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GATE Analytical Optical Biomedical Instrumentation Book PDF
GATE Analytical Optical Biomedical Instrumentation Book PDF
Biomedical Instrumentation
for
Instrumentation Engineering
By
www.thegateacademy.com
Syllabus A.O.B
Mass spectrometry. UV, visible and IR spectrometry. X-ray and nuclear radiation measurements.
Optical sources and detectors, LED, laser, Photo-diode, photo-resistor and their characteristics.
Interferometers, applications in metrology. Basics of fiber optics. Biomedical instruments, EEG,
ECG and EMG. Clinical measurements. Ultrasonic transducers and Ultrasonography. Principles of
Computer Assisted Tomography.
2013 3.0
2012 6.0
2011 2.0
2010 9.0
2009 11.0
2007 16.0
2006 14.66
2005 12.66
2004 25.0
2003 18.0
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Contents A.O.B
CONTENTS
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Contents A.O.B
Answer Keys 61
Explanations 61 - 63
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Contents A.O.B
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Chapter 1 A.O.B
CHAPTER 1
U.V, Visible and IR spectrometry
Analytical Instrumentation
Analytical instruments are primarily used to obtained qualitative and quantitative
information regarding the composition of a given unknown sample.
The basic building blocks are:
Electromagnetic Radiation
where E: energy
h: Planck’s constant ergs-s (or) Joules-s
ν: frequency
If λ is the wavelength interval between successive maxima and minima of the wave), then
C = νλ
Where C: velocity of propagation of radiant energy in vacuum.
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Chapter 1 A.O.B
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Fig (1.1) shows the various regions of electromagnetic spectrum which are normally used in
spectroscopic works.
UV – VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2.5𝛍 M – 2400 Å
20 – 100 MHz (~ 300 MHz IN
SUPERCONDUCTING INSTRUMENTS)
MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY
2000 MHz – 300 GHz
7000 – 4000 Å
MICROWAVES
FREQUENCY RANGE
OF HUMAN EYE
EXTRA HIGH
VERY LOW LOW MEDIUM HIGH VERY HIGH ULTRA HIGH SUPER HIGH
FREQUENCY INFRARED VISIBLE ULTRAVIOLET
FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY FREQUENCY X-RAY
10 kHz 100 kHz 1 MHz 30 MHz 450 MHz 1 GHz 10 GHz 300 GHz 4.3× z z z z
INFRARED
0 – 15 kHz; FREQUENCY RANGE NUCLEAR QUADRUPOLE SPECTROSCOPY 1 MM-
OF AVERAGE HUMAN EAR RESONANCE 2 – 1000 MHz ELECTRON SPIN 2.5 𝛍 M 10 – 4000 cm
RESONANCE; X-BAND
9.46 GHz RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
In the following sections, we discuss the various methods employed (by the analytical
instruments) for detection of the composition of the analyte sample in the different regions of
the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Chapter 1 A.O.B
In the visible and ultraviolet region of spectrum, the method of analysis employed by the
analytical instruments are based on the absorption of electromagnetic radiation.
Calorimeters and spectrophotometers are the analytical instruments used in this region.
Principle
Whenever a beam of radiant energy strikes the surface of a substance (analyte or sample),
the radiation interacts with the atoms or molecules of the substance resulting in absorption
(or) transmittance or scattering (reflection) depending on the properties of the sample.
Sample
Absorption spectroscopy is based on the principle that the amount of absorption that occurs
is dependent on the number of molecules present in the sample.
Here the analysis is done by studying the intensity of the radiant power leaving the
substance, i.e., the transmitted radiation which is an indication of concentration of the
sample.
The absorbance is calculated as;
Transmittance (T)
where:
p: energy transmitted
P : Incident energy
Absorbance log ( ⁄ )
log ( )
Optical density log ( ⁄ )
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Chapter 1 A.O.B
Assumptions
The instrument module for UV and visible spectrometry can be pictorized as below
Example: The transmittance of a coloured solution is 0.5, the absorption of the solution is?
Example: In a particular sample the absorption is 0.6 for a molar concentration of the solute of
1.0 moles and 2cm path length the molar absorptivity is?
A = abc a=
Substitute a = 3000
Sample
Optical Filters
Absorption Filter
These optical filters usually absorb the radiation and transmit light of single wavelength.
There efficiency is poor, when compared to other filters.
Interference Filters
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Chapter 1 A.O.B
Monochromators
They are the another class of filters, which provide better isolation than optical filters.
They are capable or isolating a narrow band of wavelengths effectively.
Principle employed for separation of wavelength is done by using a dispersing medium,
where the radiant energy gets isolated.
Dispersion of radiant energy into different wavelength’s is usually done by prism
monochromators or by diffraction grating.
Prism Monochromators
Here in prism monochromators, the isolation of different wavelengths is done by using the
refractive index of wavelengths, which is different for different wavelengths.
Thus, radiation of different wavelengths gets disperssed at different angles by prism.
Prisms are normally made of glass or quartz. Glass is used in visible region and quartz for
ultraviolet region.
The term resolving power is applied to spectrum producing devices and means as the ability of
the instrument to form separate images of two closely adjacent spectral lines.
Example: A prism spectrometer uses flint glam prism with glam dispersion 952cm-1 and dλ =
6 0A at λ = 5893 0A find base t of prism?
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