Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering Hydraulic PDF
Engineering Hydraulic PDF
1
LEARNING OUTCOME
After this lecture, students should be able to
(1). Learn about the dam, classification and types and understand the
generalized criteria for dam site & dam type selection
(2). Understand the role of ancillary works in the dam
(3). Identify and estimate the various forces acting on the dam
(4). Perform both static and dynamic analysis as part of design process
Reference: Novak, P., Moffat, I.B. and Nalluri, Hydraulic structures, 4th ed
2
WHAT IS A DAM?
3
WHAT IS A DAM?
http://www.fs.fed.us/eng/pubs/htmlpubs/htm12732805/longdesc/fig01ld.htm
4
WHAT IS A DAM?
AERIAL POV Bullards bar reservoir and new bullards bar dam, California
http://www.gettyimages.ae/detail/video/bullards-bar-
reservoir-and-new-bullards-bar-dam-stock-video-
footage/594215033 5
WHAT IS A DAM?
7
DISADVANTAGES OF DAMS
Impacts on Environmental and Ecosystem of the area
8
PURPOSE DISTRIBUTION OF DAMS
http://www.icold-cigb.net
9
PURPOSE DISTRIBUTION OF DAMS
http://www.icold-cigb.net/
10
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS:
Dams are classified on several aspects, some of the important aspects
are as follow:
11
CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS:
4) Based on Construction Material:
Concrete / Masonary dams
Earthfill dams
Rockfill dams
Earth and rockfill dams
Concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD)
5) Based on Capacity:
Small dams
Medium dams
Large dams
12
TYPES OF STORAGE DAMS
13
TYPES OF STORAGE DAMS
Embankment dam
Gravity dam
http://www.icold-cigb.net/
18
SITE SELECTION OF A DAM
Following are the important factors considered for the selection of site
for a dam:
1) Catchment characteristics 10) Compensation cost for
2) Length of dam property and land
3) Height of dam acquisition
4) Foundation conditions 11) Quality of water
5) Availability of suitable Spillway 12) Sediment transport
location 13) Environmental conditions
6) Availability of suitable
construction materials
6) Storage capacity
7) Construction and maintenance
cost
8) Access to the site
9) Options for diversion of river
during construction
19
SELECTION OF DAM TYPE
The choice of dam is decided upon by examining foundation conditions,
load strains, temperature and pressure changes, chemical
characteristics of ground water and possible seismic activity.
The followings important factors are considered for the selection of type
of dams:
1) Topography
2) Geology and nature of foundation
Bearing capacity of the underlying soil
Foundation settlements
Permeability of the foundation soil
Foundation excavation
3) Hydraulic Gradient
4) Availability of construction materials
5) Economics
20
SELECTION OF DAM TYPE
6) Spillway location
7) Safety considerations
8) Earthquake zones
9) Purpose of dam
10)Aesthetic considerations
11)Life of the Dam
21
22
23
STAGES FOR DAM SITE APPRAISAL
24
24
ANCILLARY WORKS
25
ANCILLARY WORKS
26
SPILLWAYS
27
SPILLWAYS
Types of Spillways
a. Overflow spillways
b. Chute spillways
c. Side-channel spillways
d. Shaft spillways
e. Siphon spillways
Acknowledgment: Some text and pictures are taken from the lecture notes of
Clayton J. Clark II (Department of Civil & Coastal Engineering, Gainesville,
Florida) http://www.ce.ufl.edu/~clark/
28
OVERFLOW SPILLWAYS
Section of a dam that allows water to pass over its crest widely
used on gravity, arch, & buttress dam
29
CHUTE SPILLWAYS
formed by spillways that flow over a crest into a steep-sloped open channel
*chute width is often constant: -narrowed for economy
-widened to decrease discharge velocity
31
SHAFT SPILLWAY
Water drops through a vertical shaft in a the foundation material to
a horizontal conduit that conveys the water past the dam
*often used where there is not room enough for other spillways
*possible clogging with debris a potential problem; screens and trash
racks protect inlet
35
SPILLWAYS, OUTLETS AND ANCILLARY WORKS
River Diversion:
Necessary to permit construction to proceed in dry conditions
An outlet tunnel may be adapted to this purpose during construction
and subsequently employed as a discharge facility for the completed
dam.
Alternate of such tunnels can be coffer dams.
Cut-offs:
Used to control seepage around and under the flank of dams.
Embankment cut-offs are generally formed by
Wide trenches backfilled with rolled clay,
Grouting to greater depths
Grout Screen cut-offs in rock foundations
36
SPILLWAYS, OUTLETS AND ANCILLARY WORKS
Internal Drainage:
Seepage is always present within the body of dam. Seepage flows
and their resultant internal pressures must be directed and
controlled.
In embankment dams, seepage is effected by suitably located
pervious zones leading to horizontal blanket drains or outlets at
base level
In concrete dams vertical drains are formed inside the upstream
face, and seepage is relieved into an internal gallery or outlet drain.
In arch dams, seepage pressure in rock abutments are frequently
drained by purpose built system of drainage ducts
37
Seepage Control in Concrete Dams
The tunnels inside the dam for control of seepage and monitoring structural stability
38
SPILLWAYS, OUTLETS AND ANCILLARY WORKS
Internal Galleries and Shafts
Galleries and shafts are provided as means of allowing internal
inspection, particularly in concrete dams.
These can be used to accommodate structural monitoring and
surveillance purpose.
40
FORCES ON DAMS
The primary loads and the more important secondary and
exceptional sources of loading are identified schematically on Fig.
a gravity dam section being used for this purpose as a matter of
illustrative convenience.
41
FORCES ON DAMS
Primary Loads:
(a): Water Load: This is a hydrostatic distribution of pressure with
horizontal resultant force P1. (Note that a vertical component of load will
also exist in the case of an upstream face batter, and that equivalent
tailwater loads may operate on the downstream face.)
(b): Self Weight load: This is determined with respect to an
appropriate unit weight for the material. For simple elastic analysis the
resultant, P2, is considered to operate through the centroid of the
section.
(c): Seepage Loads: Equilibrium seepage patterns will develop
within and under a dam, e.g. in pores and discontinuities, with resultant
vertical loads identified as internal and external uplift, P3 and P4,
respectively.
42
FORCES ON DAMS
Secondary Loads:
(a): Sediment load: Accumulated silt etc. generates a horizontal thrust,
considered as an equivalent additional hydrostatic load with horizontal
resultant P5.
(b): Hydrodynamic wave load: This is a transient and random local load,
P6, generated by wave action against the dam (not normally significant).
(c): Ice Load: Ice thrust, P7, from thermal effects and wind drag, may
develop in more extreme climatic conditions (not normally significant).
(d): Thermal Load: (concrete dams), This is an internal load generated by
temperature differentials associated with changes in ambient conditions and
with cement hydration and cooling (not shown).
(e): Interactive effect: Internal, arising from relative stiffness and differential
deformations of dam and attributable to local variations in foundation stiffness
and other factors, e.g. tectonic movement (not shown).
(f): Abutment hydrostatic load: Internal seepage load in abutment rock
mass ( This is of particular concern to arch and cupola dams)
43
FORCES ON DAMS
Exceptional Load:
44
LOAD COMBINATION
A dam is designed for the most adverse combinations of loads as they
have reasonable probability of simultaneous occurrence.
For construction conditions: Dam is completed, reservoir is empty,
no tail water
i. With earthquake forces
ii. Without earthquake forces
For normal operating conditions; reservoir full, normal tail water
conditions, normal uplifts and silt load
i. With earthquake forces
ii. Without earthquake forces
For flood discharge conditions: reservoir at max flood level, all
spillway gates open, tail water at flood levels, normal uplifts and silt
load
45
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• The dam profile must demonstrate an acceptable margin of safety
with regard to
• 1. Rotation and overturning,
• 2. Translation and sliding and
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
46
SAFETY CRITERIA
47
CONCRETE DAM ENGINEERING
DISCUSSION ON THE
CALCULATION OF FORCES ACTING
ON CONCRETE (GRAVITY) DAM
48
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
• WATER LOAD
• The external hydrostatic
pressure, Pw, at depth z1 is
expressed as
Similar to u/s, the corresponding resultant forces Pwh’ and Pwv’ at d/s operative above
the toe, can also be calculated. 50
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
(A) PRIMARY LOADS
• SELF LOAD
• Self-weight of structure is
accounted for in terms of its
resultant, Pm, which is
considered to act through the
centroid of the cross-sectional
area Ap of the dam profile
51
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
(A) PRIMARY LOADS
• SEEPAGE AND UPLIFT LOAD: Uplift load, Pu, is represented by the
resultant effective vertical components of interstitial water pressure
uw.
• Uplift pressure at u/s=γwz1 and uplift pressure at d/s γwz2
52
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
(A) PRIMARY LOADS
• SEEPAGE AND UPLIFT
LOAD
• If no pressure relief drains are
provided or if they cease to
function owing to leaching and
blockage, then
54
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
(B) SECONDAY LOADS
• HYDRODYNAMIC WAVE
LOAD
• It is considered only in
exceptional cases. Pwave is
necessary a conservative
estimate of additional
hydrostatic load at the
reservoir surface is provided
by
56
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
(B) SECONDAY LOADS
• THERMAL AND DAM–FOUNDATION INTERACTION EFFECTS
• Beyond the scope of our course and comprehensively discussed in
USBR (1976).
57
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
(C) EXCEPTIONAL LOADS
58
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
(C) EXCEPTIONAL LOADS
59
GRAVITY DAM: LOADING CONCEPTS
(C) EXCEPTIONAL LOADS
63
LOAD COMBINATIONS
A dam is designed for the most adverse combinations of loads as they
have reasonable probability of simultaneous occurrence.
For construction conditions: Dam is completed, reservoir is empty,
no tail water
i. With earthquake forces
ii. Without earthquake forces
For normal operating conditions: reservoir full, normal tail water
conditions, normal uplifts and silt load
i. With earthquake forces
ii. Without earthquake forces
For flood discharge conditions: reservoir at max flood level, all
spillway gates open, tail water at flood levels, normal uplifts and silt
load
64
LOAD COMBINATIONS
65
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• The dam profile must demonstrate an acceptable margin of safety
with regard to
• 1. Rotation and overturning,
• 2. Translation and sliding and
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
66
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 1. Rotation and overturning,
67
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 2. Translation and sliding
• Slide safety is conventionally expressed in terms of a factor of
safety, FOS, or stability factor against sliding, FS, estimated using
one or other of three definitions:
• i. Sliding factor, FSS;
• ii. Shear friction factor, FSF;
• iii. Limit equilibrium factor, FLE.
• The resistance to sliding or shearing, which can be mobilized across
a plane, is expressed through the twin parameters C and tanϕ.
• Cohesion, C, represents the unit shearing strength of concrete or
rock under conditions of zero normal stress. The coefficient tanϕ
represents frictional resistance to shearing, where is the angle of
shearing resistance or of sliding friction,
68
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 2. Translation and sliding
69
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 2. Translation and sliding
70
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 2. translation and sliding
71
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND
PRINCIPLES
• 2. Translation and sliding
• i. Sliding factor, FSS;
• For plane surface
Ah is the thickness, T,
for a two-dimensional
For horizontal plane section).i,e.,
Ah=T
73
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 2. Translation and sliding
• ii. Shear Friction Factor,
• In some circumstances it may
be appropriate to include
downstream passive wedge
resistance, Pp, as a further
component of the total
resistance to sliding which can
be mobilized.
75
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 2. Translation and sliding
• iii. Limit Equilibrium Factor, FLE: It is the ratio of shear strength to
mean applied shear stress across a plane:
• Note that for the case of a horizontal sliding plane (α=0), equation
simplifies to the expression given for FSF, i.e. FLE=FSF(α=0).
76
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 2. Translation and sliding
• It must be stressed that values for FSS, FSF and FLE cannot be directly
correlated.
77
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
78
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
79
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
• (a) Vertical normal stresses
80
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
• (b) Horizontal shear stresses
• If the angles between the face slopes and
the vertical are respectively Φu upstream
and Φ d downstream, and if an external
hydrostatic pressure, pw, is assumed to
operate at the upstream face, then
81
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
• (c) Horizontal normal stresses
82
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
• (d) Principal stresses
• The boundary values for σ1 and σ3 are
then determined as follows
83
GRAVITY DAM ANALYSIS
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
84
SAFETY CRITERIA: SUMMARY
∑ Stabilizing Moment
Safety against Overturning: FOS =
∑ Overturning Moment
85
PROBLEM:
A concrete gravity dam has the following dimensions:
Max water level = 305 m
Bed level of river = 225 m
Crest level = 309 m
D/S face slope starts at 300 m
D/S Slope= 2:3
C/L of drainage galleries at 8m d/s of u/s face
Uplift pressures:
at Heal = 100 %
at Toe = 0%
at drainage gallery = 50 %
86
PROBLEM:
Density of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
No tail water
Foundation condition: inferior condition with limestone
Consider self weight, hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure
87
SOLUTION
Wc
309 m
W.L 305 m
300 m
α 2
3
8m
B.L. 225 m
88
Determine width of crest, Wc=?
12m
309 m
W.L 305 m
Wc = Height of Dam 300 m
84m
Wc = 309 − 225 = 84
80m α 2
3
= 9.16 ≈ 12m 8m 75m
B.L. 225 m
toe
heal
89
WATER LOAD
12m
309 m
pw = γ w h = 1(80) = 80ton / m 2
Pwh = γ wh 2 / 2 W.L 305 m
300 m
1 2 84m
= × 1 × (305 − 225) 80m
2 α 2
3
Pwh 8m 75m
= 3200 tons
B.L. 225 m
Acting at h/3 i.e., 26.67m from BL
1/3*80=26.67m
in horizontal direction
toe
where 12m 50m
3 3 heal 56m
γ w = 1000kg / m = 1 mton / m
33.33m
= 2419.2 tons W1 W2
B.L. 225 m
where
100%=γwh 50%=0.5γwh
h=80m With drainage
galleries
γw=1000kg/m3=1mton/m3 92
Without drainage galleries
12m
SEEPAGE AND UPLIFT LOAD
309 m
U 1 = 0.5γ w h × 8
W.L 305 m
= 0.5 ×1× 80 × 8 = 320 ton 300 m
Acting 58m from toe 84m
80m α 2
U 2 = 0.5(0.5γ w h )× 8 3
75m
Pwh 8m
= 0.5(0.5 × 1× 80 )× 8 = 160 ton W1
B.L. 225 m W2
Acting 59.33m from toe
1/3*80=26.67m
U 3 = 0.5(0.5γ w h )× (50 + 4 )
heal toe
12m 50m
= 0.5(0.5 × 1× 80)× 54 = 1080 ton
Acting 36m from toe U1 U3
100%=γwh 58 m
U2 36 m
Pu = U 1 + U 2 + U 3
= 320 + 160 + 1080 = 1560 ton 59.33 m
93
• SECONDARY LOADS
• Sediment load-nil
• Hydrodynamic load-nil
• Ice load-nil
• Thermal loads-nil
• EXCEPTIONAL LOAD
• Seismic load-nil
94
• CRITERIA AND PRINCIPLES
• The dam profile must demonstrate an acceptable margin of safety
with regard to
95
12m
1. Stability against Rotation and Overturning
309 m
W1 W2
B.L. 225 m
1/3*80=26.67m
W 1 × 56 + W 2 × 33.33 heal toe
FOS = 12m 50m
U 1 × 59.33 + U 2 × 59.33 + U 3 × 36 + Pwh × 26.67
FOS = 1.87 > 1.5 U1 U3
58 m
It ranges from 1.5~2.5
U2 36 m
59.33 m
96
12m
2. Stability against sliding of dam
309 m
i. Sliding factor, FSS;
W.L 305 m
300 m
FSS =
∑ H 84m
∑V 80m α 2
3
Pwh 8m 75m
FOS = 3200 / 5359.2
FOS = 0.59 W1 W2
B.L. 225 m
1/3*80=26.67m
It should not be permitted to
heal toe
exceed 0.75 for normal load 12m 50m
combinations
U1 U3
58 m
U2 36 m
59.33 m
97
12m
2. Stability against sliding of dam
309 m
ii. Shear Friction Factor, FSF:
W.L 305 m
Foundation condition: Inferior 300 m
condition with limestone 84m
tanΦ=0.7 and c=0.3MN/m2 80m α 2
(see slide 69) 3
Pwh 8m 75m
S cAh + ∑V tan φ
FSF = = W1
∑ H ∑H B.L. 225 m W2
Ah=T=B=62m 1/3*80=26.67m
(0.3 × 1000 / 9.81)62 + 0.8 × 5359.2 heal toe
FSF = 12m 50m
3200
FSF = 1.76 U1 U3
58 m
It ranges from 1.0 (extreme) ~ 3.0 (normal)
U2 36 m
59.33 m
98
2. Stability against sliding of dam
FLE=FSF
99
• 3. Overstress and material failure.
10
0
Eccentricity and position of resultant 12m
309 m
B
e = − x , where, x =
∑M
2 ∑V W.L 305 m
300 m
B is the based width of dam=62m 84m
133183.4 59.33 m
x= = 24.85m
5359.2
101
Eccentricity and position of resultant 12m
309 m
B
e = − x , where, x =
∑M
2 ∑V W.L 305 m
300 m
133183.4 84m
x= = 24.85m
5359.2 80m α 2
3
B 62 Pwh 8m 75m
e= −x = − 24.85
2 2
W1 W2
= 6.15m e < B/6 B.L. 225 m
B B
6 6 1/3*80=26.67m
e heal toe
12m 50m
B B B
= 10.33m
3 3 3 100%=γwh U1 U3
58 m
If e > B / 6 tension will develop !
50%=0.5γwh
Dam is unsafe again tension.
Size of dam can be increased U2 36 m
to enhance stability
59.33 m
Note: The resultant must pass through the middle third
102
(a). Vertical normal stresses
Normal shear stress at toe
σ zd = Pmax =
∑ V 6e
1 +
B B
5359.2 6 * 6.15
= 1 +
62 62
= 137.89ton / m 2
Normal shear stress at heal
σ zu = Pmin = ∑V 1 − 6e
B B
5359.2 6 * 6.15
= 1 −
62 62
= 34.99ton / m 2
Allowable stress=25 kg/cm2
=250 ton/m2
Therefore, dam is safe against tension and compression
103
(b). Horizontal shear stresses
τ u = ( pw − σ zu ) tan φu
= ( pw − σ zu ) tan 0 = 0
τ d = (σ zd ) tan φd
= (137.89 )( 2 / 3) = 91.93ton / m 2
104
(c). Horizontal normal stresses
Shear stress at
upstream face (heal)
σ yu = pw + (σ zu − pw ) tan 2 φu
= 80 + (σ zu − pw ) tan 2 0
= 80ton / m 2
Shear stress at
downstream face (toe)
σ yd = (σ zd ) tan 2 φd
= (137.89 ) × ( 2 / 3) 2
= 61.28ton / m 2
105
(d). Principal stresses
σ 1u = σ zu (1 + tan 2 φu ) − pw tan 2 φu
σ 1u = 34.99(1 + tan 2 0) − pw tan 2 0
= 34.99ton / m 2
σ 3u = p w
σ 3u = 80ton / m 2
( )
σ 1d = σ zd 1 + tan 2 φd − pw ' tan 2 φd
(
σ 1d = 137.89 1 + (2 / 3) 2 )
= 199.16ton / m 2
σ 3d = p w '
σ 3d = 0
106
PROBLEM:
A concrete gravity dam has the following dimensions:
Max water level = 305 m
Bed level of river = 225 m
Crest level = 309 m
U/S slope starts at 305 m
U/S slope = (H:V)= 0.5:1
D/S face slope starts at 300 m
D/S Slope= (H:V)= 2:3
C/L of drainage galleries at 8m d/s of u/s face
Uplift pressures:
at Heal = 100 %
at Toe = 0%
at drainage gallery = 50 %
107
PROBLEM 2:
Density of concrete = 2400 kg/m3
No tail water
Consider self weight, hydrostatic pressure and uplift pressure
108
PROBLEM 2:
Wc
309 m
W.L 305 m
300 m
0.5
α 2
1
3
8m
B.L. 225 m
109
PROBLEM 3
Figure (on next slide) shows a section of a gravity dam built of
concrete, examine the static and dynamic stability of this section at the
base for the following cases
1. Reservoir is full and no seismic force is acting
2. Reservoir is full and seismic forces are acting
The earthquake forces may be taken as equivalent to 0.1g for
horizontal and 0.05g for vertical forces. The uplift may be taken as
equal to the hydrodynamic pressure at either end and is considered to
act over 60% of the area of the section at base.
A tail water of 6m is assumed to be present when the reservoir is full
and there is no tail water when the reservoir is empty.
Also calculate the various kinds of forces at the heal and toe of the
dam.
Assume the unit weight of concrete=24kN/m3 and unit weight of
water=10kN/m3
PROBLEM 3