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System
u[n] s[n]
h[n]
h[n] s[n]
u[n]
1
Using the convolution sum:-
∞
s[n] = ∑ h[k ] u[n − k ],
k = −∞
That is, the step response of the discrete - time LTI system is the running
sum of its impulse response.
n −1
s[n - 1] = ∑ h[k ],
k = −∞
n n −1
∴ s[n] − s[n − 1] = ∑ h[k ] − ∑ h[k ],
k = −∞ k = −∞
n −1 n −1
s[n] − s[n − 1] = ∑ h[k ] + h[n] − ∑ h[k ],
k = −∞ k = −∞
8
Linear Constant-Coefficient
Difference equations
N
d k y (t ) M d k x(t )
The discrete - time counter part of DE, ∑ ak k
= ∑ bk k
,
k =0 dt k =0 dt
N M
is ∑ ak y[n − k] = ∑ bk x[n − k],
k =0 k =0
Similarly the complete solution for y[n] can be written as the sum
of a particular solution and the homogeneous solution
N
∑a
k =0
k y[n − k] = 0.
∑a
k =0
k y[n − k] = ∑ bk x[n − k],
k =0
1 M N
can be written as y[n] = {∑ bk x[n − k] − ∑ a k y[n − k]},
a 0 k =0 k =1
1 1
y[n] = x[n] + y[n − 1] = ( ) n K ,
2 2
taking K = 1, we have the impulse response as
1
h[n] = ( ) n u[n]. which is infinite. Such systems are
2 11
commonly referred as infinite inpulse response (IIR) systems.
Block Diagram Representations
of First- Order Systems.
• Provides a pictorial representation which
can add to our understanding of the
behavior and properties of these systems.
• Simulation or implementation of the
systems.
• Basis for analog computer simulation of
systems described by DE.
• Digital simulation & Digital Hardware
implementations 12
First-Order Recursive Discrete-
time System.
y[n]+ay[n-1]=bx[n]
y[n]=-ay[n-1]+bx[n]
y[n]
x[n] b +
D
-a
y[n-1]
13
First-Order Continuous-time System Described By
Differential Equation
dy (t )
+ ay (t ) = bx(t )
dt
1 dy (t ) b
rewriting y(t) = - + x(t )
a dt a
b/a y(t)
x(t) +
Difficult to
implement,
sensitive
D to errors and noise.
-1/a dy (t ) 14
dt
First-Order Continuous-time System Described By
Differential Equation Alternative Block Diagram.
dy (t )
= bx(t ) − ay (t )
dt
Integrating from - ∞ to t,
t
y(t) = ∫ | bx(τ ) − ay (τ ) | dτ
−∞
y(t)
x(t)
b +
∫
-a 15