Vortex induced vibration and vortex shedding. https://www.ivoryresearch.com/writers/dave-onei...

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VORTEX INDUCED ORDER NOW

VIBRATION

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Vortex induced vibration and vortex shedding. https://www.ivoryresearch.com/writers/dave-onei...

When a fluid flows past a bluff body (such as a circular cylinder)

in a direction which is perpendicular to the axis of the body,
boundary layers develop around the body. At a low Reynolds Do you
number, the fluid just flows past the body. However as the
worry
Reynolds number increases, the vortices tend to separate from
the body surface and roll up at the downstream side of the about
fluid flow. Further increases in the Reynolds number will lead
to alternate shedding of vortices due to adverse pressure
your
gradient. This is known as vortex shedding (Downie, 2010).
dissertation
This phenomenon is shown diagrammatically below.
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Vortices forming at downstream end

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Alternate shedding of vortices

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Figure 1 Vortex Street behind a circular cylinder (Harris, 2002).

Consequently, as vortices are being shed on the cylinder
surface, the cylinder experiences forces which are periodic in
nature. These forces cause the cylinder to continuously vibrate
as long as vortices are shed. According to Bai (2005), vortex-
induced vibration occurs anytime when a sufficiently bluff
body is exposed to a fluid flow that produces vortex shedding
at, or near, a structural natural frequency of the body. This
means vortex-induced vibration occurs when vortex shedding
frequency is close or equal to the natural frequency of the
body. Continuous periodic vibration of the structure could “Excellent
make it susceptible to fatigue failure. Hence offshore structural
communication
members must be designed to prevent VIV.
and friendly
Important hydrodynamic quantities that influence VIV are: service. I have
been struggling
Reynolds number
with my
Lift coefficient dissertation
Correlation of force components and wish I had
Shedding frequencies and their interactions discovered you
Added mass (or mass ratio) and damping (Chakrabarti, sooner. Your
2005) help and
support really
1.1 Types of Vortex Induced Vibration
helped. Thank
Basically, there are three types of vortex-induced vibrations. you so much, I
These are: would
recommend
1. In-line Vortex Induced Vibrations
your services to
2. Cross-flow Vortex Induced Vibrations
anyone.”
3. Hybrid Vortex Induced Vibrations
 Alex
In-line vortex induced vibrations are caused by symmetric
shedding of vortices on the surfaces of a bluff body. These
usually occur at an average reduced velocity, V R of 1.25. In-line
vortex induced motion comprises two regions: 1 st and 2nd

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instability regions. In the 1 st and 2nd instability regions,

reduced velocities, V R ranges from 1 to 2.5 and 2.25 to 2.5
respectively (Downie, 2010). Vortex-induced vibration does not
occur when V R < 1.

“Thank you so
much for
working so
Figure 2 In-line vortex induced vibration (Bai, 2005) hard on my
paper – I
Cross-flow vortex induced vibrations occur when vortex
managed to
shedding is not symmetric. These vibrations occur at a higher
range of reduced velocity in the order of 4.0 and 6.0. Cross- achieve 1st
flow vibrations also have greater amplitudes of motion standard!”
compared with in-line vortex induced vibrations (Bai, 2005).
 Anna

Figure 3 Cross flow vortex induced vibration

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Figure 4 Typical amplitude response as function of reduced

velocity (Bai, 2005)

As the name suggests, hybrid vortex induced vibrations are

somewhat in between in-line and cross-flow vortex induced
vibrations. They are usually a mixture of in-line and cross-flow
motions and have a reduced velocity range greater than that
of in-line motions but less than that of cross-flow motions.

1.2 Lock-In

Lock-in occurs when the vortex shedding frequency is near the

natural frequency of a structure. Vibration of a cylinder in a
fluid flow can cause the vortex shedding frequency shift from
the natural shedding frequency to the frequency of cylinder
oscillation. This is called synchronisation or lock-in. At lock-in,
the vortex shedding frequency equals the natural frequency of
the nth vibration mode fs = fn. The resultant vibrations occur at
or nearly at the natural frequency of the structure. Large
amplitude vortex induced structural vibration can result
(Harris, 2002).

The region 5≤V R≤7 where lock-in of the vortex shedding

frequency to the natural frequency of the cylinder occurs is
called the synchronisation / lock-in / capture / resonant region.
Consequences of lock-in include increase in correlation length,
vortex strength, lock-in band width and in-line drag force;
maximum relative amplitude and vortex shedding frequency
locks onto the natural frequency. Lock-in can be seen as
resonant oscillations (Faltinsen, 1990).

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1.3 Prevention of Vortex Induced Vibrations

Different approaches that can be taken to prevent or reduce

vortex induced vibrations include:

1. Design: This involves designing structural members with

a natural frequency that is far away from the vortex
shedding frequency.

2. Vortex suppression devices: VIV can be prevented in

offshore structures by the use of vortex suppression
devices. These devices include strakes, shroud, axial slats,
fairings, splitter and ribboned cable. These devices act by
disrupting the near wake and disturbing the correlation
between the vortex shedding and vibration thereby
preventing vortex street formation. They do, however,
increase the steady drag from that which is measured on
a stationary structure (Harris, 2002).

Methods of reducing vortex-induced vibration (Harris, 2002)

Fairings are designed to rotate, so as to align with the current,

efficiently minimising vortex shedding and drag loading.
Fairings operate most efficiently in structural members which
are in a near vertical configuration. Fairings can reduce drag
force to as low as one-third of its original value and they
suppress VIV almost entirely but they are an expensive option.
Less expensive alternatives include strakes. The less expensive
alternatives are not as effective, but can be adequate in many
instances (Bai, 2005; Chakrabarti, 2005).

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Strakes are external ribs placed on the cylindrical structure,

most commonly in a helical shape. Helical strakes act to
disrupt the flow pattern by creating shorter and weaker
vortices. They allow amplitudes of vibration with 10-30% of a
diameter. A disadvantage of strakes is their 30-50% additional
drag force, which can increase the potential for interference.
Although strakes increase drag, they can reduce wave induced
fatigue by damping the dynamic response caused by vessel
motions. (Bai, 2005; Chakrabarti, 2005). Strakes destroy the
correlation of vortex shedding along a structural member.

Shrouds produce a large number of small vortices. Therefore,

regular vortex shedding is disturbed and a street of smaller
and weaker vortices start to form only several diameters
downstream of the body (Naudascher, 1994).

2.0 TECHNICAL SECTION

The aim of this section is to outline procedure needed to check

whether structural members of a jacket structure are
vulnerable to vortex-induced vibrations. The method employed
is that given in the lecture material.

First and foremost, all the structural members will be checked

for wind induced vortex vibrations during fabrication as well as
transportation to site. After installation of the structure, the
members below water surface are acted upon by waves and
current. Hence they will be checked for current and wave
induced vortex vibrations. However, the members above water
surface experience wind action only. This means they may be
vulnerable to vortex induced vibrations due to wind and they
should be checked for such.

The procedure for checking individual structural members is as

follows:

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1. Wind velocity, V = V 10(H/10)0.12

where V 10 = 1 minute mean velocity 10m above sea level

H = height above mean sea level (in metres)

1. Natural frequency, fn = An (EI/m)0.5

2L2

where An = constant which depends on end fixity

L = length of the member

E = Young’s modulus

I = second moment of area of the member

m = mass per unit length

1. Reduced velocity, V R = V

fnD for wind induced vortex shedding

VR = U c +U w

fnD for combined current and wave induced vortex shedding

where D = external diameter of the structural member

U c = current velocity

U w = wave velocity

1. Reynold’s number, Re = VD

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where ν = fluid kinematic viscosity

1. Stability parameter, K s = 2m(2ξ)

ρD 2

where ξ = critical damping ratio

ρ = density of the fluid

1. Check to see if in-line motion occurs from a graph of V R

against K s. If in-line motion occurs, then corresponding
value of amplitude should be calculated from a graph of
Relative Amplitude against Stability Parameter depending
on whether it lies in 1 st or 2 nd instability region.

2. Check to see if cross-flow motion occurs from a graph of

Reduced Velocity against logarithm of Reynolds Number.

3. If cross-flow motion occurs, its amplitude, y should be

calculated as follows:

Iterate design lift coefficient, C Lj until convergence is achieved.

First take I/Io = 1. Calculate C Lj and y/D. Read off turbulence
factor, I/Io from graph of I/Io against y/D and put the value
back into the equation for C Lj.

C Lj = C Lo Io (I/Io)

y = C Lj

D 4K sS2

where C Lo = base lift coefficient

C Lo = 0.29 if Re > 4×10 5 and = 0.42 if Re < 4×10 5

S = Strouhal number

Io = correlation length factor which depends on the member

fixity

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1. Maximum stress fb = Kn ED y

L2

where Kn = constant depending on fixity

1. Stress range = 2 fb

2. Stress hot spot range, σ H = stress range x stress

concentration factor

3. Number of cycles to fatigue failure, N = 10 (12.1638-3logσH )

(σ H is in N/mm 2)

4. Time to failure = N/fn

Bai, Y., Bai, Q. (ed.) (2005) Subsea Pipelines and Risers: Vortex-
induced Vibrations (VIV) and Fatigue. Elsevier

Chakrabarti, S. (ed.) (2005) Handbook of Offshore Engineering.

Part II: Drilling and Production Risers. Elsevier Ltd.

Downie, M. J. (2010) MAR8020 Lecture note: Vortex Induced

Vibrations Design Brief. Newcastle University, pp:

Faltinsen, O. M. (1990) Sea loads on ships and offshore

structures. Cambridge University Press.

Harris, C. M., Piersol, A.G. (ed.) (2002) Harris’ Shock and Vibration
Handbook (5th edition). McGraw-Hill.

Naudascher, E., Rockwell, D. (1994) Flow-induced vibrations: An

engineering guide. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema Publishers.

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