MET363

Load and Stress Analysis

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 Types of Loads
• Externally applied
forces and moments or
torques T P

– Forces and moments

can be time-varying

• Mass accelerations
m1
– Translational (m*a)
– Rotational (I*a)
m3
– If a = a = 0, then it’s a
statics problem
m2

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 Analysis Procedure
• Isolate the body or bodies under analysis
• Draw the FBD
• Write the governing equations (static or
dynamic)

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 Example: Bicycle Brake

267N
C
Fcable

267N
44mm

Body in isolation

267N
C
4
7mm

31mm

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 Load Analysis: Beams
• Load analysis of beam
consists of constructing
the shear and moment
diagrams
• Shear diagram depicts V
the shear force resisted
by the beam at any
point along it span
• Moment diagram
depicts the moment
resisted by the beam at M
any point along its span

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 Construction of Shear Diagram
• Find the reactions, draw
them in the FBD 12 Kn

• Divide the beam into 6 Kn/m

13.5 Kn-m
sections wherever the A B C D E
loading changes (each
section ends just before the
load changes) 0.75 m 0.75 m 1.0 m 1.25 m

• Use the following rules V

15 kN
– Shear at support = reaction
at that support 3 kN
0 kN
– Shear at free end = 0
-3 kN
– Change in shear = area
under load curve
– Shape of shear curve is 1
order higher than load curve

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Construction of Moment Diagram 12 Kn

• Use the following rules

6 Kn/m
13.5 Kn-m

– Moment at pinned end A B C D E

support = 0
– Moment at free end = 0
0.75 m 0.75 m 1.0 m 1.25 m

– Change in moment =
V
15 kN

area under shear curve 3 kN

0 kN
– Shape of moment curve -3 kN

is 1 order higher than

shear curve
14.3 kNm
M
11.3 kNm
13.5 kNm 13.5 kNm 13.5 kNm

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 Example:
12 Kn

6 Kn/m
13.5 Kn-m

A B C D E

0.75 m 0.75 m 1.0 m 1.25 m

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 Concept of Stress
P
• Stress is the
distribution of a force or P

moment within a body P

• Unit of stress is
force/unit area P

• 2 types of stress
– Normal (s, in the normal
direction to area plane)
– Shear (t, parallel to, or
across, the area plane)
t s

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 Basic Models of Stress
Loading Model
Axial P
s
A
Direct Shear P
t
A
Torsional Shear T c
t
T

J
Bending M c
s
I
Transverse Shear V Q
t
I t
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 Stress Element
• The stress element is a
small part of the body
at a particular location
with the stresses
depicted on it T P

• 1-D, or 2-D stress

element is a square
• 3-D stress element is a
cube
• Generally, it shows the
worst case stress state

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 Stress Transformation
• The value of stress depends on the orientation of
the stress element

1 2

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Stress Transformation Equations, 2-D
• Once the stress is known for a given orientation,
the stress for any orientation can be found via
stress transformation equations s y

sx  sy sx  sy
txy
sx1   cos ( 2 )  txy  sin ( 2   ) sx sx
2 2
txy
sx  sy sx  sy
sy1   cos ( 2 )  txy  sin ( 2   ) sy
2 2
s y1
sx  sy t xy1
txy1  txy  cos ( 2   ) s x1 
2

s x1 t xy1
s y1
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 Example
Find the stresses normal to and along the
cylindrical pressure vessel's weld line.

200,000 ft*lbf

0.375 in
85 psi 5 ft
20

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 Mohr’s Circle – 2D
• Mohr’s circle sy
graphically depicts all txy
possible 2-D stress sx sx
states txy
• To construct: sy
– Plot the points (sx, t) t
and (sy, t) (remember: sy, txy
clocks over counters)
sx1, txy1
– Connect the points
– Draw a circle with center
where the line crosses 2 s
the s-axis and radius
from the center to (sx, t) sy1, txy1
sx, txy

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 Example:
Draw Mohr’s Circle for the previous pressure
vessel example and mark the location of the
stresses oriented along the weld line.

sh
t
sL sL
t
sh

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 Principle Stresses – 2D
• An orientation of the stress
s min
element exists where the
normal stresses are at a s max
maximum and minimum and
all shear stresses are zero

• Another orientation exists s

where the shear stress is at a tm
maximum and all normal ax
stresses are equal
s

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Finding Principle Stresses 2D (1 of 2)
• Use equations below
s1 = smax s2 = smin
p = orientation of principle normal stresses
s = orientation of principle shear stress

s x s y  s x s y 
2

s1      t xy2
2  2 
2t xy
tan p  
s x s y  s x s y 
2
s x s y
s2      t xy2
2  2 
s x s y
 s x s y  tan s   
2

t max     t xy2 2t xy
 2 
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Finding Principle Stresses 2D (2 of 2)
• Or use Mohr’s Circle

t
sy, txy
tmax

2p s
s2 2s
sx, txy

s1

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Example: Computing Principle Stresses
200 mm
Draw Mohr’s Circle

kN
10
and find the
principle stresses H 102 mm

K
6 mm

150 mm

H K

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Plane Stress & Out of Plane Shear
sy
• Fortunately, many
worst case stress txy
elements are plane sx
txz
stress (sz = 0)
sz = 0
• But beware of out-of-
plane shear
tmax-xz
• When s1 > s2 > s3 = 0
tmax-xy
then the out-of-plane
shear stress is larger
than the in-plane shear s s
s
stress (txy)

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 Stress Concentration
• Any change in geometry changes the stress
distribution and can significantly raise the
stress level around the geometry change

s s

Closer spacing is
higher stress

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 Stress Concentration Factors
• Tables of stress concentration factors (Kt for
normal stresses, Kts for shear stresses) have
been created to estimate stress at geometry
changes
• See Appendix in back of the textbook

smax Kt  s
s, t are nominal stresses
at the geometry change
tmax Kts  t

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 Example: Stress Concentration

Ø 1.5
6.5 kips What is the maximum
3.0 in
normal stress?
Thickness is ½ inch.

What is R if the
10 mm
stress is not to
60 mm
exceed 150 MPa?
Thickness is 9 mm.
180 N*m

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