper:

References

1. Hall, H. N.: “How to AnalyzeWaterfloodInjectionWell

Performance”,.—
World Oil, October 1963, pp. 128-130.

2. Morse, J. V. and Ott, Frank: “FieldApplicationsof

Unsteady- State PressureAnalyses in ReservoirDiagnosis”,
Paper SPE 1514 presentedat 41st Annual Fall Meeting,
Dallas (Oct. 2-5, 1966). ~
.
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 ●
I

TABLE I
HAIL PLOT DATA
PRENTICE(CENTRALGLORIETA)UNIT

.
. —. WELL NO. 1 —— —— ... . —---- ----.— — WELL NO. 34-------—
WHP WHP X T ~WHP XT— CUM. INJ.
——— .— WHP ‘WHPXT
—— ~WNP XT-_ ——--
CUM. INJ.

1967 March 40 5 5 2,114 1140 147 147 5,359

April 422 422 427 29,640 967 967 1114 17.613
.
May 593 593 1020 59,796 997 997 2111 28,771
June 920 920 1940 85,377 1578 1078 3189 40,236 ~
July 1040 1040 2980 117,690 1150 1150 4339 52,321
August 1040 1040 4020 149,607 1012 1012 5351 77,034
September 1150 1150 5170 179,838 1150 1150 6501 104,858
October 1113 1113 6283 210,207 1113 1113 7614 130,165
“November 700 700 6983 236,279 975 975 8589 150,997
Decemberw 525 525 7508 259,653 1100 1100 9689 172;948

1968 January 563 563 8071 282,891 1081 1081 10770 193,749
February 565 a 555 8636 304,516 1100 1100 11870 213,412
March
April
May
June
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SUBSIDIARY OF TENNECO CORPORATION

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