soanecte to BS 5950 4.9.6 DESIGN OF COLUMN 3°STPLATES Clause 4.13.2 of BS $950 gives Sidince on the design of concentrically loaded slab baseplate, ‘whieh covers most practical design situations (Hip 429). The plan area ofthe baseplate given by ial load Plan at of beep a) Siancnon Tearing sxe th ‘where bearing stenath =0.fe for concrete founds sions. The baseplate thickness, 45s given by a=, ws Bunge ides S? Pree Wm where ais the greater projection ofthe plate beyond ‘re ‘he colume (Fig. 4.2}, b the smaller projection of the plate beyond the column (Fig. 4.29), the pressure on the underside of she plate assuming + ‘uniform disbation (N mam’*) and py the design svength ofthe plate which may be akea from Table 6 of BS $950 (Table 4.2), bur not greater tan 270 Nam! 4.15 Design of a steel column baseplate je forthe axially loaded column shown below, assuming thatthe foundations are of {spmpessive characteristic strength 30 N aun” "and the design stnength of te slate ‘eal tas = 260086) 55 «205» H8hgm™ YO te bascplat is square, the minimum length ofthe sides of che baseplate fs (2.5 x Pres on che underside of baceplate, 1 sven by ame Steet lenmec hen: we een lia 2 aa? | sat | ee ace | 2.5m oP I” | ae [Feo] come 25X12 96 gt 2)” | Hence provide baseplate 500 x 500 x 30 mm. | 4.10° Design of connections ‘There are two principal methods for connecting {ogethe tee elements af tucare, and the taro ‘leat, end plats, et. alto equine 1, Boling, using ordinary or high strength fiction ‘Bip CHSEG) bots, i the principal method of ‘Sonnecting together elements on Ste 2, Welding, principally eleceic are welding, is an alternative way of connecting elements on site, ‘but most welding usually takes place in factory conditions. End plates and fixing cleats are Welded to the elements ia the fabrication yard ‘The elements are then delivered to site where ty are bolted together in postion. Figure 4.20 shows some eypical connections used in steel strucrares, ‘The aim ofthis sesion is» desribe the design lof some commonly used ypesof felted and weed connections in steel strictures. However, a the butse, itis wor while reiterating “ome” genera) points relating to connection design given in clause 5 of BS 5950, ‘The Gist sentence is witaly important ~‘Connec- ‘ont should be designed on the bans ofa realise assumption of the dsuibation of intemal forces Inaving regard to relate safes.’ fore any de- tailed design is embarked upon therefore, a consideration of how forces wil be transmuted ‘through the jones escent "Joins shoulé be designed to actin accordance With the assumptions already made in the design.” 1 for insiance, the sructre is designed in ‘simple onstnicien’, the bean-columan joint ould be designed accordingly to accept rotations rather than moments. A cgi joint would be completly wrong im this sination, as it would tend to generate = ‘moment in the columa for which it has not been Sesigned. “The ductile of sce! assists in the ciserbution of forces generaed witha a joint’ This means that residual frees due 1o sal lack of for due to Belt ‘iphtening, do not uormally have tobe considered. 4.10.1 BOLTED CONNECTIONS ‘AS mentioned above, rwo types of bolts commonly = ee - Fis. 4.30 Type comacon: (2) beam hin: (3) beam bem 145,rornres are ordinary (or black) bolts ‘Sheared edge = 1.44 bls Ordinary bolts suttain a sear load ‘Allend distances = 1'4Ds smengh ofthe bole shankitscl, whereas 4 Tren a ge ae Se we ners Dy ishe ameter ofthe bolt ole Noe that rs oper hy Gare ee, he ege sane oy thc danoe Bot eco lpe af the ole fo te ute age ofthe Sass fewogaic ofordinary bole, eameiy4.s — Sehtandex'othedrcaon ofthe sey reste Br reer ee es aod detanens ag dic Govaceioaoaecins it conferm to the general grade, The pre, (0 the edge of the plat in the direction of ses, a sted bol are12, 18.90, 22, of and > Maximum edge distance, 1, should generally not Z lea! dumeter. Generally, in structural connec- ‘oxen he ietiowriog: e Ld 8.8 beltshaving a diameter not ss an ae ine I ! m sect recommended: In any case, afar as iy onesie and grade of bolt should be where tg te thickness ofthe thinner par and ¢= a ect. 275ipy oo) A nldiameter of holes for ordinary bolt aN 0th bolt diameter, dh, plus 2 mm for 4.10.3 STRENGTH CHECKS I v 1024 mm in diameter and 3mm for bolts Bolted connecsont may fil due to various mecha pester in diameter: nisms including shear, bearing, tension and , s ‘combined shear and tension. The folowing eecdone 2m fir ete a caaeenecae be D=d+9mm fords = 27 mm ated desi procedures for connections invoving a (@) ordinary bolt and (o) HSFG bolt. 1 FASTENER SPACING AND ‘DISTANCES: 40.3.1 Ordinary bolts 'ofBS 3950 contains various recommen- 7 z Me dota eee ea Shear and bearing. Referring to the connection fEsanes to fatcnern vorae ofwhich ae etal shown in Fig 422, it can be seen that dhe Shee loading on bolts A between the web cles and the column wil bein shear, and that there are three Beoveen centres of bolts Le, pitt (9), principalway inwhich the joint may fa. First, the Fi4.12 Faies modo eam concn: ) lsh fm of tok (2) Mano foeof ol ) Girecdon of sress and not exposed 10 bolts can fll in shea, for example along surface) tine ature of ce ‘aDuences should lie within the follow- yy (Fig. 4.32(@)). Secondly, the bolts can iil a ‘bearing as the web cleat cuts into the bolts (Fp. ult secede +432{0), This can only happen when the belts are “e Softer than the metal being joined. Thirdly the metal is tie diameter of bolts and tthe thick being joined, i. the cleat can fallin beatings he aes ply. Boles cut into it (Fig. £3200). This is the converse Too eas edge Sstance,c1, and end distance, es, ofthe above situation and can only happes when the zs should coaforin with the following bok arearder than the metal being joined. | lig Tefollows therefore, dat tbe derign ser stengeh ‘ea | ean Rolled edge = 1.25Dy ‘of te connection should he taken athe least of \ os aa FF a C les) 4 a Fig. 4.33 Des shes fie. 147Shear seen arse Take pew epacgyofthe bolt, Pepa, (435) temas epesity af Blt, Po dpe 436) eng xpi of connected ply, Aus dire = Um, (437) nistesbear surength ofthe bolt (Table 4.21), oe beaig stength of the bole (Table 4.21), pe, ening seagth ofthe ply (Table 4.22), eis the ene ez ad iste effective area for shea, taken as the tensile sirees area, (Table shear, Ifa column suppars so bears it famoc indicated in Pig. 433. the failure modes remain the sane a forthe previous se, thatthe bols (B) will be in “double shea ens that failure of che bolts will only cee ur fries aay2 and 257) exceed che Shear ofthe bolt (Fig. 4.38 (8). The shes capac, sin double shear i given by ‘Sear capaciy of bol in double shear =2P, (35) Tible 4.22, Bearing strength of connecied Fa for ordinary boks in clearance oes x (le 33, BS 5950) 0.65 (t+) (| Be ite rested ninmam jaurn (J eieisvesnccbed mitotane eae sa “Fable 4.21, Serength of bolts in clearance holes (Table 32 of BS BO Bol pate mn) an a 10 @) O60; bu = 008% Besragstensth my e035 Ode rai fonenen (mi) oats 0 “ Femoomennn 195 GS savy ur < 069 ¥ "Nae Yes the specified minimus yet azengah of he sioer and Ur the ‘pecied minimum uate en suengi of te tesesce “Thus, dovble shear effeevely doubles the shear scuengeh ofthe bal. ‘Tension. Tension flare may arze in simple con- nections a eresltofexcesive tension inthe bale Fg. 434) or cover plates Pig 4340). The ten on eapaciy of ordinary bolts, Pe given by Papa 439) where 7 js the tention strength of the bolt (Table $21) and A isthe tensile sess area of bolt (Tale 429). The tesileespaciy of a fa pate is given by Re Ady (4.40) where effective area, Ae fs Aes Koda < Ag (any in which Ke = 1.2 for grade 43 steel plates, gis the ross area of plate = br Fi. 4.3406) and i the ‘act ares of plate = Ap allowance for bol holes Dus, Fig 42400). (Combined shear and tension, Where ordinary ‘oles are subject to combined shearand tension (Fi 4435) in addition to checking thectheat ad tensiob capacities separately, the following. reladonship should also be sisbed: Table 4.23. Tensile sess area, Ae ‘Nominal secant Testers Prod diameter (mom) ee, Ae (om) 30 Sor ig 4-56 Types firs() te tes () coe plate tion BUR. ay RrASM here Fis the applied shear, Fthe applied tension, the shear capacity (equation 4.33) aod Te the tension capacity (equation 439). 4103.2 HSPG bolts Shear and beating. If HSFG bolts, rather chan ‘ordinary bots, were used in the connection deta shown in Fig. 4.32, failure of the connection would Drncipally be a6 2 result of (@) slip Between the connected members or () bearing fahse of the ‘connecting ply. Taus with connections using HEC. oles te design shear strengths then asthe leet ‘of (slip resistance, Pat, given by P= 1.tKy Po (43) $28 @ beating eps of connected A gnan Pras deg = Wein, 4.44) ‘here Psthe minimum shank tension (Table 4.24), Kis 0 for clearance holes, the sip factor = 0.45, ‘re the bearing strength of connected parts (Table Fig 438 Braces ta cabin, 423), Fe the applied shear and Fy the external applied reason Tension. ‘The tention capacity, Pi of fission gr bolts given by Pe=0.9P. ear Combined sear and tension. When friction ev bol ae subject wo combined shear and tension. the ‘he following adional check should be carried ot Fah ase Bytes Table 424 Prootload of HSFG boks, Neninalaas ond ‘Minn han ced shim esiorer om Prflead ON) 2» Me 2 m a0 286 ‘Table 425 Bearing seengih of ps connected ‘by parallel shank friction gp fasteners, ig CTeble 34,88 5950) Dosim era fed mer) Oko grade sul re) se 9 os Z 08a Bau bane 3 Na. Ys the peed mins yal seth afte ie nd Us the pei manana arte ena eg Msle 4.16 Analysis of a double angle web cleat beam-to-column connection cleat beam-to-colamn connecrion det shown below is suitable to ‘of 400 RN. Assure the steels rade 43 andthe bolts are M20, grade "02 mm clearance holes = 610 » 229 x 101 UB grade 43 ine 7 | HE a Nepean FASTENER SPACING AND EDGE/END DISTANCES ‘Diameter of bolt, dy Diameter of bolt bole, Dy Pitch of bolt, p Edge dist, 1 End distance, o Thickness of angle cleat, tp along conditions need 10 be met teh 325d, =25%20=50 < 140 and 60 OK ices © lap= 14% 10= 140 140 and 50 OK Edgedistance ay = 14Dy= 14x22 = 308<40 OK Enddistance ss > 1.4D,=1.4%22=308 < 60 and 50 OK sande S Tipe = 11% 10%} = 110 40, 50 and 60 OK ade 49 steel wich fp = 10 mum, py =275 N mum €= 1.) Hence all fastener spacings and cisances to fasteners are satafacory. STRENGTH OF BOLTS CONNECTING CLEATS TO SUPPORTING COLUMN Noy MAO geade 8.8 bole, Hence de 245 sac? (Table 4.20) and jy 975 aa? (Tale 4.20 capacity of single bolt, P,5 Pes pel Dercapacty of bolt group is oF, ice bos are adequate in shear. 375% 28 OL 9=5514N> Boosting Bearing capacity of bolt, yi given by Prv= dip = 20% 10% 1035 = 207 10° = 297 RN Since thickness of ange lea (= 10mm) < thickness of calm Dang (-75 eam), Dearing capaci ct gest crdeal Beasog capaci af lest, Posi pen by Pn dfn = 20% 10 460 592% 10! N'= 92 EN = 12a 05% 00> 10% 960 138 10° N Hence foal capacity of connecton 6x92 =552 EN > V=400 kN ‘Therefore bol are adequate in bearing. CHECK STRENGTH OF BOLT GROUP CONNECTING CLEATS 10 WEB OF SUPPORTED BEAM Shecr No, M20 grade 6.8 bolts; Som above, Ae = 245 min? and p= 375 N mun? Since bot tein Soubit shear chest capaci ofeach bol 2P,= 201.62 168.8 ON [Lauds applied tothe bolt group are veri shear, V= 400 RN and moment, = 400 x 50 197? = 208m ‘Outermost bat As) subject to greats shear force which x eq) to he ela ofthe lad due {he mement, M20 RN and vera sbear free, P= 4008N London the caters alt ae tommdment, Faby even by where Ai the area of bol, Zthe modulus ofthe belt group is 1, $3000 380 and Fhe inertia ofthe bolt group is 24 (307 + 907 + 150") = 63 0004 amt Load on outermost bolt due to shear, Fis given by Fan= VINO. of bolts = 4006 [Resultant shear force of belt, Fa is Pax Fa? + Fas?) » (66.77 + 47.67) Since F, (© 821) < 2P, (= 183.8}N) the bats are adequate in shear Booring Bearing capacity of bot, Foy is Piy=207 RN (fom above) > F OK Bearing enpaciey ofeach leat, Pie Pu s92KN (Grom above) Bearing capacity of both cleats A= 4204 ea? 6.7 EN 2x92=184KN> ROK Bearing eapaciey ofthe web Po is Pos dupe = 20 10.6% 460. 10y s » of fe a 8 Dec crmncon =57526N>R OK Cp rtensys 1157 =589KN> A, OK bolts, cleats and bear web are adequate in bearing. TENSILE CAPACITY. — Masn bet eo, Fie STRENGTH OF CLEATS BY B Pots? = 200% 250 «370121708 + 1702 « 210? + 370%) apa ofa singe ange clest Py it BS Men - Fistp-e= eoxatiuscborie? os9,se5 Tate ee x89 (e423 of 8 9950)= 099 cn en ree 0910 oe eeu }* 3600 mm’. Since shear force Vi 200 KN) < Py (= 594 the angle is adequate in shear. heir COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION Combined check: a ‘Me py2'= 278 x 266.7 «10? = 13.3 x 10°N mm =73.3 2N > M 2099 ©14 OK, 2 2 389 * 70.6 y 20 = = 266 667 mm?, Angle cleat sade Hence the M16, grade 6.8 belts are sacisfaco oe” 6 Wdequate in bending. ie the M16 grade 6.8 bolts are sasfact SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE BEAM Example 4.18 Analysis of beam splice connection capacicy ofthe supported beam, Po is P= O.6pyy = 0.6 275 x 6383.3 = 1053.2 10? N> ‘Shots thatthe spice connection shown below i suitable to ress a design bending moment, M, and (alo) ‘ear force, F070 KN m and 300 BN respectively, Assue te sechoriei Bano hoes Ar twDD= 10.6% 602.2 = 6383.3 mm?. Hence supported beam at the end is adequate in shear. ‘general grade, M22, HSFG bolts, iple 4.17 Analysis of a bracket-to-column connection #0 _, ents 00 et the botsin the bracketo-cluma conseon below ae suitable ores the design sheat | Bees i 2 sonia woe LLL HH t ? 3 I é 3 wo & * ‘Soune : “ sae = 487 191 x 82 UB the belts are subject to combined shear and tension, the bolts should be checked for shear, or 'and combined shear and tension separately. roa ‘Assume that (1) Dane cover plates resist the desig bending moment M al (2) web cover plates Bese aes eae ‘esis the design shear free, F, and the torsional moment (=F), where cithalfse Genes bebe Nenverattee gy ‘be centroids ofthe bolt groups ether side ofthe jin, roo SE OPO Pe 200 25 a8 FLANGE SPLICE st cpaccy of bolt, Pais roe ‘Check bolts in Nange cover plato ‘Siople caver plate on each Dange. Hence the bots inthe Ganges ae subject single shear and must # resist a shear forer equal toseatwotk to BS 5950 Applied moment__ M__ 270% 10? | ‘Gverall depth ofbeam™ "465.5 "S024 ™N of singe bok in single shear, Pas is Due LAKgPo 1.1% 1.0% 0.452177 =87.61N (Pe = 177 RN, Table 4.24) of beam flange (= 17.7 mm) > thickness of cover pate (w15 mim), beating in cover Bearing capacity, Poe, of cover plate is ng < Bespog py = 22% 15825 =272.2% 10° N, (pag = 825 Nim’, Tobe 4.25) ‘hepy = VB x 40 15 x 825 = 165% 10° N ier strength based on slip resftance of bolts, Slip resistance of § No. M22 bolts = 8Pat Be TOO AEN > shear force in bolts = 582.4 RN. Therefore the 8 No,, M22 HSFG bolts re adequate in sear. a= Ag~ aren of bolt oles Fi cover plates OK in tension, compressive capacity of flange cover plate nt in compessrion wil also be adequate provided the compression lange hes eulicent Poit hear Fy= 300 RN Imament= Fe (here shal the disance berwecn the centroids ofthe bolt groups either belt in aceordance with assumption (2) above) i the force du to vertical shear and Fig the force dve to torsional moment, Fe 300. Fon Kaas yal moment % Ab ecgn of connections, where Apis the atea of single bolt and Zp the modulbs ofthe bolt group whichis owen afbole group __ 24050" + 150%) Bistance wo fates bolt ~ 0 330.33 ay Hevee 13 50041 Foe" 335.3345 50.508 aod Fav (405? +754) = 85.28 17.6 KN and sip resistance of single bolt in double Slip resistance of single bolt in singe shear, Pa shearie 2Pa.= 287.6% 175.2 BN > Fi “Therefore, dear strength of bolts in web splice is adequate heck web of beam ‘The fores on the edge ofthe boles inthe web may give rise ro bearing failure and must therfore be checked, Here e= edge distance for web and be + is Deming capacity of web i igog = V3eig = V3 x 94.73 10.6 x 825 = 276% 10° 2220 10.6825 ~ 192.4 x10 N> Fr Hence web of beam is adequate in bearing, Check web cover plates Tee Teiets cone cage of the holes in the web cover plates ray give se to bearing fue ad must eleion ano be cheekod. Flee e= edge tance for web cover plates and 0= 28.37%, Thus 185| May, 10 2029 26:13FN PL FROM :RENUERS ENGG CONSULTANTS Fex NO, 1042720013 42 1 caeiare JP ae lee 2 ; Me™ ae ie dag SSY 2s NN I FZ I SAY eee ] f IT pees yea PSU ee eee eee PF po aoe [payer Tyree bo Boome A Wag dL nd den place | were Te Be yt) [PAs (HD) ates * | | Qn 3! | Fly I> | Ve [ tj) | | is L c | L {| sur} f] By al a, | cys) 4] el ko) el i is 5 b * x ity i j ey] s [ C i | Pap TP BY FP A bey]! \ rn | Ore) IL] bby ese] ree] anh) | | brelaea} ay] ses | age | tet] tw | | i |r = { Zz snr aera ae in Tol we | O29 Cy) » (P) | oun poe Og qn feypoo probes]. ot] OW) pov] | ped Oe | eens] 978 Hee] | YD warug rea 7d 74 nef peur . 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