20.4 MASONRY WALL AND ITS FOOTING ‘The procedure explained heteis basically taken from UBC and TBC but is modified where ever necessary according t0 the local conditions. The following properties of bricks and brick ‘masonry ate required for design of the wall 20.4.1 Masonry Strength “The crushing strengih OF Wicks when tested in Mat position varies Berweer 4 t0 19 ‘MPa. The Punjab first clas bricks have an average value of compressive stength of 10.5 MPa (1500 psi. This strength decreases by up to 25% when the bricks are soaked in water A much higher stienuth is predicted when the bricks are ested in Mat positon due to restraining effect of platers of the mackine against lateral spliting. It is to be romembored that concrete and bricks fail in compression duc to lateral tensile sito3s developed dve to Poisson's effect of compression in the vertical direction. ‘The actual sirength of @ wet brick may be considered approximately half of the value in dry condition ané fat position (5.25 MPa) ‘Crushing strength of a block of masonry is about 75% ofthe enushing strength of brick unit for 1:3 C/S mortar, because of incomplete dilling ofthe joints with the mortar and ‘weaker mortar-brick bond. This value is 65% for 1-4 CIS mortar, 45% for 16 CIS. ‘mortar and 35% for mad plaster with pointing or plaster on both sides. ‘The resulting specified compressive strength of brick masonry (f) for various mortars is given in Table 20.1 ‘Table 20.1, Specified Compressive Stress on Brick Meson’ (fy, Hem ‘fol (MPa) 1. Brickwork in 1:3 C/S mort 40 2_ Brickwork in 14 C/S moras 3 3. Brickwork in 1:5 C/S mortar 29 4. Brickwork in 1:6 C/$ mortar 24 Brickwork in mud morar with pointing oF 1s plastering on both sides. According to some researchers, the allowable tensile stress on masonry may be considered equal to 1/15" of the llowable compressive strength20.4.2 Story Height Of Wall ‘The story height of a wal isthe center wall fre -center height between lateral supports, Fora atthe top, the height of wall is measured from plinth to top of the wall 20.4.3 Effective Height Of Wall (H) ‘The effective height of a wallis determined as follows. cuarren 2: SPECIAL TORIES 359 i) For walls with lateral support attop, if = 0.75 « actual story height ii) For walls with no support at top but with considerable vertical load, M7 = 1.05 > actual story height iii) For walls with no support at top, with no vertical load at top, H = 2.0 » actual siory height 20.4.4 Slenderness Ratio For Walls (R) It is defined as the ratio Of the lesser of effective height and cle spacing of lateral supports to the effective thickness, The slendemess ratio (actually wikivlength to thickness ratio) should usually be kept to a maximum of 18 fr ordinary walls and 20 for Solid units or filly grouted masonry (IBC §2100). However, it may’ be inreased to 24 for stronger CS mortar and 32 for 1:3 CS mortar (not an IBC provision). Accoidity to IBC, the slenderness fatio for nonbeating walls may be hept equal 0 18 for exterior walls dnd 36 for interior wall.20.4.5 Lateral Support According to IBC §2109.4, masonry walls should be laterally supported in either horizontal or vertical direction at intervals such as that the wall slendemess ratio does not exceed the values given above, 20.4.6 Minimum Thickness Of Masonry Walls ‘The minimum thickness of masonry bearing walls more than one story hi 200 mm, Bearing walls of one-story buildings should not be less than 150mm thickness (IBC §2109.5.2) 20.4.7 Wetting Of Bricks ‘The clay or shale bricks, at the time of laying, should be properly wetted if the unit’s initial rate of water absorption exceeds 31 grams per 0.02 m” per minute, as determined by ASTMC 67 (IBC 8214.5) 20.4.8 Allowable Stresses ‘The allowable stresses in brick masonry may be found by’ using the expressions mainly taken from UBC 1997, as follows: 1. Allowable Axial Compressive Stress B (4) | for 29, Risericalslendemess ratio wo fork > 29 2 Allowable Flexural Compressive Stress (Fi) Fy = 0332 with amaximum of 14 MPa.360. CONCRETE STRUCTURES PARI 1 AUTOR: ZALID A. stDorQt 3. Combined Compressive Suess: The following interaction equation must be satisfied Lhe rR 4. Allowable Tensile Sess: F = LYFE petmendteuer to bed (horizontal joint = i‘ FL perpendicular to head (vertical) joint, 5, Allowable Shear Suess In Flexural Members with a maximum of 0.345 MPa, 6. Allowable Shear Stress In Shear Walls: with a maximum of 0551 MPa Role w 7. Batra Load Factor For Concentation OF Loads ‘An estra load factor is requited for concentration of loads due to openings or presence (of beams at definite Locations, having the following approximate value: no 13 8, Extra Load Factor For Eccentricity Of Loads An opproximate load magnification factor is usually weed for eccentricity of loading on extetior walls, having the following approximate value Y2 = 15 for exterior wall design, 1.35 for edge wall footing and 1.70 for ‘comer masonry column, 20.4.9 Assumptions For Masonry Wall Footing Design 1. The structural load is assumed to be uniformly distributed at foundation level, neglecting the effect of openings, ete