71

77

A G RA PH I C A L T R EATM E NT

O F THE

N DUCTI O N M O TO R

LA N D

T ran s l ate d fro m th e Sec on d E diti on

G . H . R O WE a nd R . E . H E L LM UN D

NE W " O R"

Mc G raW Pub lis h in g C o m p an y

1906
 E N G I N EE R HN G M E RR E "

C opy ri ghted , 190 6 , i

'

b y th e
M cG R A W P U BL I S H I N G C O M PAN "

N ew " ork
‘
I tro d u ct io n
n

G e n er a l T he o ry
D i a gra ms o f the I n d u ct i o n M o t o r
Cu rre n t D i a gr a m
Fiel d D i a gra m .

Ci rcle D i a gr a m
D eterm in a t i o n o f I n p u t etc fr o m the ,
.
, D i a gra m .

F ri ct io n a n d I r o n L o ss es
C o pper L o sses
E lectri c a l I n p u t
T o rq ue
O u tp u t

E lectr i c a l E ffi c i e n cy
P ra ct i c a l A ppl i c a t io n o f the D ia gra m
N o te on Co rrect i o n to be A ppl i e d
E x a mples .

2 H P . . M o to r

7 H P M o to r
. . .

12 H P . . M o to r

I ct io n M o t o r a s
ndu G e n er a t o r
S i n gle P h a s e M o t o r

8 389 9 1
 A GRA PH I CA L T R EA T M EN T

O F T H E I N DU CT I ON M O T OR .

The O b "e ct of the method de scribed in the following

pages is the e xpe rime n ta l dete rmi n a tio n of the cha ra c
te r i s ti c p rope rties o f i n ductio n moto rs I t co n sists e s.

s e n ti a ll y i n the p ra ctical applicatio n o f the circle dia

gram first described by the write r i n

,
I t is
based o n two simple a n d qui ckly pe rfo rmed e x p e r i m e n
tal tests o n the fi n ishe d moto r
'

The metho d shows at a gl a n ce th e main p rope rtie s

o f a moto r a n d i ts comme rcial e x cellen ce The write r .

ha s use d the circle di a gram seve ral yea rs i n the testi n g

room fo r compa ri n g c a lcul a te d value s with results O h
ta i n e d from tests a n d it has well se rve d its purpo se
, .

B efo re de scrib i n g the metho d a n d its a pplications ,

pe rh a p s I m a y be a llowe d to p re se n t b rie fly the theo ry

of the i n ductio n moto r and the derivati o n c f the
,

di agr a m .

GE N E R A L THE OR " OF TH E I NDU CT ION MOTOR .

The i n ductio n moto r is i n p ri n ciple a tra n sfo rme r .

The e xciti n g membe r A (F i g 1) rep rese n ts the i n duci n g

.

-
o r p rima ry circuit " the sho rt circuited membe r B r e p r e
*E lektr o tech n ische " e i tschr i ft , O c t 11 1894
.
, ,
p . 5 61
.
2 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .

s e n ts the induce d o r se co n d a ry circuit T h e alte r .

n a ti n g field s p roduced by the curre n t i n the e xciti n g

coils combi n e i n the well kn ow n ma n n e r to fo rm a

rot a ting field . The moto r is the refo re a tr a n s fo r m er
, ,

w i th a r o ta ti n g fie l d a n d the load of the system is dete r

,

m ined a t any time b y the di ffe rence between the con

s ta n t speed o f ro tat i o n o f the field p ro duce d i n the
s tatio n a ry membe r A a n d that o f the rotati n g sho rt
,

c ircuited membe r B The turn i n g o f the roto r is due

.

FI G . 1 .

to t h e to rque e xisti n g between the rotati n g field a n d

the curre n ts p ro duced i n the sho rt -circuited membe r
b y rotatio n i n the field These curre n ts a n d the refo re
.
,

al so t h e to rque va ry di re ctl y with the p roduct of the

,

slip a n d the field i n te rli n ked with the se conda r y con

d u c to r s .

The slip i s de fi n e d a s the di ff e re n ce betwee n the

spee d o f rotatio n o f the e xciting fie l d a n d that o f the ,

sho rt -circuite d se co n d a ry The va ri a tio n of the slip in

.
 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR . 3

t he i n d uctio n moto r ha s the same signi fican ce a s th e

v a ri a tio n of lo a d o f the o rdi n a ry tra n sfo rme r due to ,

a cha n ge O f its e xte rnal resista n ce .

With co n sta n t imp ressed ele ctromotive fo rce the ,

fi e l d p roduced by the current i n the p rima ry windi n g

is co n st a n t fo r a l l loads a s i n the tra n sfo rme r This
,
.
,

howeve r is n o t true i n the sho rt circuite d membe r

,
-
,

whi ch is the real wo rk t ra n smitt i n g eleme n t H e rei n .

l i e s th e e sse n ti a l di ffe re n ce betwee n the i n duction moto r

'

a n d the tr a n sfo rme r without le a kage in which a s is , ,

well known the total p ri ma ry field pa sses through the

,

se co n d a ry S i n ce t here must of n e ce ssit y be a n a i r

.
, ,

g pa betwee n the sho rt circuite d wi n di n gs a n d the pri

m a ry wi n di n gs n o t all o f the m a g n eti c li n es (1
,
5 i n duced
i n the p rima ry membe r pa ss through i n to the se co n da ry .

B ut a p a rt gs passes dire ctly through the sp a ce be

,

twee n the tw o w i n di n gs b a ck i n to the p rim a ry mem

be r a n d o n ly the d i fi e r e n c e c
* ‘
p a sses i n to
‘

, h

the sho rt -circuite d membe r This field gb p ro duces i n . A ,

the latte r curre n ts whi ch lag a cco rdi n g to the l a w o f

, ,

i n ductio n a qu a rte r pe riod behi n d the field i a they

, , . .
,

a r e in qu a dra ture with the i n duci n g field a n d t h e re ,

fo re the to rque p ro duced is p ropo rtio n al to the p ro

duct of i n duce d curre n ts a n d p rima ry field .

The li n e s oS a r e c a lled lea kage li n e s o r lea kage field

, ,

a n d si n ce they a r e c a used by the p rima ry curre n t I I

*I n f a c t there i s n o t o n ly a pr i m a ry le a k a ge b u t a ls o a ,

sec o n d a ry le a k a ge t h a t is a fl u x w h i ch i s i n t erl in ke d w i th t he
sec o n d a ry c o n d u ct o rs o n ly .I t i s h o w ever a d m i r a ble a n d
~

s i mpl i fi es f u rt her c o n s i d er a t i o n s to a ss u me t h a t the pr i m a ry

,

a n d sec o n d a ry le a k a ge fl u xes a r e c o mb i n e d to f o rm o n e s i n gle

le a k a ge fl u x —i e the pr im a ry le a k a ge fl u x 96 T h e i n ex a ct
. .

8 .

n ess i n tr o d u ce d t hereby i s O f n o pr a ct i c a l i m
'

p o r t a n c e i n th e

res u lts O bt a i n e d fr o m the f o ll o w i n g d er i va t i o n — R O W E H E L L

M UN D .
4 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR .

o n l y t h e y m ust be p ropo rtio n al to it

, . If we desi g nate
th e relucta n ce o f the lea ka ge path by the n we have
p, ,

The main field a s i n the t ra n sfo rme r is o f con stant

, ,

a m plitude b
g . The refore the a rma ture field (1
, B is A

gi ve n b y the di ffe re n ce betwee n the mai n field a n d

t h e lea kage field gb A oS —oS ( g
F i and is
, p ro .

FI G . 2 .

d u ce d b y the diff e re n ce bet w ee n the ampe re turns O f

the p rima ry a n d se co n da ry circuits I f we call the .

re sulti n g mag n eti zi n g curre n t I a n d the relucta n ce

, ,

o f the path o f the se co n d a r y field p the n ,

Thi s mag n eti zi n g curre n t is thus n o t constant a s ,

in the t ra n sfo rme r but de crease s with i n creasi n g loa d

,

sin ce with in crea si n g load the curre n t I 1 a n d the refo re

i n crea se s 7
.
5 will the refo re de crea se
5 .
 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR .

If current is p roduced i n th e se con d a ry mem

no

be r the p rimary wi n d i n g ca rries o n ly the mag n etizi n g

,

curre n t a n d the refo re the p rim a ry curre n t e quals the

,

m a gn etizi n g current o r ,

This o ccurs w h en the moto r is ru n n i n g u n loa de d and ,

the slip i s ze ro .

A s the lo a d i n crea ses we h a v e the followi n g phe

,

n o m e na : The slip i n c rea ses a n d with it the e l e ctro

,

motive fo rce i nduced i n the se con da ry membe r and ,

the curre n t I , re sulti n g the refrom i n creases This .

e c o n d a r y curre n t I , e xe rts a dem a g n etizi n g e ff e ct o n

t he field a n d the refo re cause s a s i n the tra n sfo rme r

, , ,

a co rrespo n di n g i n crease of the curre n t i n the p rima ry

membe r The demagn etizi n g i n flue n ce of the curre n t
.

I , a cts o n ly o n the a rmature fiel d The stre n gth o f the .

lea kage field i n creases howeve r i n dire ct ra tio with

, ,

the i n crease o f the prima ry curre n t The refo re the .

,

incre a se o f the lo a d a n d the i n crease o f the se co n da ry

,

curre n t h a ve the f e llowi n g co n se que n ce s :

,

1
() The se co n da ry field is de c rea sed by the d e m a g

n e ti z i n g a ction of I

I dire ctly the lea kage field is i n cre a se d due to

()
2 n , ,

an i n crea se of 1 .

Thus the lea kage field is di re ctly p ropo rtio n al to

,

I 1
.
The a rm ature field e qu a ls the di ffe re n ce between
the m ai n a n d lea k a ge fields a n d the refo re the sum of ,

t he a rm a tu re field a n d le a k a ge field must be e qual

to the mai n field a n d consta n t .

D IA G RA M OF TH E I N D U C T I O N M OT O R .

in t h e well kn ow n tra nsfo rme r di a gra m the p ri

As ,

ma ry curre n t a n d the se co n da ry curre n t i n the sho rt

,

circuited se con d a ry c a n be rep r e se n te d b y two side s

,
6 TH E I N D UC T I ON I VI O T OR .

of a tria n gle (F i g . o f which the resulti n g thi rd side

i s the magneti zi n g cu rrent I .

Thi s mag n eti zi n g curre n t p roduces the se conda ry

field whi ch i n te rlin ks with both the e xciting and short
,

circuited windi n gs The se conda ry field p roduce s the

.

curre n t s i n the sho rt -ci rcuited se conda ry " it being i n

f a ct the o n l y field which p a sse s i n to the se c o n da ry
”

The se conda ry curre n ts the refo re l ag e xa ctly a qua rte r

, ,

p e riod behi n d the se co n d a ry field A s s h own befo re .

,

the m a i n d i ff e r e n c e b e tw e e n the tra n sfo rme r without '

lea kage a n d the i n ductio n moto r lie s i n the fa ct th a t ,

I m p re s s e d E . M F
. .

FI G . 3 .

the magn itude of the mag n etizi n g current cha n ge s a n d ,

th a t the c urre n t tria ngle ch a n ge s its positio n .

We kn ow (Fi g 3) th a t the co n st a n t mai n field whi ch

.
,

i n du ce s a cou n te r ele ctromotive fo rce co rrespondi n g to

the impre ssed elect romotive fo rce is at right a n gle s to
the imp re sse d ele ctromotive fo rce i n a ci rcuit without
'

re sist a n ce a n d without i r o n l o s s e s
,
U n de r the se c o n .

d i ti o n s i n a tra n sfo rme r without le a kage the ma g n et

, ,

i zi n g curre n t i s the refo re a t ri ght a n gles to the i m

p re ssed ele ctromot ive fo rce a n d is co n st a n t
, .

F u rthe r the curre n t tria n gle always ha s the s a me

,

rel a tive positio n to the ele ctromotiv e fo rce . _

 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR

In the i nduction moto r h oweve r the ma i n field must

, ,

be resolved i n to two pa rt s On e p a rt the lea kage field

.
, ,

is i n phase with the p rima ry curre n t a n d p ropo rtio n al ,

to it . The othe r pa rt the se co n d a ry field must there

, ,

fo re be v a ri a ble a n d c a n n ot be i n phas e with the

,

m a i n field The m a g n eti zi n g curre n t which p roduce s

.

thi s se co n da ry field must the refo re v a r y i n amplitude

,

a n d dire ction I t is po ssible to follow t h e se cha n ge s

.

by the gr a phical combi n atio n O i the fie l ds (F i g

"

T h e dia gra m p r o po sed b y the write r is ba sed o n

I m m e s se d E M F. . .

FI G .
~
4 .

the se a ssumptio n s a n d is rep re se n te d i n F i g 5

, . .

The le a kage field is dire ctly p roportio n al to the p r i

ma ry current and i n phase with it o r
, ,

Thus we can rep re se n t the le a ka ge field a cco rdi n g to

,

a de fin ite sc ale by th e ve cto r A C I 1 The m a i n ’

.

field may be rep rese n ted b y a li n e A D co n sta n t in ,

8 TH E IND UC T I ON M O T OR .

m a gnitude and in quad rature with the ele ctro mo tive

fo rce .

qS OCA D

T h e third si d e C D m ust t h e re fo re i t h e se cond

’
, g v e

a r y fiel d o r ,

and C D m ust be in quad rature

’
with c
'
C ’
I and

I m p re s sed E M F
. . .

PI G . 5 .

p a rallel with A c I
’
F urt h e r the re must be a c o n
.
,

'
s t a n t relation between C D a nd A 6 a cc o rdin g to an
’

e quation p reviousl y given or ,

In orde r to satisf y this e quati o n w h e n t h e loa d

c h a nge s the poi n ts 0 and C must mo ve o n the two
’ ’
,
 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR . 9

half circle s represe n ted i n F i g 5 The a n gles A c C . .

’

an d C C D a r e alwa y s right a n gle s a n d the ra tio

’
,

QB i s co n st a n t
’
A 6

We see from the figure th a t the current ca n n ot i n

c rea se i n de fi n itely e ve n i f we a ssume the resist a n ce to
'
,

b e ze r o I t rea che s a ma ximum when C

. coi n cide s ’

with I ) o r ,

I , A D .

The le a kage field whi ch is the n represe n ted b y the

,

line A D e qua ls i n i n te n sity the mai n field a n d the

, ,

remai n i n g p a rt the se co n d a ry field be come s z e ro

, , .

I n this ca se
1, A D
0C
PS 93

L etus study n o w the co n d itio n fo r minimum curre n t .

The mi n imum curre n t flows whe n the moto r is r u n

n i n g without load I n this ca se I ,
. O and the refo re ,

I , the ma gnetizi n g curre n t o r ,

I
— I A C
oc oc -J oc
0
1 P 0
4

or ,
since oS remains consta n t we ha ve the relation
,

M aximum curre n t A D p,
M i n imum curre n t A C p

relucta n ce of lea k a ge p a th
reluct a nce o f path of se co n da ry field

The abo ve co n side ratio n s may be b rie fl y state d a s

follows : I n i n duction moto rs the relation betwee n the
 ND UC T I ON IVI O T OR
‘
10 TH E I .

ele ct romotive fo rce a n d the curre n t c a n be rep resented

by a ve cto r diagram I n this diagram the ve cto r .
,

rep resenti n g the curre n t which a s we kn ow va ries , , ,

with the loa d is dete rmi n ed by the fa ct th a t its e n d

,

point mo ve s i n a ci rcle " the po sitio n o f which is give n

by the ratio

A D p, reluctance of lea kage path

A C p reluct a n ce of path of s e co n d a ry field

DE TE RM INAT ION OF I N P U T O U T P U T T O R QU E
, , AN D SL IP .

So fa r we have inve stigated curre n t mag n itudes and

,

pha se di ffe re n ce s o n ly To utilize the diagr a m p r a o

.
,

tically a n d to dete rmi n e from it the ope ra tio n a n d

,

comme rcial e xcellen ce of a moto r we must i n troduce ,

the fri ctio n i ro n lo sse s a n d espe ci all y the ele ct ri cal

, ,

losse s .

T h e fri ctio n and iron losses can be co n side red c o n ‘

stant si n ce the speed o f th e moto r a n d the field be

,

tween n o lo ad and full lo a d a r e p ra cti c a ll y co n sta n t .

-
The i ron lo sse s f the sho rt circuited se co n da ry c a n be
o

n egle cted o n a ccount o f the low fre que n cy o f it s field .

We shall see l a te r that the e xciting field does not

remai n quite co n sta n t b u t is somewhat reduced b y ,

the O hmi c d rop in the p rima ry circuit On the othe r .

h a nd the i ro n losse s in the se co n d a r y i n crease slightly

,

with the load due to i n creasi n g slip

,
The se v a ri a tio n s O
.

will almost n eutralize ea ch othe r so th a t the total ,

_

i r o n lo sse s a re a pp roxim a tely co n sta n t .

I t i s quite di ffe re n t with the coppe r lo sse s A s is .

well kn o w n th e s e a re p ropo rtio n al to the s qua re of

,
~ -

the curre n t F o r this rea so n

. it is ve ry di ffi cult to ,

rep re se n t them dire ctly i n the diagram We shall see .

.

howeve r that t h ei r in fluen ce appea rs in anothe r fo rm

, .
 TH E I ND UC T I ON .
M OT O R . 11

vi z .
" by wea keni n g the field whe reb y the y ma y be
'

v e r y re a d i l y co n side red The o h mi c d rop o f the p ri.

"

—
ma ry wi n di n g I , X R , (I curre n t a n d R , O hmi c ,

r esist a n ce o f p rim a ry ci rcuit ) O pposes the p rim a ry i m

p re sse d ele ctromotive fo rce a n d co n se que n tly th e fiel d ,

doe s n o t n ee d to i n du ce a count e r ele ctrom o tive fo rce

e qual to the imp ressed but o n e e qu a l to the di ffere n ce ,

between the imp ressed ele ctromotive force a n d the

d rop I t follows that the main field i n duci n g the
.
,

cou n te r -ele ctromotive force and the re fo re also the , , ” ,

se co n da ry field will be de crea se d by a n amount c o rre

,

s p o n d i n g to the ohmic d rop The d iagram was how .

,

e v e r co n structed o n t h e a ssumptio n of a co n sta n t

‘

m a i n field " e t the omissio n of the loss of pote n tial

.
,

due to re sista n ce doe s n o t ch a n ge the co rre ct n ess O f

,

the diagram si n ce instead o f the d rop we c a n i n t ro

, , ,

duce a n e quiv a le n t field which m a y fi n all y be sub ,

tra cte d from the resulti n g se co n d a ry field .

S in ce a n el ectromotive fo r ce a lwa ys co rrespo n ds to

a field at right a n gle s to itsel f a n d i s p ropo rtio n al to ,

it we m a y take the O hmi c d rop i n to co n side ratio n b y

,

a re duction O f the field p ropo rtio n a l to a n d at right

a n gles to the d rop that is at right angles to the d i r e c
,

tio n o f the curre n t Thus we a rrive a t co rre ct re sults

.
,

if we co n side r the main field co n s ta n t i n o u r diagra m ,

a n d fi n ally de crease t h e se cond a ry fiel d by a n amount

co rrespo n d ing to the d rOp i n p ote n ti a l

’ m

I n the diagram t h e p ri m a ry curre n t A C ma y b e

’
,

re solve d i n to two components A C an d C C o f whi ch ’

, ,

the n o load compo n ent A C causes a c o nstant d rop .

’
The othe r compo n e n t C C is va riab l e and cause s a ,

d rop i n potential which appea rs in th e fo rm o f a dim i

n u ti o n of the field a p roportio n al to and i n qua d rature
.

with this compo n e n t I n othe r w o rds s in ce p a r t o f

.
,
 0

12 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .

th e imp ressed ele ctromotive fo rce is used in o ve rc o m ing

the ohmi c resista n ce the se co n da ry field needs o n l y
,
"

to be a ssumed smalle r b y a n amou n t co rre spo n di n g to

t h e O hm i c d rop. L e t us cal l this p a rt to be subtra cted

FI G . 6 .

C E " t h en C E is p ropo rtional to C C " t h at is the

’ ’ ’ ’ ’
,

poi n t E must move o n the ci rcumfe rence of the se co n d

’

ci rcle shown in F i g 6 This circle the refo re indic a te s

. .
, ,

t h at th e se conda r y field is not represente d as befo re

14 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR .

at a d ista n ce from it e qu a l to e ’
e,
’
we fin d the a ctual
to rque rep rese n te d by the li n e e,
’
E ’
or ,

’
To rque oc e
,
E
’

()
c The o u tp u t is give n by co n side ri n g the loss in
’ ’
the s ho rt -ci rcuite d se co n da ry E F a s the re duce d
a ltitude of the t ri a n gle C F D or ’
,

O utput f, F
’ ’
oc

(d ) The s l i p re sults from the f a ct that the currents

p ro d uced i n the se co n d a r a r e p ropo rtional to the y

p roduct of se co n da ry field a n d the slip o r ,

se c o n d a r y curre n t C ’
C
0C
se co n d a ry field E
’
D

B ut C C
’
00 E
’
C ,
an d the refo re also slip , ,
oc

D ra w i n the dia gram a n y straight li n e E , C so ’

’
th a t the a n gle D E C D E C is con .
’

st a n t fo r a l l load s si n ce all a n gle s inscribe d in the

,

same segment a re e qu a l and we have ,

E
/
C E 1
,
Cl "

E
’
D E ,
’
D

In
’
the abo ve p ropo rtio n E ,
D remai n s constant " then

oc E ,
’
C, ’

The refo re the slip i s p ropo rtio n al to E , C

,
Thus ’

we h a v e i n E , C , a mea sure o f the slip

’ ’
.

I n o rde r to find the v a lue of the slip we may de te r , ,

m ine the poi n t whe re the sli p is that is whe n

 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .
15

"

t h e r o tor is statio n a ry
. I n this c a se the output must .

be z e ro a n d the poi n t F must coi n cide with D This

,
.

k
happen s when C coi n ci d e s with C and the li n e C D
’ k

i s tangent to th e ci rcle O k
D raw the line 5 C pa rallel F .

’
to E , the n the i n te rcept 5 5 is p ropo rtio n al to
’

E, C’
and is in di re ct ra tio to k ( 00 % slip ) o r
1
s S
’
slip .

F i n ally the ele ctri cal e ffi cien cy m ay be dete rmined

"

.
,

The ele ctrical lo ss i n pe r ce n t o f the i n put is p ro .

po rti o n al to

5g g2
2 l 2
se c o n d cur r en t

prg
'
"sin ce C C C C D"
’ ’
00 00 c oo x
, , ,
r ut

a lin e C r from the point C at right angle s k k

D rawing
to A D we O bt a i n d ire ctly the above ratio (a s i n the
,

c a se of the slip ) i n the li n e 7r a n d the ele ctrical e ffi ’

,

c i e n c y in the remai n de r o f the li n e 7C k or ‘

'
E le c trical E fficie n cy C k
T

The diagram n o w give s us a complete dete rmination

o f a ll the e ssenti a l ch a ra cteristics O f a n i n ductio n moto r .

A t n o loa d (F i g the po in t C is fully d ete rmined .

O

by the no loa d lo sse s vi z the iro n losses frictio n a n d , ,

wi n d a ge a n d the coppe r lo ss o f the ma gnetizing cur

,

re n t These losse s a re rep re se n te d b y a n ene rgy cur

.

re n t C which , combi n ed with th e ma gn eti z i n g

curre n t A C give s the n o load current A C °
.

The to rque a n d output a re ze ro and the slip ve ry ,

sm a ll With i n cre a si n g load the poi n t C move s alo n g

.
,
’

the circumfe re n ce of the circle 0 The phase di ff e re n ce 6 .

0 betwee n the ele ctromotive fo rce a n d the current de

crea ses th a t is the powe r fa cto r i n crea ses A t the
, ,
.

A
’
nt C C Om the
’
p oi where is ta n,gent to th e circle
 16 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR .

p h ase diffe re n ce is a minimum . The torque is e

'
E ’
,

the output 7F and the Slip 5 S

’ ’
,
’
.

T h e output in crease s wit h in creasing slip and rea che s ,

o ut p ut

FI G . 7 .

”
a ma xi m um value at the poi n t F I f the slip still .

furthe r increa se s the output dimi n ishe s " the input

,

still i n crease s but late r also de cre a ses while the ph a se

, ,

d i ff e re n ce rapidl y i n crea s es The output become s

.
 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR . 17

e qual to zero whe n the slip e quals and the point

5
’
coi n ci d e s w ith the poi n t C k . The total i n put i s
the n con sumed i n the moto r .

PRA C T I C A L A P P L I C A T I O N OF T H E D IAG RAM .

Inthe p re cedi n g p a ge s we h a v e de rive d fully and

,

de fin itely a ll ch a ra cte risti cs chie fly from theo retica l

co n side ratio n s I t rem a i n s to show the a greeme n t
.

b etween the theo ry a n d p ra ctic a l tests I f we h a v e .

the complete d moto r befo re us we nee d the followi n g ,

dat a i n o rde r to d ete rmi n e its p rope rt ies .

1 R atio O f the
.

R
elu c t a n ce of le a kage path
R eluct a n ce O f p a t h o f m a i n fie l d .

2 . R esist a n ce
of the ci rcuits .

3 I ro n a n d fri ctio n lo sse s

. .

4 Curre n t moto r ru n n i n g light

.
,
.

5 Curre n t moto r blo cked

.
, .

S ome o f the se qualitie s a s fo r i n st a n ce the reluct

, , ,

a n c e s cannot be dire ctly me a sure d

,
A s we h a ve dete r .

mined i n the p re cedi n g wo rk it woul d be po ssib l e to ,

measure the se reluct a n ce s i f the lo sse s we re n egligible ,

th a t is if the ele ctri c a l re sist a n ce s we re e qual to ze ro

, .

The n if we me a sure the p rima r y c urre n t w ith the se c

, ,

o n d a r y circuit O pe n a n d a lso the curre n t w ith the

,

se co n d a ry ci rcuit clo sed a n d statio n a ry we would h a ve , ,

i n the first c a se the v a lue A C a n d i n the se co n d case

, ,

t h e value A D a n d

A D reluct a n ce o f le a ka ge p a th
A C reluc ta n ce of p a th o f m a i n fi eld

As shown i n co n se quence o f the losse s the a ctua l

, ,
.

limiti n g points a r e C a n d C k inste a d of C a n d D

0
, .
18 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR .

T hese poi n ts a re e a sily obt a i n e d a n d from them the ,

ce n tre of the ci rcle 0 We the n fin d the poi n ts C

6 .

an d D a,
n d all othe r ch a r a cte ristic poi n ts i n a s imi l a r
ma n n e r I t is only n e ce ss a ry to pe rfo rm two te sts
.

w ith a mmete r a n d w a ttmete r .

nt A C
0

()1 M oto r ru n n i n g without load The curre .

a n d the a n gle o f p h a se di ffere n ce 0 C A B 0

.

With st a tio n a ry a n d sho rt circuite d roto r The

-
()2 .

c urre n t A C k a n d the a n gle o f ph a se di ffere n ce 0 C A B

k
.

it i s impossible to allow full sho rt -circuit curre n t

If
t o flo w it is su ffi cie n t to m a ke the te st a t a lo w e r 1m
,

p re ssed ele ctromotive fo rce The r

. e a l sho rt -circuit
c u rre n t i s the n p ropo rtio n al to the ele ctromotive fo rce

a pplied I f we rep rese n t the ele ct romotive fo rce i n

.

di re ction b y the li n e A B " the dire ctio n a n d mag n itude

O f the n o lo a d curre n t b y A C
°
a n d the dire ctio n a n d
,

mag n itude o f the sho rt ci rcuit curre n t by A C k the n

-
,

t he cent e r O of the ci rcle is dete rmi n ed si n ce it must

, ,

l ie o n a li n e a t right a n gle s to A B I f by a thi rd .

,

test the resist a n ce R , o f the p rim a r y ci rcuit i s dete r

,

mi n ed the poi n t E can be fou n d b y ma ki n g C k E k

,
k

p ropo rtio n al to I , R , The n ce we fin d the cente rs

.

O a n d O a n d the slip li n e 3 C k
E F .

These two simple tests o n e a t n o lo a d a n d O n e

, ,

with sho rt -ci rcuite d an d st a tio n a ry roto r g i v e su ffi cie n t ,

d a t a to i n di cate clea rly all c h a ra cte ri sti c poi n ts a n d ,

to co n st ruct t h e loa d cu rves S i n ce the o n l y tests

.

n e cess a ry a re o n the moto r ru n n i n g light a n d with ,

t h e roto r blo cke d the method re n de rs a n y e x a ct lo a d

,

te sts u n n e cess a ry M o reove r the di a gra m gives at a

.
,

gl a n ce the re a so n s fo r the va rious ch a ra cte ristics o f

the moto r a n d shows how the p ropo rtio n s n ee d to be
,

c h a n ged to O btai n a n y de sire d re sult .

F o r i n sta n ce i n a moto r with low ele ct rical losse s

,
,
 THE I ND UC T I ON M O T OR . 19

t he li n e E k D which rep re se n ts them will be ve ry

k
sma ll The refo re the poi n t E will be v e r y high a n d
.
, , ,

the st a rti n g to rque E k e k will be sm a ll A s is we ll .

k n ow n this may be a voided by i n se r ti n g b y mea n s

, ,

O f slip ri n g s resist a n ces i n the se co n d a ry c i rcu 1ts

, .

I f it is desi re d to avoid slip ri n gs the resist a n ce o f ,

th e —
sho rt circuite d se co n da ry must n o t be m a d e too
sm ll The n the poi n ts E a n d C a r e remo ved f a rthe r
a .
k k

from D M o reove r the v ri tion

. a a o,
f the slip li n e 5 C k

a n d the slip i s greate r .

The moto r will h a ve u n de r load greate r speed , ,

v a riatio n s a n d l o w e ffi cie n cy .

I t is possible howeve r to obt a i n good to rque W ithout

, ,

e x c e ssive losses if the moto r is so de sign e d that the

,

n o rm a l lo a d is re a che d a t a poi n t fa r beyo n d C th a t ’

,

is if the fie l d is m a de stro n g
,
B u t i n this c a se the .

magn etizi n g curre n t is ve ry l a rge i n p ropo rtio n to the

e n e rgy curre n t a n d cos 0 will be u n f a vo ra bly sm a ll .

S uch a moto r will mo reove r be compa ra tively l a rge

, , .

The si ze o f the moto r is i n ge n e ra l dete rmi n ed by the , ,

”
maximum a bsciss a O C The absciss ae fo r n o rm a l
,

lo a d 6 C is then chose n so th a t the desire d rel a tio n

’ ’

betwee n n orm a l loa d a n d ma ximum loa d is O btai n ed .

The le a k a ge co n stant of R o th e r t which fixes fo r e a ch ,

ove rlo a d c a p a city a ce rtai n ra tio betwee n curre n t a n d

field co r r espo n ds with this poi n t of view
,
.

I n the diagra m this relatio n is e xp re ssed b y the ra tio

I

£ 27 that is by the t a n ge n t of the gle C D C ’

7 3 an . If

this a n gle be comes the moto r h a s its m a ximum e n e rgy

i n put The smalle r this a n gle the l a rge r the ma ximum
. ,

c a p a city o f the moto r R o th e r t does n o t co n side r i n

.

his co n sta n t the m a g n eti zi n g curre n t The o ve rlo a d .

ca p a city o f a ce rt a i n moto r type is limited b y the

20 TH E I N D U C T I ON M O T OR .

ma gneti zin g current whi ch i n cre a ses so t h at the phase

,

di ffe ren ce be come s la rge a n d the powe r f a cto r small .

The m a gn etizing current is dete rmi n e d by the a i r

g ap .
I f the a i r g a p is cha n ged the m a g n eti zi n g curre n t
-
, ,

A C changes " while t he d iagram a bo ve the poi n t C

,

re m ai n s un cha n ge d .

The refo re we c a n s a y with R o th e r t that disreg a rdi ng

, ,

t he magn eti zi n g curre n t the di a gra ms fo r all multi ,

p ha se moto rs a re ide n ti c a l .

’
The maximum i n put C is p ropo rtio n a l to the e n e rgy
current th a t i s to the ra dius o f the circle
, ,
I n case o f .

double i n put c a p a city fo r i n st a n ce the n o rmal i n put

, ,

co rre spo n d s to o n e h a lf of the ra dius .

I t is possible to "ud ge o f the output o f a moto r a p ~

p ro xim a tely b y the sho rt ci rcuit curre n t S i n ce the .

latte r is n ea rly e qual to the di a mete r O f the circle we

‘

may emplo y the followi n g rough a pp ro ximatio n :

The no rmal cap a city o f a moto r co rrespo n ds to a bout
'

o n e -qu a rte r o f its sho rt ci rcuit curre n t th a t is if a , ,

moto r o f 100 volt s ha s a sho rt -ci rc u it curre n t o f 100

ampe re s its no rmal output co rre spo n ds to
,

4 300 watts ,
or about 5 hp ,

a ssumi n g 75 % e fficien c y that is the n o rmal output , ,

co rresponds to o n e qua rte r o f the curre n t a n d is p ro ,

po rtio n al to o n e quarte r of the curre n t ne ce ssa ry to

fo rce the total fiel d through the a i r -g a p .

Ob viously with co n st a n t i mpre ssed ele ct romotive

.

fo rce this curre n t v a rie s i n ve rsely a s the squa re o f the

,

tu rn s di re ctly with the le n gth o f the lea ka ge path

, ,
.

a n d th e r efo re with the diamete r d a n d i n ve rsely with ,

the width o f the e ffe ctive i ro n " he n ce

d l
L -
a X
g ”
7
,
22 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .

it is n o t alw a ys possible to s a tisfy them all at the

s a me time espe ci a lly in sm a ll moto rs
, .

T h e d er i va t i o n the c i rcle d ia gra m a b o ve gi ve n c o n t a i n s a

o f ,

s i mpl i fi c a t i o n w h i ch le a d s t o a sl ight i n a cc u r a cy w h i ch d id n o t
a ppe a r i n the o r i g i n a l d er i v a t i o n p u bl i she d i n the E le c tr o te c h
,

n i s c h e " e i ts c h r i ft O ct o ber 11 189 4 t o w h i ch refere n ce h a s a l

, , ,

re a d y bee n m a d e .

I n c o n se q u e n ce o f the res i st a n ce o f the pr i m a ry w i n d in g the ,

FIG . 8 .

the o ret i c a l m a g n et i zi n g c u rre n t i s n o t e n t i rely w a ttless a n d i ts ,

ph a se d i ff ere n ce w i th respect to the pri m a ry i mpresse d electro

,

m o t i ve f o rce i s s o me w h a t less th a n
,
T h u s the m a g n et ,

i zi n g c u rre n t A C i s n o t ex a ctly a t ri ght a n gles to A B a n d the ,

ce n ter o f the c i rcle 0 i s n o t ex a ctly i n the perpe n d i c u l a r erecte d

6

at A on A B . r
P a ct i c a lly the i n a
,
cc u r a cy i n tr o d u ce d i s -so

sm a ll th a t i n m o st c a ses i t d o es n o t i n tro d u ce a me a s u r a ble

err o r I n very sm a ll m o t o rs o n ly is t h e res u lt o f the l n
.
, ,
 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .
23

a cc u ra cy n o t i ce a ble a n d i n these c a ses the res u lt i s a l w a ys

, ,

s o me w h a t better th a n th a t sh o w n by the d i a gr a ms .

I n the fi rst r o u gh l a y i n g o u t o f a m o t o r th i s re fi n eme n t w i ll ,

be f o u n d u n n ecess a ry i n a sm u ch a s the u s e o f the u n c o rrecte d

,

d i a gr a m i n tr o d u ces o n ly a f a ct o r o f s a fety w h i le i n c a ses o f ,

rel a t i vely h i gh st a t o r res i st a n ce the c o rrect io n i s e a s i ly m a d e .

F o r the s a ke O f c o mplete n ess the meth o d O f a pply i n g the ,

c o rrect io n w i ll be gi ve n : T h e o r i g i n a l c i r c le d i a gra m o n p a ge
5 63 ,
189 4 h a d the f o rm sh o w n i n F i g 8
, T h e in flu . .

e n ce o f the pr i m a ry res i st a n ce i n c a u s i n g a sh i ft i n g o f the l i n e

,

A D represe n t in g the m a g n et i z i n g c u rre n t h a s bee n m u ch

’
, ,

ex a gger a te d i n th e fi gu re"

T h e the o ret i c a lly ex a ct p o s i t i o n fo r the ce n ter o f the c i rcle

O -i s d eterm i n e d a s f o ll o w s : T h e p o i n t C fo r the the o ret i c a l n o
c

l o a d c o n d i t i o n (a ss u m i n g n o fr i ct i o n a n d n o c o re l o sses ) a s ,

w ell a s the p o i n t C i fo r the the o ret i c a l sh o rt c i rc u i t c o n d i t i o n

v

( the res i st a n ce O f sec o n d a ry be i n g e q u a l t o z er o ) m u st be ,

s i t u a te d o n a h a lf c i rcle the d i a meter O f w h i ch i s the i mpresse d

,

el ectr o m o t i ve f o rce A B T h e ce n ter o f the c i rcle 0 i s o n the

.
,

i n tersect i o n o f the t a n ge n t to the sem i -c i rcle A B a t C a n d C i v

T h e ce n ter o f the c i rcle 0 i s n o t theref o re ex a ctly o n the 6 , ,

perpe n d i c u l a r t o A B b u t o n a l in e i n cl i n e d to i t by a n a n gle a
, .

T h is a n gle i s
A C
e = 2 C B A , an d s in C B A =
A B

I m o t o rs a s u s u a lly c o n str u cte d th i s r a t io represe n t i n g the

n , ,

rel a t i o n bet w ee n the d r o p O f po te n t i a l c a u se d by the m a g n et

i z i n g c u rre n t a n d the i mpresse d electr o m o t i ve f o rce is s o sm a ll ,

th a t the res u lt i s n o t i n flu e n ce d by a m e a s u r a ble a m o u n t .

T heref o re w e sh a ll u s e the a ppr o x i m a te d i a gr a m i n the f o l

,

l o w i n g ex a mples i ll u str a t in g the a ppl i c a t i o n O f the d i a gr a m .

A P PL ICAT IO N OF T H E D IAGR A M .

It m be well to e xemplify the p re ceding co n side ra

ay

tio n s b y a pplyi n g them to several p ra ctic a l c a ses The .

moto rs co n side red i n the follo w i n g we re b u ilt b y the

S o ciete E l e c tr i c i t é e t H yd ra uli que and we re i n
te n ded to give a st a rti n g to rque e qu a l to twi ce the
full lo a d run n i n g to rque .
24 T H E I N D U C T I ON , M O T OR .

'

T wo H orse P o we r M o to r

1 At. no lo a d 12 0 volts a pplied

, .

ampe re s ,

2 10 w a tts ,

2 . S ho rt -
circuited se conda ry and stationa ry roto r ,
120
v a pplied
. .

55 ampe re s ,

694 0 watts ,

3 R esista n ce
. of p rima ry membe r pe r phase .

. 34 4 Ohm .

F rom the fo regoing data t h e diagram (F i g 9) was , .

co n st ructed .

F rom the watts at n o load we o btai n t h e ene rg y ,

current :

ampe re .

construct the no load current tria n g le

F irst A CC °
,

in which

A C °
no load current ampe res
C C °
ene rgy current 1
A C magn eti zi n g current 4

The ene rg y curre n t C C rep resents the no load losses

b y fri ctio n hyste re sis a n d edd y currents These losses
, .

a r e a ssumed to be co n stant fo r all loads The refo re .

,

t hey must be allowed fo r by subtra cting a consta n t

a mount from the me chani cal output a n d to rque This .

c a n be a ccomplished i n the diagr a m by d rawi n g a li n e

at y through C pa rallel to A C a n d mea suri n g the output

°

and torque from the line x y A t the p oi n t C fo r .

’
,

’
i n stan ce the i n put is C c the to rque E e , and the
,
’ ’
,
’

output f, F ’ ’
.
TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR .

T o rq u e

4 Amp .

FI G . 9 .
26 TH E I N D UC TI ON M O T O R .

F rom the statio n a ry te st we obt a in an e n e rgy cu rre n t

ampe res o r ,

This value e n a bles us to d e te r m i n e t h e point C k ,

si n ce A C k is p ropo rtio n a l to the curre n t with rotor

blo cked o r 5 5 ampe re s a n d cos C A R e qual s the powe r
,
k
,

fa cto r o r 6 1
,
. .

F rom these poi n ts C a n d C k it is ea sy to fin d the

°
,

ce n te r 0 a n d the correspo n di n g circle C C C k D

6,
°
.

k
I f n o w the line C D is d raw n the n the ci rcle giving ,

the me cha n ical output is dete rmi n ed si n ce we kn ow ,

that the output o f the short circuite d a n d statio n a ry

roto r co rre spondi n g to the poi n t C is ze ro
k The refo re .
,

k
the i n te rse ctio n of the li n e C D with the circle must
fall a t the poi n t D k
The li n e C D m u st therefo re be
.

ta n ge n t to the output ci rcle at D H e n ce the cente r .

,

’
O a n d the circ le E itself is dete rmi n ed
a
~
.

A s we ha ve see n the me cha n ical output de rived

,

from thi s circle must b e d e c r e a se d by a n amount e qu a l

.

to the n o load losse s which a re rep re se n te d by the

pa ra llel line it y o r i n othe r wo rd s the output is E e ,
, , ,
’
,

et c .

F i n ally i n o rde r to fin d the third circle fo r the to rque

, ,

k
we must remembe r th a t the li n e C D rep re se n ts the
ele ct rical losse s of lo cked roto r The se losse s divide .

themselve s i n to two pa rts p rima ry losses a n d se conda ry ,

losse s which a r e p ropo rtio n al re spe ctively to the

, , ,

reduced re sista n ce in ea ch membe r .

S i n ce the total field A D co rre spo n d s to an ele ctro

 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR . 27

m o tive fo rce O f 12 0 volts we find i n the s a me scale the

,

loss ve cto r at sho rt circuit .

C D Xk 73 volts .

In the p rima ry membe r of which the resista n ce pe r ,

p h a se is 344 O hm a n d i n whi ch the sho rt circuit curre n t

.
,

is 5 5 ampe res the d rop of pote n ti a l is

,

x/ 3 X 5 5 X 34 4 . volts .

F I G 10 . .

If we the refore ma ke C k E k e qu a l to C D multipliedk

by we kn ow that the to rque circle must pass

- k
through the poi n t E a n d the refo re this circle a n d it s
, ,

ce n te r O a re dete rmi n ed
E .

F i n a lly it rem a i n s to dra w the li n e C k s from C k a t

,

right a n gle s to O D from whi ch may be fou n d the slip

E ,

fo r a n y load A t n o loa d the slip is ze ro a n d a t full

.
,

load 5 96 .

The diagram n o w shows all the cha ra cte risti c p rope r

ties O f the moto r I t is possible to tra n sfe r by mea n s
.
,
28 T H E I N D U C T I ON o M O T OR .

of a c o m p a s s a ll o f th e va r i o us va l ue s dire c tl y t o a
,

re ctangula r s y stem a s shown in F i g 10

, . .

The no rmal output o f the m oto r is tw o h o rse powe r

at 78% e ffi cie n cy 86% powe r f a cto r a n d 5 % slip
,
.

The ma ximum output is mo re tha n double the n o rmal

full loa d value The ma ximum powe r fa cto r is 90
. . .

k
F inally t h e distan c e betwe e n C and th e line X " gi ves
,

FIG . 11
.

a sta rtin g to rque o f four s y n chronous h o rse p o we r t h e ,

sta rting curre n t bei n g 5 5 ampe res The moto r thus .

meets the re qui reme n ts usually assumed .

T he a b o ve m o t o r i s a s m a ll o n e " i n the d ia gra m fo r w h i ch

the ce n ter O sh o u l d be sh i fte d fro m t he l i n e a t r i ght a n gles t o
c
'

A B a s w a s sh o w n i n t he n o te o n p a ge 16 i t m a y be here sh o w n
, ,

th a t th i s c o rrect io n is very sm a ll a n d th a t i t m a y be pr a ct i c a lly

n egl ecte d .
30 TH E I N D UC T I O N M O T OR .

T he n o l o ad ene rgy current is '

100
9 1 ampe re .

110

110 V o l ts

Out p ut

T o r q ue
E l ec tr i c al I p ut
n c
'

. 9 Amp .

FI G . 12 .

D raw the current triangle A C C i n which °

,

A C 0
n o lo a d current ampe res
C C 0
e n e rgy current 91
A C m a gn etizi n g curre n t ampe res .
 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .

Fo rt h e no load losses d ra w the li n e H " parallel

, ,

to A C passing through the poi n t C

,
The me cha n i c a l °
,

output a s we know is mea sured from the li n e h y

, , ,

si n ce t h e co n sta n t n o loa d losse s h a v e always to be

’

subtra cted The test of the statio n a ry a n d sho rt

.

Circuited rotor gives us the e n e rgy current

, ,

ampe re s i co s 0 or

. 5 15 powe r fa cto r .

T hus we fin d the point C Of the di a g r am k

The ce n te r .

OE of the i n put circle c a n n o w be e a sily foun d by c o n

‘

structio n The point O is obtai n e d by d ra w i n g through

. p

k D
D a pe rpendicula r to C
O O i n the desire d poi n t O
E p
u n til it i n te rse cts the li n e
I n othe r wo rd s the li n e
p .
,

D C k is a ta n ge n t to the ci rcle of me ch a n i cal output .

I t now remai n s to fin d the thi rd o r to rque circle ,

.

This is do n e by dividi n g the li n e C D which repre se n ts

k

the ele ctrical losse s a t sho rt ci rcuit i n the ra tio of the

resista nce s o f the p rimary a n d se co n da ry c 1r c u1ts .

The third circle the n p a sse s through this poi n t .

I n the diagram the field p e r ph a se co rrespo n ds to a

,

pote n tial of 110 volts and the loss ve cto r a t sho rt

,

circuit measured in the s a me s cale is

, ,

5 7 volts .

If
the p rima ry wi n di n g which h a s a re sistance o f 14 2
,

O hms pe r pha se we have 118 ampe res a t sho rt circuit

, ,

the refo re the d rop of pote n ti a l is 14 2 volts . .

To fin d the inte rse ctio n o f the third ci rcle with C D k

,
 T H E I N D U C T I ON M OT OR .

FI G . 13 .

D 110 V o l t s

p
Out u t

T o r q ue
E l ec tr i I p
c a l n ut 0

FI G . 14 .
 TH E I ND UC T I ON Iv
I O T OR .
33

k on k
we must la y O ff this va lue C E C D i n the ra tio
k

Of to 5 7 .

F i n a lly e re ct a pe rp e n dicul a r from C k o n the li n e

"

O D a n d O btai n the slip fo r a n y lo a d

E A t n o lo a d the .

slip is ve ry sm a ll " a t full load o n ly

F i g 13 shows the ch a ra cte risti c curve s of the moto r
.

a s fu n ctio n s of the output The full lo a d outp u t is

.

seve n ho rse powe r A t this load the e fficiency i s

.
,

7
'

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 I5 H P
. .

FI G . 15 .

and the powe r fa cto r The powe r fa cto r

re a che s a ma ximum O f about 9 1% at a load of a bout
ni n e horse powe r The moto r sta rt s with a torque
.

of -
sy n chro n ous ho rse powe r a n d ha s a m a ximum ,

output of -
horse powe r .

TE N H O R S E P O W E R M OT O R .

F igs . 14 an d 15give the ph a se diagra m a n d the

ch a ra cte risti c cur v e s of a 10 ho rse powe r moto r .
 34 TH E I ND U C T I ON M O T OR .

The te sts gave the followi n g results : ,

1 At. lo a d 110 volts applied pe r p hase

no , .

I 8 ampe res ,

A 19 7 watts .

2 R oto r lo cked and sho rt -circuite d

. .

110 volts a p plie d .

I a mpe res ,

A 9 kw .

3 R esista n ce pe r phase
. 12 3 O hm .

F i g 14 is the diagram co n str u cte d from these d a ta

. .

F i g 15 shows the ch a ra cte ristic curve s

. The followi n g .

r e sults a re obtained at full load o f 1 0 ho rse powe r :

E fficie n cy 83%
Curre n t ampe re s
E le ct rical Iput n kw .

P owe r F a cto r . 9 15
S lip 6%
M a ximum output = 2 1 ho rse p owe r .

TH E I N D U C T I O N M OT O R A S G E N E RA T O R .

It i s a well kn ow n f a ct that a n i n ductio n moto r i f ,

d riven a bove sy n chro n ism will a ct a s a ge n e rato r ,

a n a la g o u s l
y to the dire ct c urrent shu n t ma chi n e I t .

i s i n te resting that the circle di a gram give s a lso lig h t

o n thi s use o f the motor if the circle s a r e complete d
,

o n the left ha n d side o f the line A D a s i n F i g 16 The . .

slip is n o w negative a n d what wa s before me chanic a l

,

output is now me chani cal i n put

,
F urthe r the ele c .
,

t r i c a l i n put n o w be comes the ele ct rical output .

We see that the ge n e rato r gives n o w e xa ctl y the same

curre n t fo r the same phase di ff e re n ce a s whe n employed ,

a s a moto r I n othe r wo rd s the ele ctrical ene rgy is

.
,

the sa m e i n both cases The me cha n ical input is O f

.
,

c ourse ,
conside rabl y la rge r i n the ca se of t h e g e n
 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR . 35

I m p re s s ed E M F
. . .

FI G . 16 .

Sp eed

1300 r .
p m
. .

I p ut
n 4 H P. .

FI G . 17 .
36 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .

e r a to r than the me cha n ical output o f t h e m o t o r I t .

.

is easily seen that the di ff e ren ce amou n ts to twi c e

t he lo sse s sin ce n o w a l l losses add them sel ve s to t h e
,

ele ctri cal outpu t while in the moto r they we re sub

,

t ra cte d from the ele ctri cal i nput .

F rom a theo retic a l sta n dpoint the curves be come ,

e xceedingl y i n te re sti n g if d rawn n o t a s fu n ctions to

,

the me cha n ical output but a s fu n ctions to the ele c

,

t r i c a l input " th a t is a s fu n ctio n s o f the values which

,

co rre spo n d to the ene rgy curre n ts whi ch a re t he a b

s c i s s a e o f the diagram (F i g .

The curve s t hus obtai n e d a re O f regula r mathemati cal

fo rm s and a re simpl e cl ose d curve s The cu rve s o f
‘

.
,

to rque and me cha n i c a l output a re ellipse s The powe r .

fa cto r curve is a fun ctio n of a n a n gle etc , .

The re a r e three e sse n tially diff e re n t pa rts of th e

curve s to be conside red
1 As. ,
—
i
a moto r (slip O to 1) C o C k a .

2 As a ge n e rato r slip " 0 k

C" D C
.

3 As. a ge n e rato r sli p > 1

With the se gene ral dia grams a n d curves all e ssential ,

poi n ts o f the use o f the p resent method a re e x h austed .

A l l compli cate d detail s of the moto r a re based o n two

phenome n a m a gn eti c lea k a ge a n d ele ctric resista n ce
,
.

These a re e ssentiall y the o n ly values which dete rmi n e

the O pe ratio n o f the moto r a n d it remains fo r the,

de signe r to choo se the p rope r p ropo rtions .

S I NG L E PH A SE M OT O R S .

Th e fund a m e n ta l
theo ry o f the pol y ph a se moto r is
m uch simpli fie d by t h e i n troductio n o f the p rin ciple
O f the rotati n g field but the theo ry
,
o f the single p h a se
-

moto r i s somewhat mo re diffi c ult .

38 TH E I N D UC T I ON M OT OR .

The si n gle -phase moto r p ossesse s a sin g le pha se

wi n ding fo r a simple alte rn ati n g current (F i g an d .

c a n the refo re produce a simple a lte rnati n g field i n the

dire ctio n of the coil a xis o n ly S uch a field o f course

.
, ,

will n o t cause rotatio n of a sho rt -circuited a rmat u re ,

without commutato r o r simil ar de vice s The refo re it .

seem s a t first thought somewhat a sto n ishi ng th a t

, , ,

such a moto r can O pe ra te at a ll a n d indeed i n its, ,

FI G . 19 .

simple st fo rm such a moto r will n o t sta rt " howeve r ,

a fte r the moto r h a s bee n sta rte d by a n me a s wh at

y n

soe ve r it the n ope rate s e xa ctly like a polyph a se moto r

, .

Thi s phe n ome n o n i s e xplai n ed by the fa ct th a t i n the

si n gle ph a se moto r rotati n g a t a ce r t a i n spee d t he re
, ,

i s a field c a used i n the se c o n da ry which rot a te s with it .

B etwee n this field a n d the a mpe re turn s O f the si n gle

phase wi n di n g a to rque i s e st a blished i n t h e same
,

m a n n e r a s betwee n the fiel d o f a sho rt -ci rcuited seco n d

 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR .
39

a ry a n d o n e of the two o r three phase wi n di n g s o f

the polyph a se moto r The to rque howeve r i s p u l s a t
.
, ,

i n g si n ce the re is n o se co n d pha se a n d it be come s a

, ,

maximum f a lls to ze ro a n d a g a i n rea che s a ma ximum

,

va ryi n g with th e a lte rnatio n s of the field .

I n the c a se o f i n ductio n moto rs si n gle a s well a s poly

,

phase we may co n side r the sho rt -ci rcuited se co n da ry

,

a s a field m a gn et o f a sy n chro n ous moto r The o n l y .

di ffere n ce i s that the field doe s n o t rot a te i n the i n

ductio n moto r i n sy n chro n ism with t he a rm a ture but ,

ha s a sm a ll re l a tive rotatio n with respe ct to the a rm a

ture , co rrespo n di n g to the slip .

I n the sho rt — circuite d se co n d a ry o f a si n gle -p ha se

moto r the re e xists "ust a s i n the p olyph a se moto r a
, ,

co n st a n t rot a ti n g field n otwithst a n di n g the f a ct that

the curren t e xciti n g wi n di n g p rodu c e s o n ly a simple
alte rn a ti n g field . Thi s is expl a i n ed by the ch a ra cte r
i s ti c p rope rty O f the sho rt -circuite d wi n di n g We .

kn ow th a t a n y sho rt -circuited wi n di n g te n d s stro n gly to

keep up the fiel d i n te rli n ked with it si n ce a n y cha n ge ,

i n this field c a use s curre n t i n the sho rt -ci rcuite d wi n d

i n g which oppose s such c h a n ge Thi s cou n te ra cti n g
.

e ffe ct is the l a rge r the lowe r the re sista n ce O f the wi n d

i n g a n d the gre a te r the fre que n cy .

I f we co n side r the se co n d a ry O f a si n gle phase moto r

revolvi n g sy n chro n ously the p rima ry alte rn a ti n g field
,

will n o t a ppe a r a s a n a lte rn a ti n g field i n the se co n d a ry ,

si n ce i n the s ame time duri n g whi ch the field i n te n sity

,

st a rti n g from ze ro rea ches a m a ximum a n d de cre a ses

a g a i n to ze ro the se co n d a ry h a s turn e d through
,

a n d the prim a ry alte rn a ti n g field will the refo re a ppe a r

as a puls a ti n g field a n d will h a v e a lw a ys the s a me

,

dire ctio n i n reg a rd to the se co n d a ry membe r .

E a ch pul s a tio n O f the se co n da ry field c a uses how - 1 ,

40 TH E I ND UC T I ON M O T OR .

e ve r in the se conda ry wi n ding wattle ss current s whi ch

,

dimi n ish the puls a tio n to a n egligible mi n imum i e ,

. .
,

the y keep the pulsati n g field of the sho rt -circuite d

se co n da ry p ra ctic a lly co n st a n t I n the po sitio n s whe re
.

t he fie ld co rrespo n di n g to the e xciti n g curre n t tends

to excee d this consta n t v a lue the se co n d a r y ampe re ,

tu rn s dema g n etize I n othe r positio n s they furn ish

.

t h e ma g neti z ing current .

FI G 21
. . F I G 23
. .

m oc I , si n a

FI G . 24 .

I o rde r to O b tai n a still clea re r u n de rstandi n g of

n

t his phe n ome n a let us co n side r the four ch a ra cte risti c

,

positio n s :
.
—
I n F igs 2 0 2 3 let a b be the prim a ry wi n di n g a n d
, ,

c the se co n da ry whi ch rot a tes s y n chro n ously

,
.

The field c a use d by the cu rre n t I , will the n be a s

s how n i n F i g 2 4
, .
 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR . 41

In t h e positions 1 a n d 3 th e m a ximum value of the

,

curre n t a cts o n ce in o n e dire ction a n d o n ce i n the

othe r S i n ce howeve r the roto r h a s me a n while turn e d
.
, ,

throu gh its field will have i n the positio n s 1 a n d 3

the same dire ctio n a n d will h a v e a ch a ra cte risti c
,

show n by the d otte d li n e The abo v e describe d a ctio n

.

o f th e r o to r n o w ap p e a rs an d p revents the field from

,

FI G . 25 .

b ein g stro n gl y pulsati n g the puls a tio n s bei n g smoothe d

,

out T h e refo re we O bt a i n a co n sta n t field r otati n g

.
,

with the roto r .

I t is n o w possible to picture the a ctio n of the roto r

a s follows : L e t I , be the m a g n etizing a mpe re t u rn s O f
the e xciting membe r I , tho se of the roto r " the n these
,

two O b v iousl y must combi n e to fo rm the ampe re t u r n s

42 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .

I Iwhich pro duce the consta n t field This is t rue if .

,

fo r the mome n t we negle ct the le a kage , .

I f we a ssume a gai n that the a lte rn a ti n g curre n t is a

si n e fu n ctio n a n d that I is the ma ximum v a lue of this
,

curre n t the moto r being u n loade d the n the i n st a n

, ,

t a n e o u s value o f the a mpe re tu rn s of the e xciti n g

membe r at no load i s p ropo rtional to

I ,
oc I ,
s i n a

If
we conside r the sho rt circuite d se conda ry to be -

statio n ary a n d the e xciti n g wi n ding to rotate then

, ,

the co n sta n t field must also be stati ona ry This field ,

is pro duced by the ampe re tu rn s o f the rotati n g e xciti n g

membe r a n d these ampe re tu rns va ry a cco rdi n g to a
,

si n e la w The refo re the field o f the sho rt -circuited

.
,

se conda ry must h ave a component p ro po rtional to

I ,
s i n a oc I ,
s in
2
a oc I ,

T h e field o f t h e sho rt -circuite d se conda r y must ,

howe ve r be constant a n d the refo re th e resulting

, ,

a mpe re turn s must be p ropo rtio n al to I Whe re I i s the

magn etizi n g curre n t The di ff e ren ce between the m ag.

n e ti z i n g a m pe re tu rn s a n d tho se a ctive i n the e xciti n g

membe r must the refo re be p rodu ced

,
i n -
the sho rt cir ,

c u i te d se co n da r y .

T hus if I , i s the value o f the current i n the se c o nda ry

,

we have

I ,
=l —L 1 —co s 2 a )
2

I l I 1
co s 2 a
 TH E I N D U C T I ON M O T OR . 4 3

The cu rre n ts 1n the seco n d a ry ca n only be pe riodic

fu n ctio n s of the time that i s the re can be
, , no co n sta n t
te rm s Thus we have
.
, ,

co s 2 a

T h ere fo re t h e ampe re turn s of t h e p rima ry me m be r

,

a re

A T, oc co s 2 a

and t h ose of t he se cond a ry a re

A T, m

and t h e m a gneti z in g ampe re tu rns

A T OC
%
% I

These e quation s i n dicate tha t in t h e single -p h a se

m oto r the magn eti zi n g curre n t I is h a lf of the n o loa d
current The four cha ra cte risti c positio n s a r e n o w
.

re p re se n te d in F i g 2 6 . .

The sum o f the two field s gives a strai g ht li n e co rre

I
sp o n d in g to the am plitude
" .
44 T H E I N D U C T I ON M OT OR .

The si n gle fiel d s a re rep re se n te d by t h e full and

dotted wave s The rot a ti n g field i s n o t quite c o n
.

st a n t b u t is slightly puls a ti n g
, I t i s obvious how .
,

e ve r that this m a y be n egle cted

, .

A n othe r app roxim a tio n p reviously m a de will n o w be

co rre cted Owi n g to the presen ce o f le a kage the ratio
.
,

No
lo a d curre n t
M agn eti zi n g curre n t

I the positio n of
n F igs . 27 an d
the se co n da ry
28
field s a re the same . I n Fi g . 2 7 it is induce d by t he

2
a at: T1si n a -
1
2
-(
I
1- co s 2a)

p rima ry wi n di n g by the mag n etizi n g curre n t I I I

o r
, i n tro du ci n g the r elucta n ce o f the se cond a ry

I the ot h e r p o sit i on s (Fi g

n the se co n d ary field
is p roduce d by the a mpere turn s o f the sho rt -circuite d
se co n d a r y The reluct a n ce will be sma l le r si n ce the
.
,

field n o w ha s two paths the m a in path and the lea k a ge

,

p a th I f we call the relu ctan ce in this case p the n

.
’
 46 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .

We h ave see n th a t the se co n d a ry field remains almost

constant and the refo re we h a ve
,

o r si n ce
,

I 1, — 1
,

I I
’
L ,
’
0
.
0
. p

I I t e
’

N0 lo a d curre n t
M ag n etizi n g c urre n t

B) substitution o f the simple reluct a n ce s p , p a n d p , , ,

the ratio c a n a ppea r i n a some what di ff e re n t fo rm in ,

whi c h o n ly k n ow n v a lue s a ppea r I t will be see n then .

th a t p is little di ff e rent from p and that the ratio is

’

almost two .

The p h e n ome n a i n si n gle -p h ase moto rs a re thus as

follows
I n the unloaded si n g le -phase moto r the re is fo rmed ,

-
in the sho rt ci rcuited se co n da r y a s in the polypha se ,

moto r a field which rot a tes with the sho rt -circuited

.

se conda ry This field when it coi n cides with the a xis

.

of the prima r y wi n di n g is p roduce d b y the latte r .

A t right a n gle s to this po sitio n it i s p roduced b y the ,

n o load curre n ts O f the sh o rt -ci rcuited se co n da r y The .

latte r a re w a ttle ss a n d a re p roduced by t h e p r im a r v

membe r The refo re the no load curre n t e quals twi ce
.
,

the magneti zi n g curre n t o r mo re a ccurately t he n o

—
, , ,

I
-

t
p O
lo a d curre n t is ‘
time s the m a g n etizi n g cu rre n t .

O
 TH E I ND UC T I ON M OT OR .
47

Obviously it i s the s a me a s fa r a s the p rima ry windi n g

,

is co n ce rn ed whethe r the field i n the positio n a t right

,

a n gle s to the p rima ry windi n g i s p roduced b y curre n t

i n the sho rt -circuited se co n da ry o r by current i n the ,

wi n di n g f a se co n d ph se
o - a a s i n a two phase moto r
-
, .

The refore the si n gle ph a se p rim a ry a cts with the

,

s a me to rque o n a sho rt -circuited se co n dary a s that of

o n e -ph a se of a two -phase moto r F rom these r e fle c .

tions we a re a ble to obtai n the di a gra m for the si n gle

,

pha se moto r from th a t of the pol y ph a se .

I n the polyph a se moto r we h a ve

A C or I m a gn etizi n g current .

In the si n gle phase moto r we h a ve

A C = L
P+ V
A C = I
p

Or si n ce p is little di ff e re n t from p
’

A C 2 I

A D
The ra ti o 18 t he refo re no lo n ge r
A C
in the polyphase moto r but ,

This ra tio is e qu a l to th a t of a polyph a se moto r

ha v i n g double the reluct a n ce .

On e must however n o t c a rry the a n a logy too fa r

, , .

F o r i n st a n ce we must n o t e xpe ct to O bt a i n a goo d

,

si n gle -ph a se moto r by ru n n i n g a polyp h a se moto r o n a

si n gle -ph a se c ircuit by simply n o t usi n g the se co n d -phase .

Such a moto r would gi v e ba d results a n d o n a ccou n t , ,

48 TH E I N D UC T I ON M O T OR .

of the omissio n of the se co n d ph a se the output would ,

n o t much exceed O n e -h a lf the output of the polyphase

moto r o f the s a me dime n sio n s I n a prope rly de sig n ed

.

si n gle -p ha se moto r howeve r the relatively poo r pe r

, ,

fo r m a n c e is n o t so ma rked . The re a r e ce rt a i n co n side r

a ti o n s i n -
the de sig n f the si gle phase moto r which
o n

mate ri a ll y reduce v a rious dime n sio n s " conse que n tly a

goo d s m g le -phase moto r i s li tf l e la rge r th a n a polyphase
moto r o f e qual output a n d its e fficie n cy is n o t much
,

l owe r. These mat te rs o f d e s i g n p h o w e v e r a re beyo n d ,

th e scope o f this publicatio n a n d I re se rve t he discussion

,

o f them fo r some future time .

The mai n ob "e ct i n the p re cedi n g page s has been to

reduce to p ra ctice my di a gram a n d to p re se n t it in a
,

clea r a n d e a sily u n de rstood fo rm I f I h a ve succee ded

.

i n ma kin g clea re r a com p licate d pa rt o f ou r alte rn ati n g

current theo ry the purpose o f this wo rk is ful filled
, .