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The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis
The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis
The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis
1
Key points
1. Equivalent elements of R, L, C
3
A resistor in the s domain
4
An inductor in the s domain
5
Equivalent circuit of an inductor
Thévenin
Norton
6
A capacitor in the s domain
7
Equivalent circuit of a capacitor
Norton
Thévenin
8
Section 13.2, 13.3
Circuit Analysis in the s
Domain
1. Procedures
2. Nature response of RC circuit
3. Step response of RLC circuit
4. Sinusoidal source
5. MCM
6. Superposition 9
How to analyze a circuit in the s-domain?
10
Why to operate in the s-domain?
Q: i(t), v(t) = ?
1 V0 R V0 t ( RC ) 1 1
i (t ) L 1
e L
s ( RC ) R s
V0 t ( RC )
e u(t ).
R
i(0+) = V0/R, which is true for vC(0+) = vC(0-) = V0.
i() = 0, which is true for capacitor becomes
open (no loop current) in steady state.
13
Nature response of an RC circuit (3)
iL(0-) = 0
vC (0-) = 0
15
Step response of a parallel RLC (2)
I dc V V I dc C
sCV , V ( s ) 2 1 1
.
s R sL s ( RC ) s ( LC )
Solve IL(s):
V ( s) I dc ( LC ) 1
I L ( s) 2
sL
s s ( RC ) 1 s ( LC ) 1
3.84 107
.
s s (6.4 10 ) s (1.6 10 )
2 4 9
16
Step response of a parallel RLC (3)
iL (t ) 24u(t ) 20e j127 ( 32 k) t
e
e j ( 24 k ) t u(t ) c.c.
24 40e ( 32 k)t cos ( 24k)t 127 u(t ) (mA)
24 e ( 32 k)t 24cos(24k )t 32sin(24k )t u(t ) (mA).
17
Transient response due to a sinusoidal source (1)
V ( s) 2
I m C s 2
,
s s ( RC ) s ( LC )
2 2 1 1
V I m ( LC ) 1 s
I L ( s) 2
.
sL s s ( RC ) s ( LC )
2 2 1 1
18
Transient response due to a sinusoidal source (2)
19
Step response of a 2-mesh circuit (1)
Q: i1(t), i2(t) = ?
i2(0-)
i1 (0-) = 0 =0
20
Step response of a 2-mesh circuit (2)
i2 (t ) 7 8.4e u(t ) 15 42 48 7 A.
2 t 12 t 42
1.4e
22
Use of superposition (1)
23
Use of superposition: Vg acts alone (2)
1 2
25
Use of superposition: Ig acts alone (4)
1 2
1 2
11 12 V1 C
Y Y ""
1
2 Y Y "" C ,
12 22 V2
(Y11 Y12 )C
V2
""
.
Y11Y22 Y122
28
Section 13.4, 13.5
The Transfer Function and
Natural Response
29
What is the transfer function of a circuit?
30
Poles and zeros of transfer function
Im
Re
31
Example: Series RLC circuit
input
33
Example 13.2: Linear ramp excitation (1)
Q: vo(t) = ?
50tu(t)
50/s2
34
Example 13.2 (2)
Steady state
component yss(t)
Total response
= 0.33 ms, impact of ytr(t)
37
Section 13.6
The Transfer Function and
the Convolution Integral
1. Impulse response
2. Time invariant
3. Convolution integral
4. Memory of circuit
38
Impulse response
y (t )u(t ).
40
Motivation of working in the time domain
41
Decompose the input source x(t)
43
Synthesize the output y(t) (2)
= t to = 0 for x(t-)].
Q: vo(t) = ?
1 Vo 1
Vo Vi , H ( s ) .
s 1 Vi s 1
1 1 t
h (t ) L e u(t ).
s 1 48
Example 13.3 (2)
t
vo (t ) vi (t )h( )d . Separate into 3 intervals:
0
49
Example 13.3 (3)
50
Section 13.7
The Transfer Function and
the Steady-State Sinusoidal
Response
51
How to get sinusoidal steady-state response by H(s)?
52
Proof
x (t ) A cost A cos cos t A sin sin t.
s s cos sin
X ( s ) A cos A sin A .
s
2 2
s
2 2
s
2 2
s cos sin
Y ( s) H ( s) X ( s) H ( s) A Ytr ( s ) Yss ( s ),
s
2 2
K1 K1*
where Yss ( s) , K1 Y ( s )( s j ) s j
s j s j
s cos sin j cos sin H ( j ) Ae j
H ( s) A H ( j ) A .
s j s j
2 j 2
j ( ) j
H ( j ) e Ae
c.c. A H ( j ) cost ( ).
1
yss (t ) L
2( s j )
53
Obtain H(s) from H( j)
54
Section 13.8
The Impulse Function
in Circuit Analysis
55
E.g. Impulsive inductor voltage (1)
Q: vo(t) = ?
i2(0-)=0
i1(0-)=10 A
initial current
V0 (100 s 30) V0
0,
10 3s 15 2s
improper rational
2(6s 2 65s 150) 60 10
V0 ( s ) 12 .
s ( s 5) s s5
57
E.g. Solutions in the t-domain (3)
60 10
1
v0 (t ) L 12 12 ( t ) ( 60 10e 5 t
)u(t ).
s s 5
To verify whether this solution vo(t) is correct, we
need to solve i(t) as well.
100 s 30 4 2
I (s) , i (t ) (4 2e 5t )u (t ).
10 3s 15 2s s s 5
jump
jump
58
Impulsive inductor voltage (4)
61
Why can a voltage surge occur?
vo (t ) 253e 1475t 173 cos(120t 6.85 ) u (t ).
66