by any method, such as iterative approximations, but can be found via a direct Solutio, N Wit he following equation: o (2PB, +Q)+(2PB, +O) +4RP? by = op LAF, where pat Sunin 9-42 and Rate. oy 7°El, WEI, The other length, Z,,, is the length at which the beam can carry its fully braced capacity, either M, or My, depending on its local buckling classification. The value of: Ly, JE/F, is based on work by White and Jung (2004). The term ; is the radius of gyration of the tee- shaped area formed by the compression flange, and one-third of the portion of the web in compression as defined by the elastic neutral axis. Inelastic buckling capacity is determined by linear interpolation between M,, and M, (or M,), based on the unbraced length of beam, L. The value of w3 for tee sections must be less than or equal to 1.0. This is because reverse curvature in these beams is a worse condition than a uniform moment (Attard and Lawther, 1989), which is different from the case for doubly-symmetric sections. The warping torsional constant for tee sections should be taken as zero. For monosymmetric sections other than those described above, a rational method must be used. 13.7 Lateral Bracing for Members in Structures Analyzed Plastically See the Commentary on Clause 8.3.2(c). This clause is now consistent with seismic re- quirements. 13.8 Axial Compression and Bending This Clause remains unchanged in the 2009 edition. Beam-column design is based on the assumption that the designer will first start by performing a second-order analysis. (a) A distinction is made between braced and unbraced frames in that the design require- ments for beam-columns are different for the two types of frames. Clause 13.8.1, based on Eurocode 3, states that a frame can be considered braced if it is five times as stiff as the same frame having moment-resisting connections instead of the bracing. (b) Cross-sectional strength never governs for prismatic beam-columns in unbraced frames and need not be checked because it will never be smaller than the in-plane strength or the lateral-torsional buckling strength. Parenthetic statements in Clauses 13.8.2(a) and 13.8.3(a) waive this check. (©) P-6 effects, related to the member deformation between the ends, have been found to be negligible for beam-columns in unbraced frames. This is because the maximum second-order elastic moment, including P-A (sway) effects, occurs at the ends of the beam-column. Therefore the factor U; is taken as 1.0 in the interaction equation for overall member strength of sway (unbraced) beam-columns in Clauses 13.8.2(b) 404