Table of Dimensionless Numbers Group [Definition Interpretation | Archimedes Number (Ar) | gi? Ratio of gravitational force to viscous am force # ‘Arthenius Number (@) E, Ratio of activation energy to thermal RE onergy Bingham Number (Bm) tL Ratio of yield stress to viscous sires Wy [Biot Number (Bi) AL Ratio of the intemal thermal ie resistance of a solid to the boundary layer thermal resistance Mass Transfer Biot Number |, Ratio of the internal species transfer Bin) resistance to the boundary layer species transfer resistance i Blake Number (BI) Vp Ratio of inertial force to viscous fores W-as in flow through beds of solids Bodenstein Number (Bs) vL ‘Mass transfer number used in reactor _| D calculations with velocity, length, and a axial diffusivity ‘Bond Number (Bo) Ratio of gravitational and surface tension forces ‘Brinkman Number (Br) Ratio of viscous dissipation to thermal conduction Capillary Number (Ca) Ratio of viscous foree to surface tension force ‘Cauchy Number (C) Ratio of inertial force to | compressibility force (modulus) Cavitation Number (oc) Ratio of excess local static pressure head to velocity head 7 Pvetficient of Frication (Cj) Dimensionless surface shear stress ‘Condensation Number (Coy Used in condensation calculations EP AH ay? { AuaT ‘Dean Number (De) Bt Reynolds number times the Re 4) centrifugal force over the inertial \2R) | fore | Drag Coefficient (Ca) glp—p,)e Ratio of gravitational force to inertial cae force used in free settling velocities and résistance to flow rea Ro “post dba, & ~ giftusenal 6 retshetEckert Number (Eo) Kinetic energy of the flow relative to the boundary layer enthalpy difference Elasticity Number (El) oe Ratio of elastic force to inertial foree DR in viscoelastic flow Btovos Number (Eo) (b-0, Ve Ratio of gravitational force to surface ae force; equivalent to Bo Euler Number (Eu) Ratio of pressure foree to inertial oF force wrens ‘Number (Fo) at ‘Ratio of the heat conduction rate to E the rate of thermal energy storage in a solid. Dimensionless time. ‘Mass Transfer Fourier Di Ratio of the species diffusion rate to Number (For) PE the rate of species storage. Dimensionless time. “Etiction Factor (f) Dimensionless pressure drop for internal flow Froude Number (Fr) ¥ Ratio of inertial force to gravitational a force Galileo Number (Ga) ‘Dp Reynolds number times the 3 gravitational force over the viscous . force Gratz Number (Gz) Ratio of the thermal capacity to convective heat transfer Grashof Number (Gr) Ratio of buoyancy to viscous forces Colburn j factor Ga) ‘Dimensionless heat transfer coefficient \S Colburn j factor (in) ‘Dimensionless mass transfer coefficient | Hodgson Number (H) “Time constant of the system over the period of pulsation (fis frequency, Q is volumetric flow ratc) Jakob Number (Ja) Ratio of sensible to latent energy absorbed during liquid-vapor phase change Knudsen Number (Kn) Length of mean free path relative to characteristic length of system Tewis Number Ratio of thermal and mass diffusivities ‘Mach Number (M) Velocity divided by the speed of soundjusselt Number (Nu) Dimensionless temperature gradient YY at the surface ‘Ohnesorge Number (Z) Ratio of the viscous force to the square root of the produet of inertial and surface forces \\ 7) Peciet Number (Pa) Dimensionless independent heat transfer parameter ‘Mass Transfer Peclet VL ~~ | Dimensionless independent mass Number Pen) D transfer parameter Pipeline Parameter (p") ay, Maximum water hammer pressure 2gh rise over twice the static pressure (h is the static head, ais the wave velocity) Power Number (N,) P Ratio of drag force to inertial foree war for power consumption calculations ces (Nis rate of rotation, P is power) _ \ oJ Prandtl Number (Pr) v Ratio of the momentum and thermal om diffusivities ~ Z Rayleigh Number (Ra) GrPr ‘Used in heat transfer and free convection calculations \vUf Reynolds Number (Re) wp | Ratio of the inertial and viscous rae forces \\ 67 Schmidt Number (Se) ¥ | Ratio of the momentum and mass * D diffusivities “hy | Sevood ember SYA, Dimensionless concentration gradient J D> | at the surface | Stanton Namber 0) ae Modified Nusselt number seas Prey {Mass Transfer Stanton’ hy ‘Modified Sherwood number Number (Stn) apt Strouhal Number (Sr) fi Proportional to reciprocal of vortex a spacing (Fis frequency) ‘Weber Number (We) pL Ratio of inertia to surface tension forceses of Re md cecal that he st flow. In any $iuce tubulew "large relate flow is mais sively less i amplified toa nitude of the ess 6 Within ‘ces to become seosty do mx om its defi ‘usivity a. The of momentan undary layer £ gases is neat 1 are company ‘or = great Ib east e vale of Pr mal boundary by diffusion that 6a d metal 8 & 16.47, provid cansport bs di ively, For coo es the relative (oe ber (Le). is (660 dass trans (as be 6.6 Physical Significance of the Dimensionless Parameters 355 ‘The Lewis number is therefore a measure of the relative thermal and concentra- tion boundary layer thicknesses. For most applications it is reasonable to as- sume a value of n = 1/3 in Equations 6.62, 6.63, and 6.65. ‘Table 6.2 lists the dimensionless groups that appear frequently in heat and ‘mass transfer. The lst includes groups already considered, as well as those yet TABLE 6.2 Selected dimensionless groups of heat and mass transfer Group Definition Interpretation ‘Biot umber, Ab ‘Ratio of the internal thermal resistance of a solid. @ % to the boundary layer thermal resistance. Mass transfer et Ratio of the interal species transfer resistance to Biot oumber a the boundary layer species transfer resistance. i) ne Bond number — pot? Ratio gravitational and surface Go) Spor tension forces. Coefficient +4 Dimensionless surfce shear stress. offrction + © on ker number ¥ “Kinetic energy ofthe flow relative tothe GRAS —_ boundary layer enthalpy iterence. Fourier number ‘a Ratio ofthe eat condition rate othe rte of Fo) = thermal energy storage in a slid. Dimensionless time, Mass transfer Ratio ofthe species dfusion rate to the rate of Fourier umber species storage. Dimensionless tine Fo.) Frition factor Dimensionless pressure drop for internal flow. o Grasbof number Ratio of Buoyancy to viscous Forces. Gr) ‘Colbum j factor Dimensionless heat transfer costicient God ‘Cotbum j actor Dimensionless mass transfer coefficient, Ge) Jakob number Ratio of sensible to latent energy absorbed ey orig liguld-vapor phase change. Lewis sumber Ratio ofthe thermal and mas diffusivities. de) Nusselt number Dimensionless temperature gradient at a) the surface. Peclet number Dimensionless independent heat transfor a) parameter. Prandt nomiber Ratio ofthe momentum and thermal iffsivtes. Py) Reynolds nomber ra Ratio of the inertia and viscous forces. 3) vr Schmidt number 2 Ratio ofthe momentum and mass diffsiviis, vi Kobe of viscous dl Ssvpaten Bcinkwange ZOE aa al356 Chapter 6 Introduction to Convection Interpretation Sherwood number Dimensionless concentration gradient st (Sh) the surface. ‘Stanton number ‘Modlfied Nusselt number. ( Mass transfer Modified Sherwood number. Stanton number Gin) : Weber number Ratio of inertia to surface tension forces. We, ee to be introduced for special conditions. As a new group is confronted, its defi tion and interpretation should be committed to memory. Note that the Grashof number provides a measure of the ratio of buoyancy forces to viscous forces in the velocity boundary layer. Its role in free convection (Chapter 9) is much the ‘same as that of the Reynolds number in forced convection. The Eckert number provides a measure of the kinetic energy of the flow relative to the enthalpy dif ference across the thermal boundary layer. It plays an important role in high- speed flows for which viscous dissipation is significant. Note also that although similar in form, the Nusselt and Biot numbers differ in both defini. ‘and interpretation. Whereas the Nusselt number is defined in terms of the ther ‘mal conductivity of the fluid, the Biot number is based on the solid thermal coa- ductivity, Equation 5.9. 6.7 Boundary Layer Analogies ‘As engineers, our interest in boundary layer behavior is directed principally ‘ward the dimensionless parameters C,, Nu, and Sh. From knowledge of these parameters, we may compute the wall shear stress and the convection heat and ' mass transfer rates. It is therefore understandable that expressions that relate Cy : ‘Nu, and Sh to each other can be useful tools in convection analysis. Such et pressions are available in the form of boundary layer analogies. 6.7.1. The Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy If two or more processes are governed by dimensionless equations of the same form, the processes are said to be analogous. Clearly then, from Equations 649 and 6.41 and the boundary conditions, Equations 6.43 and 6.44, of Table 64, ‘convection heat and mass transfer are analogous. Each of the different