Depar

tmentofMechani
calEngi
neer
ing
ME101Engi
neer
ingGr
aphi
cs
Pr
oject
ionsofLi
nes

CaseI
:Al
i
nei
spar
all
elt
obot
hHPandVP

1.Dr
awpr
oject
ionsofal
i
nePQmeasur
es70mm i
spar
all
elt
obot
hHPandVP.Thepoi
ntPi
s20mm abov
e
HPand15mm i
nfr
ontofVP.

CaseI
I:Al
inei
sper
pendi
cul
art
oHPandpar
all
elt
oVP

2.Dr
awpr
oject
ionsofal
i
neMNmeasur
es65mm i
sper
pendi
cul
art
oHPandpar
all
elt
oVP.Thepoi
ntM i
s
10mm abov
eHPand20mm i
nfr
ontofVP.

CaseI
II
:Al
inei
sper
pendi
cul
art
oVPandpar
all
elt
oHP

3.Al
i
nePQmeasur
es60mm i
sper
pendi
cul
art
oVPandpar
all
elt
oHP.Thepoi
ntPi
s15mm abov
eHPand
10mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Dr
awi
tspr
oject
ions.

CaseI
V:Al
inei
sincl
inedt
oHPandpar
all
elt
oVP

4.Al
i
neABmeasur
es65mm i
sincl
i
nedat30t
oHPandpar
all
elt
oVP.Thepoi
ntAi
s10mm abov
eHP
and20mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Dr
awi
tspr
oject
ions.

CaseV:Al
inei
sincl
inedt
oVPandpar
all
elt
oHP

5.Dr
awpr
oject
ionsofal
i
neMNmeasur
es65mm i
sincl
i
ned at45t
oVPandpar
all
elt
oHP.Thepoi
ntM
i
s20mm abov
eHPand10mm i
nfr
ontofVP.

CaseVI
:Al
inei
sincl
inedt
obot
hHPandVP

6.Al
i
nePQi
sincl
i oHPat300 and450 t
nedt oVPandmeasur
es70mm.Thepoi
ntPi
s20mm abov
eHP
and15mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Dr
awi
tspr
oject
ions.

7.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ionsofal
i
neAB,
l00mm l
ongi nedat300t
ncl
i oHPand450t
oVP.TheendAoft
hel
i
nei
s
20mm abov
eHPand25mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Thel
i
nesl
opesupwar
dfor
war
dri
ghtf
rom At
oB.

8.Al
i
neAB80mm l
onghasi
tsendAbot
hinHPandVP,
andi nedat300t
ncl
i oHPand450t
oVP.Dr
awt
he
pr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
neAB.Fi
ndt
heappar
enti
ncl
i
nat
ionsoft
het
opandf
rontv
iewswi
tht
heXYl
i
ne.Al
so
measur
ethedi
stancebet
weent
heendpr
oject
ors.

9.Al
i
nePQ75mm l
onghasi
tsendPi
nVPandt
heendQi
nHP.Thel
i
nei
si nedat300t
ncl
i oHPand600t
o
VP.Dr
awi
tspr
oject
ions.

10.
Ali
nehasi
tsendA,15mm abov
eHPand10mm i
nfr
ontofVP.TheendBi
s55mm abov
eHPandt
he
l
i
nei
si nedat300 t
ncl
i oHP.Thedi
stancebet
weent
heendpr
oject
orswhenmeasur
edpar
all
elt
otheXY
l
i
nei
s50mm.Dr
aw t
hepr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
ne.Det
ermi
net
het
ruel
engt
hoft
hel
i
neandi
tsi
ncl
i
nat
ion
wi
thVP.

11.
Ali
neABi
s90mm l
ong.I
tisi nedat450 t
ncl
i oHP.I
tsf
rontv
iewmeasur
es70mm.TheendAi
s15mm
abov
eHPand25mm i
nfr
ontofVP.TheBendi
shi
ghert
hant
heendA.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
ne
 AB.Det
ermi
ne:
(i)i
tsi
ncl
i
nat
ionwi
thVPand(
ii
)thel
engt
hofi
tst
opv
iew.

12.
Thet
opv
iewofal
i
nePQ,75mm l
ongmeasur
es50mm.TheendPi
s30mm i
nfr
ontofVPand15mm
abov
eHP.TheendQi
s15mm i
nfr
ontVPandabov
eHP.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
nePQandf
indi
ts
t
ruei
ncl
i
nat
ionswi
thHPandVP.

13.
Thet
opv
iewpqofast
rai
ghtl
i
nei
s70mm l eof600wi
ongandmakesanangl tht
heXYl
i
ne.Thepoi
ntQ
i
s10mm i
nfr
ontofVPand30mm abov
eHP.Thedi
ff
erencebet
weent
hedi
stances ofPandQabov
e
t
heHPi
s45mm.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ions.Det
ermi
nei
tst
ruel
engt
handt
ruei
ncl
i
nat
ions

14.
Ali
nePQhasi
tsendP,15mm abov
eHPand10mm i
nfr
ontofVP.TheendQi
s55mm abov
eHPand
t
hel
i
nei
si nedat300 t
ncl
i oHP.Thedi
stancebet
weent
heendpr
oject
orsoft
hel
i
newhenmeasur
ed
par
all
elt
othel
i
neofi
nter
sect
ionofHPandVPi
s50mm.Dr
aw t
hepr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
neandf
indi
ts
i
ncl
i
nat
ionwi
thVP.

15.
Thef
rontv
iewofal
i
ne90mm l
ongi
si nedat450 t
ncl
i otheXYl
i
ne,a'
b'bei
ng65mm l
ong.a'
is15mm
abov
etheXYl
i
ne.TheendAi
sinVP.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
neandf
indi
tsi
ncl
i
nat
ionswi
thHPand
VP.

16.
Ali
nehav
ingoneofi
tsend10mm abov
eHPand15mm i
nfr
ontofVPi
sincl
i oHPand450t
nedat30°t o
VP.I
tst
opv
iewi
s50mm l
ong.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
neandf
indouti
tst
ruel
engt
h.

17.
Thedi
stancebet
weent
hepr
oject
orspassi
ngt
hrought
heendpoi
ntsofal
i
neABal
ongt
heXYl
i
nei
s40
mm.TheendAi
s20mm abov
eHPand15mm i
nfr
ontofVP.TheendBi
s45mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Thel
i
ne
ABappear
stobe65mm l
ongi
nthef
rontv
iew.Compl
etet
hepr
oject
ions.Fi
ndt
het
ruel
engt
hoft
hel
i
ne
andi
tsi
ncl
i
nat
ionswi
thHPandVP.

18.
Ali
neABi
s80mm l
ong.TheendAi
stouchi
ngVPand10mm abov
eHP.TheendBi
s50mm i
nfr
ontof
VPand40mm abov
eHP.Dr
aw t
hepr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
neABandf
indst
hedi
stancebet
weent
heend
pr
oject
orswhenmeasur
edpar
all
elt
othel
i
neofi
nter
sect
ionofHPandVP.Al
sof
indt
hei
ncl
i
nat
ionoft
he
l
i
newi
thHPandVP.

CaseVI
I:Al
inewi
thAr
bit
rar
ypoi
nt

19.
Themi
dpoi
ntofal
i
neABi
s60mm abov
eHPand50mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Thel
i
nemeasur
es80mm andi
s
i nedat300t
ncl
i oHPand450t
oVP.Dr
awi
tspr
oject
ions.

20.
Thepr
oject
ionsofal
i
nemeasur
ing80mm i
nthet
opv
iewand70mm i
nthef
rontv
iew.Themi
dpoi
ntof
t
hel
i
nei
s45mm i
nfr
ontofVPand35mm abov
eHP.Oneendi
s10mm i
nfr
ontofVPandnear
ert
oit
.
Theot
herendi
snear
ert
oHP.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ionsoft
hel
i
ne,
findt
het
ruel
engt
handt
ruei
ncl
i
nat
ions.

21.
Ali
neABi
s90mm l
ongi
tsmi
dpoi
ntM bei
ng50mm abov
eHPand40mm i
nfr
ontofVP.TheendAi
s
20mm abov
eHPand10mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Dr
awi
tspr
oject
ions.

22.
Ali
nePQmeasur
es120mm,i
tst
opandf
rontv
iewsmeasur
e80mm and96mm r
espect
ivel
y.Thel
i
nei
s
t
il
tedaboutapoi
ntRont
hel
i
newhi
chdi
vi
desi
tint
her
ati
oof1:
2.i
.e.
,PR:
RQ=1:
2.Thepoi
ntRi
sat
di
stanceof60mm f
rom bot
hthepl
anes.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ions.Fi
ndt
hedi
stancesofendsPandQf
rom
HPandVP.
23.
TheendAofal
i
nei
s20mm i
nfr
ontofVPand25mm abov
eHP.Thel
i
nei
si ned450 t
ncl
i oHP.Thef
ront
v
iewl
engt
his65mm.Thet
opv
iewoft
hel
i
nei
si nedat300t
ncl
i oVP.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ions.

24.
Oneendoft
hel
i
neABi
s15mm abov
eHPand10mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Thel
i
nei
si nedat300 t
ncl
i oVPand
450t
oHP.Thedi
stancebet
weenendpr
oject
orsi
s40mm.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ions.

25.
Ali
neABi
s75mm l
ong.Thet
opv
iewaboft
hisl
i
nemeasur
es50mm.Themi
dpoi
ntoft
hisl
i
nei
s60mm
i
nfr
ontofVPand75mm abov
eHP.TheendBi
s40mm i
nfr
ontofVP.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ions.

CaseVI
I:Pr
act
ical
Probl
ems

26.
Aroom i
s5m X3m X4m hi
gh.Anel
ect
ri
clampi
ssuspendedv
ert
ical
l
yfr
om t
hecent
reoft
hecei
l
ingat
adi
stanceof0.
8m f
rom i
t.Fi
ndt
hedi
stanceoft
hel
ampf
rom any
oneoft
hegr
oundcor
ner
sandsl
ope
angl
eoft
heconnect
ingl
i
newi
tht
hegr
ound.

27.
Aroom i
s5m l
ong,
4m wi
deand4.
5m hi
gh.Af
ani
ssuspendedv
ert
ical
l
yfr
om t
hecent
reoft
hecei
l
ing
atadi
stanceof0.
75m f
rom i
t.Fi
ndt
hedi
stanceoft
hef
anf
rom any
oneoft
hegr
oundcor
ner
sandt
he
sl
opeangl
eoft
heconnect
ingl
i
newi
tht
hegr
ound.

28.
Aroom i
s5m x4m x3m hi
gh.Det
ermi
negr
aphi
cal
l
ythel
engt
hoft
hedi
agonaloft
hespacechoosi
nga
sui
tabl
escal
e.

29.
Anaudi
tor
ium ofacol
l
egei
shav
ing100m l
engt
h,50m wi
dthand20m hei
ght
.Oneoft
hel
i
ghtpoi
ntsi
s
f
it
tedatt
hecent
reoft
her
oof
,andi
tsswi
tchi
skeptononeoft
hesi
dewal
l
soft
heaudi
tor
ium,3.
5m
abov
ethef
loorand10m f
rom oneoft
headj
acentwal
l
s.Fi
ndt
hedi
stancebet
weent
hel
i
ghtpoi
ntandi
ts
swi
tch.

30.
Oneendofapol
e4met
erl
ongr
est
sagai
nstawal
landt
heot
heront
het
opofabox
.Theboxi
s1met
re
hi emakes400wi
gh.Thepol tht
het heboxand250wi
opoft tht
hewal
l
.Dr
awt
hepr
oject
ionsandf
indt
he
hei
ghtoft
heendoft
hepol
ewhi
chr
est
sagai
nstt
hewal
l
.Scal
e1:
50.

31.
Adi
vi
deropenedat45°i
ssopl
acedont
hegr
oundsucht
hatbot
htheendsar
eequi
dist
antf
rom VPand
t
hehi
ngedendi
s50mm abov
ethegr
oundandnear
ert
oVP.I
fthedi
stancebet
weent
heendsi
s80mm,
dr
aw t
hepr
oject
ionsanddet
ermi
net
het
ruel
engt
hsoft
hel
egsoft
hedi
vi
der
.Al
sodet
ermi
net
he
i
ncl
i
nat
ionsofeachl
egwi
tht
her
efer
encepl
anes.

32.
Thr
eev
ert
icalpol
esAB,CDandEFar
erespect
ivel
y2m,4m and8m l
ong.Thei
rendsB,DandFar
eon
t
hegr
oundandf
ormt
hecomer
sofanequi
l
ater
alt
ri
angl
eof5m l
ongsi
desDet
ermi
negr
aphi
cal
l
ythe
di
stancesbet
weent
het
opendsoft
hepol
es,namel
yAC,CEAE,al
sot
hei
ncl
i
nat
ionoft
hesewi
tht
he
gr
ound.Scal
e1:
50.

33.
Achi
mneyofaboi
l
eri
s10m hi
ghand2m i
ndi
amet
er.Thi
schi
mneyi
ssuppor
tedbyguywi
reswhi
ch
appeari
ntopv
iewat120°t
oeachot
her
.Theendsoft
hewi
resar
epeggedt
othegr
oundatdi
stancesof3
m,4m and5m f
rom t
hecent
reoft
hechi
mney
.Theot
herendst
hewi
rear
econnect
edt
othet
opoft
he
chi
mney
.Fi
ndt
hel
engt
hoft
het
hreeguywi
res.

34.
Ast
rai
ghtr
oadgoi
nguphi
l
lfr
om apoi
ntAdueEastt
oananot
herpoi
ntB,
is4km l
ongandhasasl
opeof
15°
.Anot
herst
rai
ghtr
oadf
rom B,due30°EastofNor
th,t
oapoi
ntCi
sal
so4km l
ongbuti
sonal
evel
 gr
ound.Det
ermi
net
hel
engt
handsl
opeoft
hest
rai
ghtr
oadj
oini
ngt
he poi
ntsAandC.
Takeascal
e1:
400.

35.
Twoor
angesonat
reear
erespect
ivel
y1.
8met
erand3met
reabov
ethegr
ound,and1.
2met
erand2.
1
met
erf
rom a0.
3met
ert
hickwal
lbutont
heopposi
tesi
desofi
t.Thedi
stancebet
weent
her
anges
measur
edal
ongt
hegr
oundandpar
all
elt
othewal
li
s2.
7met
er.Det
ermi
net
her
ealdi
stancebet
weent
he
or
anges.Useasui
tabl
escal
e.