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Intan Elkania Putri, Kezia Esther Dinda, Kezia Varadina Krisanti*
Program Studi S1 Farmasi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam,
Universitas Sebelas Maret, Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A Surakarta, Jawa Tengah 57126 Indonesia
Abstrak. Rekristalisasi adalah salah satu metode yang paling ampuh untuk pemurnian zat
padat, didasarkan atas perbedaan antara kelarutan zat yang diinginkan dan kotorannya.
Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari cara pemurnian asam benzoat dari sampel asam
benzoat dengan cara rekristalisasi sehingga didapatkan kristal yang murni. Rekristalisasi asam
benzoat yang dilakukan dalam percobaan ini menggunakan metode pelarut tunggal
1. Introduction
In the recent years, the production and the use of plastics in the world have been enormously increased,
worsening the problem of the waste disposal . Biodegradable materials for plastic packaging has been rising due
to the common concerns for finite availability of petroleum resources and impacts from plastic pollution. While
many petroleum-derived polymer are not biodegradable, polymers synthesized from biomass-derived resources
are biodegradable. In such that way, diriven a demand for renewable resources . Despite the urgent need for
renewable materials for massproduced packaging plastics, and the incredible diversity of naturally biodegradable
materials with desired structural properties, the use of regenerated biomaterials inmodern engineering remains
extremely limited.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
Chitosan (Cs) was obtained from PT. BIOTECH Surindo, Indonesia. Montmorillonite K10 (MMt, Aldrich) was
prepared by calcination at 400 ᴼC for 12 hours before fabricated. Maleic anhydride (MAH, Merck) was used
without further purification. Acetic Acid, sodium hydroxide, Acetone, and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) were
obtained from Merck.
2.2. Synthesis of chitosangPoly(Maleic anhydride) (CsgMAH)
Chitosan powder (2 g) was dissolved in 80 mL of acetic acid in room temperature at constant stirring condition.
Maleic anhydride (10, 20 and 30% wt) was added into chitosan solution with the presences of 5% wt benzoyl
peroxide. Copolymerization were conducted at 80 ᴼC for 1 hours. The product was poured into stainless steel
template and dried for 12 hours at 50 ᴼC. Filmplastic was airing for acetic acid removal for 12 hours.
Table 1. Chitosan copoly (maleic anhydrides) formulation
Materials formula F0 F1 F2 F3
(gr)
Chitosan 2 2 2 2
MAH 0.2 0.4 0.6
BPO 0.01 0.02 0.03
2.3. Synthesis of Chitosan/Montmorillonite gpoly(maleic anhydride)
Fabricating of chitosan/montmorillonite copoly(maleic anhydrides) composites were same with synthesis of Cs
gMAH. However, the addition of sMMt (3, 6, 9, and 12% wt) were conducted after 1 hour blending of chitosan
with MAH. Blending of these compounds was carried out for 1 hour, than poured into template to obtained film
plastic form. Chitosan/Monmorillonite composites with contained 3, 6, 9, and 12% wt of MMt was labeled as
Cs/MAH/MMt3, Cs/MAH/MMt6, Cs/MAH/MMt9 and Cs/MAH/MMt15, respectively.
Table 2. Formulation of the Cs/MMt fabricating
2.4. FTIR analysis
The spectra of the films were recorded at room temperature as KBr pellets on Shimadzu type FTIR 8201 PC
spectrophotometer. The light source of transmittance was in the range of 4000500 cm1. The films were
mounted directly in the sample holder.
2.5. Mechanical testing
Mechanical testing of CsgMAH and Cs/MAH/MMt were performed according to ASTM D638. The specimen
tests were prepared with 6 mm of section width, 33 mm of section length and under 4 mm of thickness.
Mechanical test was conducted using Mechanical Testing Machine RayRun M500 50CT, with 5 mm/min of
applying speed.
2.6. Water absorption
Water absorption test was performed to analysis swelling phenomena of CsgMAH and Cs/MAH/MMt bio
plastic. Before test, the initial weight of bioplastics were recorded as Wo. The bioplastics with 1 x 1 cm 2 (Ao)
of dimension were placed into chamber contain distilled water for 1 hours. The bioplastics weight change at
each times were recorded as Wt. In this study, bioplastic swelling area also calculated after recording the area
change (At) of bioplastic at each times. Water absorption and swelling area of bioplastic were calculated using
equation 1 and 2.
eq. 1
eq. 2
3. Result and discussion
3.1. Bioplastics preparation
CsgMAH and Cs/MAH/MMt plastics were prepared using solution casting method. CsgMAH solution
were prepared by sonicating various ammount of MAH (table 1) and 5% BPO with 10 mL of 1,5% acetic acid
solution and added into 2 g of chitosan solution in 70 mL of 1,5% acetic acid solution. For the preparation of
Cs/MAH/MMt plastics mixture, the maximum composition of CsgMAH (based on the best mechanical
properties) with various level MMt content is used for preparation of bioplastics (table 2). At first weighed MMt,
MAH and BPO was dispersed with 10 mL of 1,5% acetic acid solution and dispersed using sonicator for 30 min.
Then the solution was added into 2 g chitosan solution in 70 mL of 1,5% acetic acid solution. All the plastics
mixture were heated to 80 °C for 1 h in a refluks system. The plastics mixtures were then casted onto aluminium
plates (14 x 15 cm) framed at four sides. The cast plates were dried at oven 50 °C for 12 h and then the plastics
were peeled off from the plates.
3.2. FTIR analysis
(a)
Transmitance (%)
(b)
(c)
The carboxylation of chitosan can be achieved easily by the reaction between its amine groups and anhydride
groups from various anhydride derivatives such as succinic anhydride, phtalic anhydride and maleic anhydride
(MAH) . In this work, MAH was used to modify mechanical properties of the chitosan polymer matrix. To
determine the polymer matrix composition, FTIR analysis was employed and the spectra of chitosangMAH
and Cs/MAH/MMt bioplastics, respectively, in the 4000 – 350 cm 1 wave number range are shown in Figure 1a
c. The absorption bands observed at 1566 and 1625 cm−1 due to the –NH bending vibration in amine groups
chitosan and the stretching vibration of CO bond from MAH, respectively. In addition, the CsgMAH polymer
matrix showed a new absorption peak at 1704 cm−1 corresponding to the CO stretching vibration of carboxyl
groups . Above results provide preliminary evidence that the MAH was interacted with matrix chitosan.
4. Conclusion
The CsgMAH and Cs/MAH/MMt bioplastics have been successfully produced.
Acknowledgments
Author(s) would like to acknowledge their thanks to Indonesian General of Higher Education for financial
support through PKMDikti grants 2016.
References