Feet DEL Institute Press ANALYSIS AND DESIGN PSU eee a Ce GUIDE TO MODELINGContents Foreword ‘Acknowledgments ‘About the Author CHAPTERT Structural Modeling Techniques and Guidelines Geometry Modeling Load Path Considerations iphragm Modeling, Torsion ‘Member Releases and Supports CHAPTER2 _ Gravity Loads and Application Load Items Selfweight Nodal Load Member Load Uniform Force Varying Load ‘Area Load/Floor Load Example—One-Way Distribution wi B B 6 25 29 29 31 34 35Live Load Reduction 38 Example—Live Load Reduction 39 ‘Snow Loads a Example—Mono-Slope Roof a ‘Example—Gable Roof “6 CHAPTER3 Wind Loads and Application 50 Gust Effect Factor 50 ‘Example—Frequency Determination for Building 50 Open Structures 53 Example—Tower Wind Load Generation 3 Enclosed Structures 59 ‘Example—Building Wind Load Generation a CHAPTER 4 Seismic Loads and Application 66 Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure 66 Example—Base Shear ELFP os Reference Loads Torsion and Accidental Torsion 9 ‘Modal Response Spectrum Analysis 83 Example—Base Shear Modal Response Spectrum Alanysis 8 Linear Seismic Response History Analysis Example—Base Shear Time History CHAPTERS Loads and Load Combinations Organization of Load Cases Example Load Cases and Combi Load Combinations and Repeat Loads Reference Loads Seismic Load Combinations and the Overstrength Factor Load Combination Generator ExampleLoad Combination Generator 100 103 105CHAPTER6 Stability Analysis and Design AISC Specification Example—Calculation of Notional Loads Example—Calculation of Notional Loads Using STAAD.Pro First-Order Analysis Method Example—Flrst-Order Analysis Method Equivalent Length Method Direct Analysis Method Example—Direct Analysis Method Providing Member Stability xample—Column Stability Evaluation CHAPTERT Steel Member Design Tension Members Example—Single Angle inT Verity Results Using STAAD.Pro Compression Members ‘Example—W14 Column Evaluation Verity Results Using STAAD.Pro ‘Example—W30 Column Torsional Buckling Evaluation Verity Results Using STAAD.Pro Flexural Members ‘Example—W21 Beam Flexure Evaluation Verify Results Using STAAD.Pro Shear Members ‘Example—W18 Beam Shear Evaluation Verify Results Using STAAD.Pro ‘Members Designed for Combined Forces and Torsion Example—W12 Collector Beam Evaluation Steel Connections Example—txtended End Pate Example—Beam-Colurmn and Base Plate _mo 10 18 m4 me ‘n0 oa ma 16 me BO BO a we 1B ne Bs us BT 138 39 ao wi 11 142 3 a 45 vr 181CHAPTERS _ Steel Structures 156 Design Criteria 157 Geometry Modeling 159 Load Cases m Load Combination ney Steel Design m4 AISC 360-05 Parameters 6 ‘Analysis Results v8 CHAPTERS Foundation Design 182 Isolated Spread Footings 182 Example—Spread Footing Design 183 Combined Footings 188 Pile Caps 190 ‘Mat Foundation 192 Example—Mat Foundation Design 9 CHAPTER TO Concrete Member Design 209 Design of Concrete Members for Bending 20 Example—Beam Design m Design of Concrete Members for Compression 216 Example—Column Design ™ Designing Concrete Slabs 2 Example—Slab Design 2 Design of Concrete Shear Walls 2s Example—Shear Wall Design 26 ‘Checking Composite Slabs for Floor Vibration Bi Example—Floor Vibration Analysis, 231CHAPTERTI Concrete Structures ACI Speci ation Structure Foundation Integration Concrete Moment Frame Design Criteria Load Cases Load Combinations Concrete Design Parameters PDELTA Analysis Formats ‘Member Design Beam Design Brief Column Design Brief Slab Design Brief Index 235 235 236 237 239 29 240 24a ERBERForeword ‘Today's roco techies, and economic tends have changed the way every “engineering practioner approaches solving complex problems. Comptes have become faster and mobil, creative designers have pushed the envelope of possibility and counties around the world compete forthe attraction of capital, resources, and power onthe woe stage, manifesting thei advancement by building skylines neatly half «mile high, Structural enginers ae nt impervious fiom thee trends and have lend to adapt over the past 25 yeas to embrace the new world of design, including expanding their prerequisite o encompass economics, designing for catastrophic man-made events, and working in a fsographiclly dispersed environment, Design has become exponentially more sificule wich a mysiad of design codes asking engincers ocalulate fr seismic, pushoter or nonlinear effets that were not posible without the proper sofovare, powerfl computes, and most of ala basic understanding behind the physics. With che advancement in technology come many caveats including unnecessarily layge and over-diseretized models and interpretation of results from esoteric nalyes ike large deflection, nonlineae dynamics or progressive collapse, Howeves, 25 years ago it wa almost unfathomable to think of building skysrepers inthe ‘idle oft highly seiemic zone o designing guise the impact of an aieplane ‘or putting horptals on base isolator, Todays design software may incorporate the latest advancement in stracteral mechanics, enabling engineers to ate highly sophistcaed models tha emulate the physical acer, but quite often, the inp requred to produce valid esl is not well understood andthe relationship [between the analytical and the physical models isnot synchronized. (My fier, Ant Das, start Research Engineers Intemational in 1981, writing ‘one ofthe first struturl analysis and design sofware forthe PC. STAAD (an ‘csonyen for STrututal Analyse nd Design) had ie rote ftom the mainframe ‘world but ws the first software co ake advantage of iterative design, conducive to the workflow an a PC. Itertive or interactive design ie a process whereby the initial model is mailed sed onthe decisions or eontaits defined by che engineer For ‘example the engineer may want to limit the sizes of specific secondary beams oF the deflection limit of floor by defining constraints in the model When STAAD checks the model agsinst these wer-defined rules, it will automaticaly adjust the ‘model until it saisies the original intention ofthe designer. The voftware was truly innovative on many font, inching the incorporation of aver one hundred international coder, integration with several plan design systems, specialty STAD ‘modules catered to speci industries Uke bridge, tower, or offshore and an open API enabling engineers to integrate commonly used Fxed sheets with their models Butone of the most power inate feature of STAD is the combination ofForeword san input text-based fle with a robust graphical interface‘Thefeiliyof cis ‘workdlow provided engineers a way to quickly modify compler loading patters or Update design constraints through arext-hased system aswell as document heir ode along every step Unlocking the power of his “dua interface” software as ‘enabled engineers around the world to model sophisticated powerplants, stadiums, foreven amusement purk ride. “This book writen by Trevor Jones an old Send of mine who hat been using ‘STAD and stated his taining at Lockwood Greene sa rare gem in that t explains how an analytical software with fout very simple building blocks ean be ‘wed to model some of the mos complex ystems inthe world, Trevor explains Iowa node beam, pat, and solid element wark together to fore a structural sytem to behave a intended in the physical world Understanding the relationship Iherween the degres of freedom exerted by these building blocks on each other ‘will help the reader compechend how to smulte 8 more real-world situation ‘Trevor alo demyatiis some ofthe more complicated yet commonly used functionality in STAAD like modeling floors using misterslave systems, when to model mat foundations with plates oe solids, and various ways of modeling semi-rigid connections, Te biggest challenge Ihave seen with our STAD sess ‘over the ast 20 year ithe resistance to change a worklow due to the lack of Undestandiag of what we called aggregnted commands. For example, Ihave seen hundreds of models where «curviinea structure lke a dome or sludge tank was ‘modeled using Cartesian coordinates. Tew exphins how STAAD can woskin ‘arious coordinate sytem lke Pola or even in multiple local coordinate systems, othe user can en align lads or interpret reslts and can reduce the number of instructions by 75%, Becoming mor funliae with structural ateibues like tthe MEMBER TRUSS or TENSION ONLY commands wil help the user ‘understand how to combine certain effects together and when they ean become problematic worked on «project onetime where I saw a fem interchangeably ‘use the MEMBER TRUSS command and a combination of releases on a beam to ‘simulate the member-only experiencing asa tensile and compressive forces, There i age diference between the two methods and this book explains the various riuances and subleiesbenween these commands. Questions such a theeference ‘between the myriad of dynamics commands ike IBC (equivalent static), response specu, or ime history ae aniwered in layman tems. Advanced analyses have ha a lange following now dat the design codes have ‘ray to dea with che results produce from these rather complex algoritis. [Extensive research and catastrophic events ike the collapse of the World Trade Center naclear meltdowns in Japan and earthquakes in New Zealand Haiti, and the United States have provided engineers with data to help improve their ‘designs. This book does a phenomenal jab of xking the reader through examples ‘of how to choose between a smal Prete or lange P-delea analysis as wells ‘sing nonlinear elements like tenson-only springs for foundation, Trevor ha an textensive background inthe indutey working at Lockwood Greene and CH2M HILL where the seuctures modeled (pipe racks, tanks, substations silos, etc) are subjected to various loads like hydrostatic from materials passing through hoppers ‘or chutes, moving loads fom jb canes or temperature loading from extreme ‘chemical reactions. Trevor dors an exceptional job by taking the eader through ‘ferent loading options in STAD, inclading automatic lad generstors ike the ‘moving, oor, or wind loading to simulate commonly observed external forces.(One ofthe most widely used modules in STAAD init stel and concrete design ‘workflows. Almost every aspect ofthe design can be coawlled through ast of parameters or constrains. But wherever ther is lexi her is room for er ‘or msaterpretation. This ook tales the eaderthrugh the vasious options in both stee and concrete design (using the new AISC 13th eiton and ACI 318 codes) alongwith how to design connections using the RAM Connection ‘modi. This isthe area of STAAD where she infamous ip le (ext editor) ‘comes in extemely handy. Many consider the input ile to be a double-edged ‘sword-—simplitc and elegant and a physieal decument of che model, but can be ‘easly manipulated and quickly prodice overlooked errors. Trevor uses the input file extensively along withthe grapical user interface to demonstrat to the seader how both ean be used saccessillyto make rapid changes such se going from a CODE CHECK toa MEMBER SELECTION or defining different sig criteria for load ease. STAAD's strength lies in the various ways one ‘cin manipulate the mode and Trevor does an exceptional ob by exploiting thie strength. ‘The profession of the structural engineering as gone theough a metamorphosis inthe last quarter century. Without accurate knowledge of how to use computer software like STAAD to simulate the physical world using analytical model, structural engineers would find themselves ats disadvantage working with architects or owners ooking for sustainable, enegy-eficient an reaient structures With the promulgation of BIM (Builling Information Modeling and its emphasis ofa single source of truth, the engineers must rely on various methods of interoperability to exchange iterations dynamically with professionals allover the work, Understanding how to quickly update the model with new change requests is something this book does a great job of covering through practical ‘utmples. Growing Research Engineers trom a 82MM domestic coups to & 10MM global engineering software company before selling to Batley Systems Jn 2005 has provided me with great pleasure. But I derive a deeper sense of pride knowing tht some ofthe world’s geatest pices of nfaxtracrre from bridges to skyscrapers to stadiums to historical monuments were designed with STAD. hope you enjoy this book and find che inspiration to push the boundaries of analysis and design, Santanu Das ‘Viee President, Structural and Bridge DevelopmentAcknowledgments | wold ike to thnk my family foe the time needed tote on this project. I etl appreciate the peace and quiet my wife granted me on those long weekends Tadcition, I would ike to thank fellow coworkers and mentors Keith Black, Steve ‘Magply, and Jim McCoy fr thee advice and allowing me to accept this challenge 1 wold like to thank Jeff Kell and his team 2 Bentley Institute Pres for their Jha work and effort, Francisco Diego did great job developing the cover images PreMedisGlobal did a wanderfl jb of pulling everything together and creating finshed product ‘Last but aot leas would ike to thank Santans Das and Kei Sahis fr thei ap pore nat only on this book, but als forall these yeas since I discovered STAAD. Pro. The technical group for STAAD.Pro ha away been top-notch and Ihave relied heavily on it for many years, Thanks for its support on the book andthe yest of great serviceAbout the Author “Trevor Jones a structural engineer at CH2M Hil Fortune-500 engineering! constuction company He i curendy serving as depuronent manage and has served at group leader on many commercial and industrial projets He bas ‘mate degze from Clemson University where be focused his studies scuctunl engineering. At Clemson he published a thes conersing the rete of exiting eden constriction to inceae the erstance to huiane force ‘winds a well asaded i the writing and development of serra techil paper. “Trevor Jones enjoy hiking, camping, and Sshing inthe outdoors a ell a the ‘oceisional woodworking project Fle i marted to Kristen Jones and ha wo gest is, Davi and Ay.Structural Modeling } Techniques and Guidelines the exception rather than che rule Ta recent yeas, ot only has compre modeling become more efficient and user-friendly, our customers have _generaly come to expect that this will provide them the mot economical and cost-efficient design. Building codes and standards have also continued to change and in many instances require the use of moce complicated analyis techniques In soe cases modeling af the seuce, inching 3D spatial, tiffs and aoalineae effets, is mandated by code provisions, Building materials continue to increase in strength, While chis hs the benefit of utng les materiale at the eon feo ing the lca and overall stiffness of che structures. The rests that the engineer is faced with the task of designing the tractue for more complicated codes and standards which inherently have les stfines,in after ammount of time than in years pas. While the use of computers and software can aid in designing the Structure, it is ncreasingly important forthe enginet to ensure that the level of modeling agrees with the detail of whats actually bul. Assumptions of stiffs, load, load pat, connections, effects of nonstructural components and soon should al e verified a critical steps in the design proces. ‘This book will provide a background of how STAD Pro handles modeling snd design of hears, plates, connections, nd othe structural elements aswell the istibuson of forces and stuctaredaplacements, ew alo explain the develop- ment of the appropriate lads and load combinations tobe inched in the model In regards to wind and seismic, the ede provisions and ther effect on the struc~ tural model willbe explained including the design of iadividual elements sch as collectors, rag struts and diaphragms. The prescribed analysis methods requited from steel and concrete codes including the recently adopted Direct Analyse “Method for steel design, willbe coveredThe design and detailing of individual ‘ements such as beams and columns, to meet the code spsifiations and detailing requirements willbe peeseted for both stel and concrete, The required detail to provide proper bracing and stability tothe strctue and individual members will also be presented. The ability ofthe STAAD. Pro model to export a athe pro- frum such as STAAD foundation and RAM Connection wil albo be discuseed slong with appropiate examples. Complete building examples fr steel and con- crete wll be provided to prevent all concepts in a single concise format. T: modeling and design ofstrctures without the us of computers is nowER) 0.20115 00 0es0n orsraucruns STAAD Pro ie state-of the-art software that enables the engineer to handle a wide range of srtures, building codes, material, and loading requirements. The ‘caineer should have a intimate knowledge witha of the program assumptions tnd limitations, Stucrures suchas steel and concrete buildings, proces towers, bridges tank farms, transmission towers maybe analyzed and designed; however it isthe egineer who asst decide how to develop the analytial model ro represent these physical structures, The engineer must kxow the diferences in the physical structure and the analytical model, For example, wile most design drawings are based on and dimensioned from lash Door or top of sted the analtil model ties the centerline ofthe clement, While tis hus Kite effect on braced frame structure, an analytical model ofa moment frame developed using the top of steel ‘would exhibiea greater daplacement under lateral loads The result of which could bbe heavier cokimrns and besms to eoateol the deft of the building. On the other Inand considering a calarn base siting on concrete pir and foundation tobe “xed” may resltn underestiating the building dit since rotation ofthe Foun ation can occu, Consideration should aso be given tothe design eiteria and ssmumptions that ae used a npot into che analytical model. The accuracy ofthis Infocration and its application toa particular structure shouldbe given carefl ‘consideration, If information is general in nature oF perhaps from referenced stan ‘ands, maybe prudent toute a greater level of safety in the desig, For exam ple the soil subgrade modulus ean important parameter for mat foundation and Slab design Homers, the test methods to determine this value can vary and the ‘ype and magnitude of load can affect this parameter, For this situation, multiple analyses may be considered so thats bounded slusion is obtained. ConnectionsCHAPTER stent Modeling Tena and cucenes of individual elements should alo be evaluated to ensure that the analytical model "represents the physical condition Differences may occur due wo brace work point, connection eccentricity offs ofthe physical member feom the dheoreicl inte. ‘ection and other conditions. The result i sully addtional bending moment or torsion required tobe cased by the member @) ut © ¢ » T — 4 t FIGURE -1 Py Model ot» Baca ont [FIGURE -2 Analy Madea Bac nt tions. This is due to the use of different beam depths, The aca brace and analyti- cal race centerline may or may not intersect the centerline ofthe beam to which connected. Tn addition the actual column height coincides with the top of the thea and not the centesine In thin cae the typial method of melange sin Figure 1-3, withthe top of steel used as the work point for analytical beams, col- ‘uns and braces. Anoties cramp af iirecs in he anal nd py models shown the flonnggurindatngslrted von sab eonsrucon uote by ‘caring The tnajeal bam cents and the eerie oe once [bd mrennce I would be onl to ml hs condo ing ign, ‘er of and wo ons howe ths wou reaty complete the aed align he ets uy heater hat maybe rite Te wou be sical to md he ban and serie ssming at RGUREY Tod {hak cenetins are conciden Ie ahould be noted ha thre ue sometnnene,__ ‘Mote eats tren maybe nessny to mel hi oft endo, ues como i. tg bun at genre ewe In the preceding figure che analytical beams intersect the eolumn a diferent lcs © FLGUREY- Tyla! Ania Slab Centerline Beam Centerline FIGURE YPN! 3 ltd SbBES) 051055 ano s10n or siavcrunes CURE biewnce in letlon detveen Sab eam Cee fests Dstt iGURET-6 type Artal MaelLsng Top of Stel and oto Sab fr tesetonof Geometry Modeling As mentioned previously tis standard practice forthe analytical model t be based on centerline to centerline dimensions of members. Its also generally seweptable to model floor lor brights uring the dimension fom tp of mem- ‘er to top of member Phe will usally ssl in a conservative design; however, there are instances when this method will not capture lea effets on the member. Teiscnucial thatthe analytical model and construction drawings be checked for comssteney to ensue the design intent is met. The following Figure shows the Snalyial model for a braced frame. Let’ examine and compare this with the ‘ctual construction deals that may be weed to build the suucture. Detail 1a the intersection ofthe wide fange clurmn and beam, Since the con nection ofthe simply supported WIR is othe ange of the Wi column, there ‘willbe an addtional mornent imparted tothe cofwmn. This moment wil be equi alent tothe beam end shear multiplied by one-half the depth of the column, “The use ofthe OFFSET command in STAD Peo willallow ch user to model these types of conditions i the structure, Since the member offset command will, slsoredice the length ofthe member its recommended to perform the design sing the centerline to centerline dimensions and then verify the members selected ‘sing the OFFSET command ina separate analysis This command can be located ‘under the Bean/Speciication tah. The user will ned to assign the location as = ther the start or end of che member and specify the ose dimension in the curent ‘model units The user als has the option ofasiging the oftet using the global or local coordinate system. ft should be ned thatthe use ofthe OFFSET command, ‘ects ig link between the connection node and the offset beam. The effec of ‘his seo not only recuce the member length but also to increase the overall stiff res of the stricture, Care should be exercised when wsing the OFFSET command nd investigating member deflections, fame stability, and 50 on,CUTER ec a = x ee et > ~ | / \ / \ / \ & é / / \ tg td \ chy LGUREY-7 pi eed Fame FIGURET-® Detal~Beamto Colina Fag CormanBTS) 2201's 410 085104 0Fstaverunes FIGURET-9 STAD ro OFFSET Command ‘Detail 2 i at the intersection ofthe column base and the vertical brace In many instnces, construction details may dictate the geometry at this location Te is nat ‘uteomnmon ta rise the brace work pint above the column base to ad inthe exec- tor of the strctue, Thies especialy tre in cares where the floor slab may be intl pei to receiving selon site In lew of modeling this condition with the OFFSET command ici recommended to insere a node to represent the brice work point. This wll alow the proper eaeuation of beam shears and moments Tamed ar clic bean theory Ste the OFFSET cuts ence gal cmd, ‘twill not properly model thie condition. Brace Work Point, Additional Node Required mbes epscacaee bt FLGURET-10 etal 2- race fet at oem ate‘CHAPTER 1» Structural Modeling Techniques and Guidelines Denil 3 occurs a the intersection ofthe vertical bracing anda beam or gider Since the brace frames toa gusset pte welded t che bottom flange ofthe WIS, there i potential to introduce an ational moment both the beam andthe brace depending onthe connection detail, Creal review ofthe fabrication dew ings is needed to ensure thatthe connection detail align with the design intent. Let usassume thatthe braces intersect tthe bottom flange, In thie case the conec- tion wll price an additional moment inthe beam a shown in Figure 1-11. The OFFSET command could agin be used to account for this connection esenticiy. ‘There is also ational moment insoduced tothe brace duet this connection detail Since che ange i atached tothe fice ofthe gusset, theres an excenticiy ‘guivalent to half the gussee thickness pus the distance to the member cente-of- avy. The OFFSET command would not be appropriate for accounting for thie teitéonal moment, The brace capacity woud need tobe verified by haad or with a Spreadsheet-1ype application. Ii common practice to consider this additional mo- ment for braces loaded in compression but gore this effet for tension braces, as tension acts to counteract the buckling effet ofthe ational moment. [FIGUREY-M Dea 3-Ver race Comet Ect Load Path Considerations ‘Computer modeling has in many ways improved the ability ofthe engineer to model and design complicated stuctuses. Bu for this very eason,ithas made it ‘more dificult to determine and isolate the load path through the structure, While allowing the analysis softwar to distribute loads throughout the structure due to stiffness and connection parameters may seem logical, it produces several sues that must be addressed + Isolating single load path through the structure allows the engineer, ibrcsto, sand connection designer to eaily understand the specific design requirement. [If the loa path is left unidentified, it becomes extremely dificult ro convey the ‘proper information to «connection engines, ax well sto check the fabrication 25k. Fioune1-20 ae Lo 1K m1Ko ROK BSKO ge J of g| S| 7 4 gy ¥ 3 5 “aa &, 2 g g Nio 7 z a 3 Rsk) g g a z g g 4 a FiGURE 21 SHAD Rees GUREY-22 Fa fets LW Several design tues can arise a result ofthese differences inthe two analy- Sis methods If, for example, a change in the building layout results in vertieal Inracerelotin, a column that wat meeting the design requirements may now beQUOTE -stucunliobing tenes AT ‘verstressed under gravity loads, Depending on the situation, the engineer may be ‘wise to dexign the vertical members without aid ftom the late bracing elements. Tn addition, ican be seen tha the bracing forces increase by 739 asa esl ofthe ‘vertical lous being shared bythe beaces. The fabrication and connection details "hold also be investigated at the brae-to-column intersection t ensure that they support the analysis assumptions In tll structures, where this affect magnified, tn analysis chat considers al ofthese items should be considered Diaphragm Modeling (ne of the min contributors to the tabiity ofa structures she horizontal dia pug. The diaphragm acto dneibte lateral loads fro loo or rot level {he vet ame cements ofthe lateral foes reiting sem. es impart to ‘ndemtand the rypeand constuction of the diaphragm tobe wed and the effects ifthe claphragm ifn on the load dissibuton and dfeton af the sytem, ‘The impact of discontinuities uch 8 openings reentrant comes and ost se important pect ofthe suctrl design aswell a some cases, the building Conde may even seguir 3D oodelng to acount fr thee effects The two basic ‘Taphragm types are the rigid and exe diaphragms, which are laid bred ‘on how the lous dstibuted othe veri resting cements. la recent eitons, Inilding codes ave introduced the concapt of he semi-rigid diaphragm which ia hyd of the two main types ad may be a ter representation ofthe eal structure behavior. Tecan result na more complicated model that alo takes lon- orto analyze Rigid Diaphragm “The rigid diaphragm assumes thatthe in-plane deformations auywhece within the diaphragm are equal. The sitfnes of the diaphragm is assumed to be much sreater than the supporting eames esuting in rigid body behavior in both ttanslation and rotation, Irs typically constructed of concrete or concrete fill fon metal deck. The loads in sgid diaphragms are distributed t the supporting frames based on the relative stfiness of those frames. Torsional effects must be considered when the center of mass and center of fame stiffnes do not con- ‘de. Tn gene concrete slabe are considered rigid when the span to depth ratio is 3 oles. I lage of multiple openings are present, the use of che rigid dia- phragm assumption should be carefully evaluated, "The modeling of rigid diaphrgms in STAAD.Pr is straightforward process. Letscreate rigid laphragm for the structue in Figure 1-23. Fortis example, ‘load of 20 kips is applied at each coburn line. The sills of al eee X-braced fumes i alo modeled tobe equal rom the Genera > Specifications sb selact the Node ...button to bring up the [Node Specifications window. In this window select the node tha will be the master forall other nodes tht make up the diaphragm. [eis generally nt important which ode selected as long ais part ofthe diaphragm and in the mame pane a the other nodes ofthe disphragm. Then select che degres of feeedom for wiih all other nodes wl be inked tothe master The Rigid option links all degrees of re {dom and isthe defzul: For the eate ofthe horizonal diaphragm we only want link the tansations in che plane of che diaphragm and the rotation about the axis perpendicular to the diphragm, For our ample, we will unselect the defaule Rigid ‘ption and thes elect the ZX box. Not this is equivalent to selecting the FZ, FX, land MY degrees offreedom, After closing the node specification window, we then need eo selec al nodes, including the master, which make up the diaphragm.BET) 10:55 ano oescn or sraucrunes | Frame deflection and Ty diaphragm deflection “E-aveequat leesaa ip lees tip leeasanip UR24 Regn ets‘CHAPTER Structral Modeling Techniques ad Guidlines Flexible Diaphragm "The flexible diaphragm system assumes thatthe diaprage wil behave as an ela ticeam, and that sitinss is relatively small when compared to che supporting finmes, The deflection ofthe diaphragm is based on i stifiness ad is not depen ) See] ea caerents “Ce wr) Opp etn us a , F1GUREY-31 Selecta newly restates ad use the copyst eae Set eee eee point pon, sth pstecnmand oem te ples theremin ea par. Another option is to we the parametric meshing capabilites built into STAD. “This provides the ably to preview the mesh and make changes prot to merging it with the model. Fe alo has the benefit of being able tobe modified later in eae of geometry changes From within the Geometry tab select the Parametric Models tab and then selec the Add button. Select reference point to choose mexisting node inthe modelBT) 2020118 00 otscn oF saucrunes FIGURET-32 Farmettc Mal Dep In the New Mesh Model window the user has the option to name the mesh ‘model, This is useful if multiple ares or floors are required to be meshed ‘within the same model The ser ean ako choose to use nodes and beams ‘within the outer Boundary drawn to create addtional density points and lines. {is tpical to leave this checked a che default. Once OK is selected, the plate dra tol is activated and the wer can draw the outer boundary ofthe fares to be meshed. = FLOURET-35 Namethe Daages Mowatt (smiet_¥) eet on 5) { emoeerirednaersnea h tartan emesis ®) (C) FLGURET-34 Options fr Mesh Cron Once the outer boundary is drawn the mesh parameters window is displayed, ‘This window gives the user many options for defining the mesh requirements Teshould be noted chat all of ehese can be modified later after the preliminary mesh is created, For our example we wil choose the standard meshing method slong wich dhe quadslateral eemene type. For boundary connectivity ex typi fal to choote option C and bave STAAD Pro optimize the mesh quality. The user may choose ro enter a target element size and the default number of divi- sions along the Boundary edges, but since we have chosen the optimize mesh ‘options these are not necessary inpuss, Once the user ested withthe op ‘ons chosen, the wer should select OK. AC thie point, an additional window ‘ill open to allow the user fo input any openings inthe mesh and the user should select NO for this example, The preliminary mesh will be generated and displayed onscreen along withthe initial mesh parameter assumptions. IF necessary the user may choose to modify che initial settings in the Parametric ‘Models window on che right-hand side ofthe screen. Once satisfied with the mesh, select the merge mesh button to genciate the plate clement in the actual model. Nodes will be automatically created for plate connectivity tothe sup porting beams At this point, the properties ofthe plate elements and the plate specifications can be created. Fiom the CeneralePropertes tab select the Thickness button in onder to specify the plate thickness and material. From the thickness win- ‘don input the 6” slab thickness and specify the material to be concrete before selecting ADD. Note that che default concrete material specification assumes the compresive strength to be 3,000 pi If different materials need to be cre~ ated, then the GeneralcMaterial tab canbe selected. Assign the newly created property to al ofthe plates in the model, From the GeneraleSpec tab select the Plate. button to crete the appropriate specifications forthe daphagn,[FIGURET-35 Vil ily of Mesh Created Since we do not want to include the transverse stiffness of the plates, the PLANE STRESS specification shouldbe assigned. There are no adiional settings for this parameter, so select ADD at eis point and thes assign it to all ofthe plates inthe model, [FIGURE -27 Asp tence an Mat ProertyFIGURE -38 lene Speciation Maximum diapheagin displacement is slightly greater than frame line displacement. NGURE-40 Reus ea Canc pag ‘There are many options avalable for modeling the sine effects of conruguted metal deck including ts connections. The stiffness ofthe metal deck canbe greatly influenced by the type and numberof connestions, concrete fil gi board top ing for roof applisition, and soon. Al of these influences should be considered ‘when modeling this ype of system. It is recommended to perform a parametsic ‘dy with varying desc atiffitestodetecmine the effects ofthis parsmeter on both load disebation and building deplacment. For bare steel deck, the Stel Deck Insiute indicates thatthe stiffness of metal deck is an order of magnitudeIETS) 201s 0 oe: 0n oF savcrunes Jess than lt continuous plates of simi thickness. This ea be wied a the initial Input into the model, which can be adjusted later once the diaphragm shear and subsequent connection requirements are known, Per the Stel Deck ostitute’s Dizplragm Devgn Manuah Effective Modulus, @= G/, with tel base material = 11,300 ls For this ample, assume G' = 15 kip/in resulting in an equivalent plate thickness ‘0f0.00133 inches. The result of replacing he concrete thickness from the prvi ‘xample with this etc plate is shown inthe fllowing igure. zao00e 0.00 hp ~ 00 | t —L Maximum diaphragm displacement is substantially ‘greater than frame line FIGURE 41 Resto Re Steel props Torsion “There are many situations in which torsion can be introduced to 2 member. Many times, for impli the design model doesnot inchide all miscellaneous framing, outrigger, parapet support dens, bent plates for slab edges, equipment supports, and many other conditions where torsion could be imparted to the supporting ‘members, Proper detling can eliminate or greatly reduce the iaupact of torsion ‘on supporting elements. When this cant be done, then torsional effets should be accounted for in the design model, Some typical stations where torsion may 0¢- curare shown in Figues 1~€2 to 1-45. The end connections of members requied to resist onion must aso be propery specified and designed inorder to agree with the modeling assumptions. These connection assumptions an havea significant Jmpacton the amount of rotation the member may undergo aswell a the toeional stresses developed, The specific torsion design sequirements for sel snd concrete willbe presented ater in their appropriate chapters. Due to specific desiga rquire- ‘ments and guidelines, ¢ may be desirable to wre STAAD.Pro to determine the member forces, moments and reactions and wie a specialized aplication to perform the appropriate code cheeks.‘CHAPTER 1» Structural Modeling Techniques and Gudelines fp FIGURET-#2 Ligsuppored vessel FIGURET-#2 Chae owtiger FLGURET-#4 CU valsipat FIGURET-#5 Pec Doleee Suppart Modeling the wrsioal effec in STAAD Pro can be hindi by utente bun load application fears within the program orto model the eccentricity using mem ber element In onder to properly cate the torsional seesses along te length of the beam its recommendd to model the torsion sing member elements. Figure 46 indicates te bean with a channel outsgger with the ends ofthe member being pine or fed for torsion lad is applied at the end ofthe oxtrigges which a de tale wil sulin isting the supporting member The theoretical del and the e- sulting torsional moment diagram shown in Figte 147. To model the eer ofthe torsion using the load parimeters use the concentrated farce sclecion located under the member fore tb, Se Figure 1-8 forthe resting torsional moment cgram. Since there no node cited at the center ofthe bea fr tis option, the esl at ‘the member ends are che ame butthe moment along the beam doesnot match the ‘theoretical. Therefore, canbe determined that fonly the end forces oe weacions are of concer, the load application method may be ued: Hower if the lea beam cffets are dese, the erin should be modeled using member elements AE FIGURE-46 Ste! eam wih Chel Outigertte [HGUREI-47 Mig Tosin with Member lemers sak Sik oure dling Toon within endsCHAPTER «Structural Modeling Techniques and Guldelines ‘Member Releases and Supports In STAAD Pro, member seleaes can be used to specify the appropriate end condi- tion of the member If na releases specified, the members asumed tobe fly ro ‘truined to resist bending and torsional moments a wel a forces. Member releauea ‘should not be applied to members where the TRUSS, MEMBER TENSION, or ‘MEMBER COMPRESSION specification ha alsa been appli The program ill ecognie ony the lst command that hasbeen assigned to that member. Tes Important overly chat the modeled releases agree with the connection znd inem- ‘ber details on the construction drawing. “The fllowing figure shows atypical bay ofa cantilevered roof framing system ‘The roof girs fame aver the top ofthe interior column followed by a beam splice, The girder splice is typically detailed to allow shear transfer chrogh the member webs with the flanges unconnected such that moment will not be transferred across the join. Therefore, the moment Mz shouldbe released atthe start and end ofthe simply supported middle portion ofthe girder The column ‘connection tothe girder is typically designed to transfer shears through end bearing and wil noe resist sufficient moment robe “fixed.” Depending on the column orientation, Mz or My should be released atthe column end supporting the gader, Beam splice re [| “Beam framing over column | i i i JURE 49 caneer eam roning Stem THI i { % it & ; | Namie [sae 4 4 40 IGUREY-50 Anatcal Mec! with Ress Asiged ‘A column splice ina steel wide Nange is another location often overlooked i ex ating the analytical model. The standard column splice details in the AISC Code of Stndard Pracce ae intended for bearing conditions only, and are aot spec cally detailed for moment, shear, o uplift esistance. They are detailed o meet theZero Moment at ‘Beam Splice “Zero Moment in Cokimns FIGURET-5 Moment Diam th elses Aged OSHA requirement of «300 pound load loated 18 inches from the clam face. ‘There are many types of structures suchas open towers or high seismic areas where this detail would not be sufcient to rest the intended forces Zero Moment at Column Spice ™~ FIGUREY-52 Colina Sic wih Moment Rene Partial moment release may be used in STAAD.Pro to model connections which dd not prove complete sity" atthe joint. This may occu at locations where ‘the beam or column moments ae nt fully developed and there is ome rotation allowed at the joint Is important to use partial moment releases at connections ‘ot being designed forthe moment capacity ofthe members adltional Intra Alisplacement may occur at these locations. If this additional displacements not accounted for, its possible chat the allowable drifts sein the design criteria may be exceeded since the displacement wil be underestimated. Figure 1-54 shows 2 pipe bridge bent with X-bracing below the fit tie ands moment connection Tor the second tir tallow clearance forthe piping Inially the analysis is per- formed assuming «filly fixed seond tee. The maximum moment quired to be developed atthe member end is 10.5 f-k, which is fess than half ofthe full mo- ‘ment capacity of the Wi10x15.In order to sve on the connection coe it may be 2018p fe= 207 ‘The parameters required for determining the sloped roof snow loads, p, are set unde the snow lad iter, within the Toad case speciietion, The rook geometry is used inthe model to not only determine ifthe minimum values for low slope roofs apply, but als ifthe sloped roof snow load calculations are applicable. STAAD.Pro utes the following equation, per ASCE 7, to obtain the sloped soot sow loads b> Cty ‘The value of C, may be direty input bythe user or calculated dsc by che program. For the program to cleulate C, comet the user should inp the ap~ propriate value ofthe thermal fctor C, This parameter estalishes if the roof wil ‘be considesed “ware! or "ol." I ation the determination ofthe roof being ob- structed or unobstructed shall be carefully considered. Additonal information on this subject is provided in ASCE 7 and its commentaryExample—Mone-Slope Roof Problem ‘Determine the sow load tobe applied to the mono-slope roof stractre shown in Figure 2-24 FIOURE2-24 Moro Sloe oat rate Design Pucameters Ground Snow Load p,= 10 Exposure Factor,C, = 10 ‘Thermal Factor, C= 1.0 Importance Factor I= 0 Roof Slope = 1.4 degrees Solution Fin create flor group fo the beams making up the of See the one-way loot load distribution example presented earlier in this chapter Secon the snow Jad parameters must be defined in the program. From the Load&Defisition tab, expand the Definitions ist located in the right-hand mens and locate the Snow Definition, Afr selecting Add a the bottom ofthe right-hand men, che param~ ‘ter may be input.cur2-cmy cin AT FIGURE2-26 oof eam cue lou Group FIGURE2-25 Saow Deion FIGURE2-27 Stow Paneer After defining the parameters, the primary snow load case should be created. After ‘resting new primary load case highlight the newly created case and select Add. From the Add New: Load Items window, select the Snow Load specification.ANALYSE AND OEIeN oF stRUCTURES FIGURE2-28 Soow ond ase Steps 1, Select che appropriate flor group created from the drop-down lis. 2, Since the roofs mono-sloped, only balanced snow loads nce tobe considered 53. Selec the defined snow load type (crested previously inthe definitions phase) 4. The default sof ype in STAAD Pro is mono-slope, 5. Since the rf low slope (« 5 degres), che rof obstruction is unimportant, 6, Since the roofs low slope («5 degrees), the soo slope factors not selected. 7. Select the Add button to complete the snow load requirements. "To view the generated snow loads created by the program, run the analysis and view the ret inthe ouput fle steeseeneneenen som LORD GENERATION (ASCE ~ 2002) s#tHs¥eneaaneneey + Exposure Faator (Ce) = 1.000 Thermal Factor (ct) = 1.000 * + Importance Factor (1) = 1.00 . + Ground snow Load (pf) = 10.0000 pst * # Min. Snow Load on Flat Rocf — 10.0000 pet . + Snow toad on Flat Roof (pf) ~ 10.0000 pat. . + Roof Slope Factor (Cs) = 1.000 + + Balanced Snow Load = 10.0000 pet + * Unbalanced Snow Load = 0.00000 psf * saseasananuee END SMOH LOAD GENERATION (ASCE - 2002) tHAseheasasenees FlGURE2-29 Sow Lot Genrstn Rests n Output Fle Since the ground snow load is «20 h/f%2 ad the soof slope is less chan 05 inf (2.38), a sain-on-snow surcharge must also be included, Since we have definedOMpTER? Gaviy Loads nd sprtcaon AT | oor group forthe roof members, this can be accomplished by adding an adli- tional lor load under che snow lod cae Since the minimum snow lad is 10 pt and the actual a oof snow load is 7 pt per ASCE 7, an addtional oad of 2 pot roe tobe inched to account fr the rn Inthe cas of gable and hip oof unbalanced snow load should alo be considered, ‘The program wil is determine if the roof geometry requires unbalanced stow loads tobe investigated. I the oof slope exceeds 70° i less than TOW" + 05, then unbalanced lads need not be considered, The following unbelanced cond ‘ons are considered For Ws 208, 5p, ir iy GURE2-30 Unbreed ow Ld W204 raW>0h sacepran, om s20eprap, cae ¢ Wndeerd Tawra FLGURE2-31 Uren So Lod W208 Te should be noted that the program considers the sloped member length in stead of the horizontal distance berweea the eave and the ridge. In all eases, this should prodacean equivalent or greater lad than f the horizontal distance were consdee w | ho GUE 32 Code Deion ricunt-3 S840 Detnion ct Example—Gable Root Problem Determine the sow load tobe applied tothe gable roa structure shown in Figure 2-34, Consider balanced and unbalanced snow requirements,BRET) 201051: ano 015100 orsteucrones FIGURE2-24 Gable Rott Design Parameters Ground Snow Load, p, = 35 Exposure Pactor,G,= Ld ‘Thermal Factor, = 1.2 Importance Factor, F= 1.0 Roof Slope = 16 degres Obstrcted Roof Solution De to the configuration of thie stractre, two floor groupe need toe created for ‘the roof beams tht le on different planes. This will alo falitate the application ‘ofthe unbalanced snow loads. The ridge beam wil be needed in both groups. For this example, we will consider unbalanced snow loads de to wind blowing from lef to rghit. However, the code requires consideration of wind in all iections and its effet on unbalanced loa, FIGURE2-35 Windward Stow ous FIGURE2-36 LeenrdSoow Grup‘Next define the snow load parameters asin ce previous example FIGURE2-37 Sow ond Parameters For this example two load eases will need tobe considered. One load case will be rete forthe balanced snow condition and another wil be created forthe unbul- ‘anced snow condition, Note tht since the ground snow load is » 20 IN2, the tain-on-snow surcharge f not included. For the balanced snow lad case F1GURE2-38 The contin alana andthe oa ps monn te te ope ha been ‘oven th bled sm wl ve een ltd a 03p, wih pared eh ce, “Tsaplcieaton shoud be ered for bth oor raps iat have een ces.BET) 21.1215 00 o2s1cn oF svcrunes For the unbalanced snow lad case FIGURE2-39 Since W> 20 3 prtn of te boanced snow rem onthe wear oan ‘euler 0p, Therefore the bleed contin elie along tee ope, FLGUREZ-~40 Forte leer oof he ld cndlon lected long withthe te ropeCHAPTER 2 «Gray Loud an ppition — +4 yom LOAD GENERATION (ASCH ~ 2002) + # exposure Factor (Ce) = 1-100 ‘Thermal Factor (Ct) = 1.200 + Importance Pector (1) = 1.00 + Ground snow Load (pf) = 38.0000 pst + Min. Snow Load on Flat Roof - 0.60000 pat, + snow toad on Flat Roof (pf) ~ 32.24000 paf ‘Roof Slope Factor (Cs) = 1,000 4% Balanced snow toad = 32.3400 pes <— p, + Unbalanced Snow Load = 0.00000 pat steseeveesees END SNOR LOAD GENERATION (ASCE - 2002) #444 FIGURE2~2fslaned row Moment gam steesaeeees SNOW LOAD ORNERATION (ASCE ~ 2002) + * exposure Factor (Ce) = 1-100 Themsl Factor (Ct) = 1.200 + + Importance Factar (I) = 1.00 ‘ * Ground Snow toad (pf) = 38.0000 pat ‘ + Min, Snow Load on Plat Roof = 0.00000 pat + + Snow Load on Flat Roof (pf) = 32.3400 pa, . + Roof Slope Factor (ca) = 1.000 + Balanced Snow Load = 9.70200 pat <—— 0p, (windward) Snow Lond ~ 46.30900 pst ¢—— 1.2(1+8/2)Ps (eeward) END SNOW LOAD GENERATION (Asc HGURE2~45 Unblnced Sow Load Rets Sor Moment OpnWind Loads and Application crelopng the apropsiate wind oad to be applied to buildings and strucaes canbe atime-conmiming proces This process ean be simplified with the aid ‘of design softy STAAD.Pro asthe ality to cleat the appaopriate ‘wind pressure, based onthe Main Wind Force Resisting System (MWERS) pro- ‘cedures inthe ASCE 7-95 and 7-02 standards and apply those as nodal oe uniore lads to the analytical model The provisions for maay types of structures hve been inchaded, such as buildings, chimneys and tanks sold and open signs, aie frame ‘wor and tase towers Pe program alo allows the use the option of inputting rst that have been calculated by other means or methods. Gust Effect Factor “The code-speciid gust effect fictors are dependent on whether the structure i lasted ar rigid or lexible, and if leble to what magnitude. In order to deter~ ‘ne this the natural Fequency of the strctue needs to be calculated. The code i not specific and there are many methods for calculating the natural frequency all with varying degrees of complet, STAAD Peo offers two options to aid in this Calculation, The Rayleigh procedure isan approximate static method eonsider- ing only one mode of ibrition and canbe ured for most common structures If ‘mor in-depth or dynamic calculation i needed, then the Modal Calculation procedure can be used which will produce results for multiple modes of wbration, [Another alternative i o use the approximate methods presented in the earthquake loads portion of ASCE: 7. Tt shoul also be noted that fo regular structures not meeting the intent ofthe ASCE 7 standard, wind tunnel testing or atonal procedures may ned tobe employed to develop a proper analysis. These methods well oe be covered in this tet ExampleFrequency Determination for Bullding Problem [Determie the natural frequency of the building structure in odes to classy as rigid or fexble Ure the Rayleigh and Modal commands within STAD Pro and ‘omar to the results from the Earthquake Loads section of ASCE 7.ot TT Was waaKes | Wraxes WKS 4——________1 2000" 1GURES-1 Bic Stare Solution In order to caleulae the frequency fr the lateral motion, the lads need to be applied in the corresponding lateral diecion. The calelaton based on the loads above would rest ina frequency inthe vertical dieston, which would not be ‘omect fr wind loads. Therefore, new load ease wl he created withthe lds ‘applied inthe Global X direction. The Calculate Rayleigh Prauency command is contained within che load eas, and it needs to beaded a load item, From the applicable load cas, elect ADD and then select the Fequeney tab. Select Rayleigh Frequency and then ADD to inclde iin the load aes, 0750 kipa ssoonpen} +. UNIGKOB KOA 1S UNGxASKe a (CALCULATE RAYLEIGH FREQUENCY FIGURES-2 Untorm Lats pln aera Deon FIGURES-3 {22 CaeforNatul Frequency sng aligh Matod| After sunning the analysis, select the view output file icon to se the results ofthe Frequency calculation,SE) 1001: sn otson or snucrunes + RAYLEIGH FREQUENCY FOR LOADING = 1.80015 CPS * * MAK DEFLECTION = 3.56192 INCM GLO x, AT JOINT 6 + FIGURE2-« Nal Feqsney Rests i Output Fle ‘The procedure for determining the Gequency based on the Modal Calelation commund is similar to that used forthe Raleigh Fequency calculation. Noe that ‘while the Rayleigh command canbe inciude in multiple load eases, the Modal ‘Command canbe included in only ne, The load eat including the Modal command ‘would be a shown in Figure 35. (Ge 2: Da QATERAL) 8 UNIGKO Siow 8 UNGKES kot ‘@ HODAL CALCULATION REQUESTED JGURED-5 Lod Cate for Natral Faguery Log eds Clean ethos (One advantage of the Modal Calculation command sits ability to view the results ‘apically in the postprocesor. After running the analysis and opening the pos- owes ust tal labeled yas has been ecatd. Note thatthe raul for the frst mode ave identical to those forthe Rayleigh method for this parcalar ex- ample, and that aver 99% ofthe mass i included in te frst mode of vibration. In 1 dynamic analysis it is typical to assume that enough modes have been considered ‘when the mas participation s> 9%, FIGURE 2-6 ‘sural reqpency Rests igh Mol Ccuton ‘The Earthquake Loads Section of ASCE permits the period fora bulding to be determined bythe following equation TG Fora moment fame building, C;=.028 and = 0.8.The resling appenimate peti then i 0.308 seconds with a coresponding frequency of 3.25 He. This ‘would indicate a more rigid type struct than resalted fom che computer analyHr int aT For earthquse loads and the renting base shea is conservative to assume a more sgid structure in the analysis, Alo the Equivalent Lateral Frce Procedure ‘assumes a ig connection ofthe stuctue base tothe Foundation, Conversely, the vals for gst factor calculations nereae asthe building Frequency decreases (becomes more flexible) If possible, cis recommended to use the Rayeigh ot ‘Modal cacultion method i ew f the apprenimate methoss proved i the [Eahquake Load section of ASCE 7, to cleat che natural frequency ofthe billing of srucrre with regu to gust ctor calculasons ‘Open Structures While ASCE 7 addveses enclosed building and clad structures, in many cases it doesnot properly account for wind loud on open structires. The figures i "ASCE 7 for trussed tower ze intended fr four-column sutures with many ‘smal lacing members An open structure, more than two bays deep, would not be ‘wlequately covered by these figures. ASCE. developed a tsk committee to develop ‘guideline fr there types of stractares. The real was the "Wind Louds and ‘Anchor Bole Design for etochemical Fates, which an serve a «guideline for calculting wind loads on pipe bridge structures, open towers, and equipment or other slr structure, 'STAAD.Pro will generate wind loads for structures sila to truss towers, oF gives the user the ability to input che pressures generated by other calculation snethodk, such asthe guide for petrochemical facilities. The wind loods ae created [by multiplying the prerure by the member width and are applied as wniform loads to the members. There are two main steps required to create thes loads inthe ‘mdel The fists to generate the wind presture profile by either assigning the appropriate parameters or manually inputting the values. A nev lad casei then ‘ceated defining ther parameters, wind direction, and application to the stroetre. ‘Wind loads applied to equipment, ladders, and soon, are nt included inthe ‘wind load generation facilites and should not be incaded inthe solid ae determination, These loads should be accounted fr by other methods and aed 1 addtional lad items in the Toad case. In adi, when wind diection i om angles other than normal tothe windward face, t may be equied eo combine rliple load cases with appropiate factors wing the LOAD COMBINATION ‘oe REPEAT LOAD commands. This wil be addcessd in Chapter 5, Example—Tower Wind Load Generation ‘Use the Wind Load generation facies in STAD Pro to apply the uniform member lads othe tower shown in Figure 3-7. Design Criteria (ASCE 7-02) Category Structure Wind Speed = 90 mph Expomure C Structure Height «115 Structure Width = 20 Ratio of Sold to Gross Area =0.4 Frequency = 195 Hz FIGURES-7 Stel Tonerom the Load&tDefiniion tb expand the Definitions list cated inthe right-hand mens and loeate che Wind Definition, After selecting Add a the bottom ofthe Fight-hand menu the option to name che wind lad type wil be dapayed. Mlle ‘wind load types canbe created necessity For this example, only oe wind load eype Js needed. Now selec dhe newly crete type an elect Al once again to bing op the ‘wind definitions wind, Select he "Calute as per ASCE-7" baton at te tram, ofthis window to input the required parameter Ce) Coe Ce) FIGURES- nd Hoe FLGURES- Wind Oeinton FIGURE3-10 Wind Parmeter: “There are three pages of data nesded to define the wind load requirements The ‘Common Data page sllows the user to specify the code tobe sed along with some ofthe basic design criteria information. If wind speed-up over hill or escarpnentsneeds tobe included, this can also be selected a this point. The structure type that Inst its oar example isthe trusted towers that option i sleced from the dop oven list In onder for these changes to take effect, che Apply button should be chosen before proceeding tothe next step 15-7 Sky neti Cte asc rd Som youre Cany pocien Bes [famed Tower end Spetup ore MkerEanmet?” —@)Ne i senor “The Tass Tower Dat page allows the user to input structural information sch 1s eral geometry member properties naira rnc and damping rat. Ie a sometimes be dil ocala 6 the ao of dhe sod ate oon area for ‘tower fice, before dete calultons have ben performed Since the valve of gener increase a5 € decreases alower ae of shoud be assume nally $0 ht the ein wind peu te conservative Vales of Kad Kernay boned i reqze by selecting the appropiate box and patting te desired ‘al, In onde for thee change o take the Apply button shouldbe chosen before proeating tothe ext step.FIGURES-12 ASCE7 tact SpeccDita ‘The Desga Prue page allows the use to over the vals for gut eft factor (Gand the force coecent (Cp) if Sested. This maybe wali another method i wed to determine thee vaesThe wind pesurs generated with their Corresponding height ae also displayed ere. changes ze made on this page the Spi iatoe then OX todd ewes ms FIGURES-12 ASCE? DeignPrsae‘The wind definitions window is once again displayed. This time the Intensity page is populated with the calculated pressures and corerponding heights, {eis posible a cis point to manually change the presures displayed in the Intensity vs. Height table. Note that once these values aze changed, the connectivity with the ASCE generator will be lor, Select Add to complete this portion ofthe wind load creation. The Exposures page maybe display at this point Since exposure factors are not required for open sructures, select (Close to exit fom this page. Ifthe ASCE 7 parameters are required to be edited, select Intensity under the Wind Definitions and then Edit located at the bottom ofthe right-hand menu. The “Calculate as per ASCE-7" button ‘may then be selected and the parameters edited FLGURE3-14 wind teney wi espe to Height [After defining the wind pressures the psimary wind lead case shouldbe crested ‘After creating a new primary load ease, highlight the nevly crated cate and. select Add. From the Add New: Load tems window select the Wind Load specification. A new wind load case shouldbe eeated fr each direction under ‘onsiderstion.BET 2610115 x0 08510 oF srvcrunes seer [3 oom Sten Oxemamas Oz Wma Xtand Fs) OZ o F) el ‘ep Vr aed Cet FIGURES-15 Wadtond case Steps (oe wind applied inthe postive global Z: direction) 1. Select the appropeate wind load type fom the drop-down list, 2, Select either Xo Z forthe desired wind direction. For open structures i ‘makes no diference if the positive or negative surface acai selected 5. Assign a postive fictor to apply the load in the postive global direction, 4, Define the global XV, and Z ranges to be used. Ino ranges selected wind load wil be applied to all member inthe struceure 5, Selec the Opon Structure checkbox. 6, Select Add to include in he oad cae, 7, Repeat these step as necessary wo apply loads tall required member. Since the ASCE pressures created apply to the structure asa hoe heres no clear direction on how t apply these wind presses othe individual members inthe model. Since for our example, dhe eames have the same said area, the windward frame wll expeence greater forces than the leeward fame For his example 20.75 factor wil be applied tothe windward frame lad and 20.25 factor will be applied to che eeward frame, The lacing and stat members perpendicalar to the global Z wind direction will not be included eo WIND LOAD 2.075 TYPE 1 XR 2424YR 011 ‘e® WIND LOAD 20.25 TYPE 1 XR.2424YR 011 FLGURE3-16 Wind an Cae ndutng 8 Agree Ranson atorsfea louRe2-17 ana ressues Hae 5-15 Ulm Lats Tp Toner ppd ta ents Union lanie Enclosed Structures ‘Wind load application on enclosed structure may also be accomplished with the STAAD.Pro wind generator For enclosed strutices, the program wil apply the generated wind pressure to panel areas defined by the joints and members in the ‘model, The ground level will abo be used to form one side ofa pane if aplicable. Joint lade wil be applied based on the wibutary area ro che jolts defining the panel-In zal since most cladding stems ae aupported by the ground at the ‘bse and then tothe structure along the height, a portion of the load wbutary to ‘the ground would be delivered tothe slab or wall foundation and not be trans ferred to the structure, The wind load generator wil, however, deliver thes loads tw the column bases, reiting in additional shea reaction. Depending on the lad- dling system, this wil result in conservative reactions forthe design ofthe colusnn base and its attachment tothe foundation, Loads will be generated only for vertical walls normal tothe global wind direction. Uplift loads on roof element are not included and may be added using other methods. Since components and lading Toads generally control the roo framing, ts not usually necessary to consider in ‘the analysis. However, these uplift lads may contribute to column and/or anchor bolts tenson design loadsa braced bays or moment frames, and can be added 2s ‘nodal loads a the top of column joint i dese.BT 200.1500 ossicn oF srverunes “The weer has the option of aesigning the generated load in the positive global X and Z windward directions aswell as che negative Xand Z leat ideal directions. For enclosed strocrres multiple wind types wil need tobe created, since the wind pressure generated will vary for windwatd, leeward, and sidewall ‘conditions, These types can then be selected from th load cae ae needed to define the loads diertion Proper modeling is esentil since the typeof cladding and support system ‘an greatly affect the distibution of the wind loads to the structure, In many ‘ses, while the fame distribution and rota base seat may become, he local 085. Nomadfcation required Linear Seismic Response History Analysis A lines response history analysis maybe performed inliew ofthe modal response nals. seismic time history analysis raquizes ast of time vs. acceleration pairs snd ir unully based on historical events near the projet sit or simalated ground ‘notion records may be used. This data x unully prepared by «geotechnical engineer and provided to the stractaral engine for analysis Example—Base Shear Time History Repeat the previous example by performing atime history analysis. The time history pars wil be based on the Northridge, CA, earthquake Solution ‘The fist step in petfornig time history analysis is to define the data forthe sound motion secelerstions, arrival times, and damping parameters This data can be input directly o located in an external data fle that en be read bythe program, For this example, the dats wil be provided hyan external ile, leis ienportant 10 understand the units provided inthe tbl, In this example, time i provided in| seconds and aceelecation i provided in terms of" A factor will be applied later te convert “tothe appropriate units, ‘Time Interval provided in firstcolumn 0.010 0.518888 0/020 0: 510587 NN 05082 0! 519688 523420 Bee a BSE SHEE secu Boas stsagg pried B88 LIBR! FIGURE 4-40 Appropriate Format of Tine ison Oa Pre oma tral FleBRET 1201515 ano oesicn oF sraucrunes tee ie a A preeies Danetoon o Teste: 00TH Se isl Ter Fal lao etc nL Pipa 2 Tce STE te 3 Jommeensre rhe a ome e a Dan (2 i= Dano: (00 = ne rie ile Fann Se [3857 ae Neat dana Fg: [5] Naatteni: 0] FIGURE 4-41 Defning Tine stony 1. Muli time history types may be defined. The Type number identifies the ‘definition for eae of reference later inthe load case cretion. Since we are ‘onectned with ground motion, the acceleration parameters selected, 2. The Save option maybe selected in onder to crete a dat ile containing the history of nodal deplacernens for everytime step. The graphical output will, indicate only the maximum result, 5. Since we are using data provided from a text fle the From External File option wil be selected. This lename should be no longer than eight characters and contain the extension (This xt for our eample). This fle must be located in dhe sre folder a the atd mode 4, Select Add to complete this step and then Define Param to continue.conor «scence Aton ET rms. [F GURE 4-42 Tine Histo Lend Case 5. The Time Step option may be enteed 19 modify the ie interval and thereby the numberof equations tobe solved fr. Care should be exercised to ensure tha the valu entered is compatible with che time history ile used. A default value 1.001388 used if nothing is entered, 6, Select the typeof damping tabe considered andthe damping value. Noe if (CDAMP or MDAMP iste, then additional input is required The default fr damping is 5%. 7. Antivl times may be entered to indicate when a load type begin to act ata certain joint. Different joint may have different asval times, For our example, ‘only one aviv time is needed. 8, Select Add to complete the sme history defiition, ‘The second step is to define the dynamic load eae.The masses tobe wed are tered in sails fashion tothe modal response analysis, The loads entered are ted to populate the mats matrix and are without regaed to sign. Since for ou ‘example we are only interested in vibration along the X ais thie direction aloneBET 00951 no ossiow orstmucrunes willbe specified. Ifthe Z and Y directions ate to be considered in the dynamic Analysis, then they must also be entered. The ground motion data resulting from the time history definition is als included inthis load case. Since the time history data wat specified with raed tog," factor is included hereto convert it tothe appropriate units for the model. The appropriate arrival ime is selected: again we have only one asval time since our model contains ony one time history pe. ‘LOAD 1 LOADTYPE None TITLE Time History 9 UM Gx 3 [GROUND MOTION x 11 32.200001 FIGURE 4-44 opt Fe for Tine tary Ld Case Subsequent fad cats wil be rated to factor the results of the dynamic load ese perth equiemens of ASCE 7, For our eamplesinee Re, de dynamic oud ‘lb factored by = 0.33. These resus wl hen be compared othe sian values fm Secon 12.8 9 ASCE 7 and Ktoreditappopitecures seonctad nso CALCULATED FREQUENCIES FOR LOAD CASE 1 Move FREQUENCY (CYCLES/SEC) PERIOD(SEC) 1 aaa 0.88172 2 5.049 o.ase04 2 12.726 0.07858 FIGURE 4-45 Reus rm etn History Response Aa MODAL WEIGHT (MODAL MASS TIMES g) IN IP GeweRaLz2e0 1 3,831412E+02 0.0000002+09 0.0000008+00 2.020151E+02, 2 3.241597E+01 0.000000R+00 0.000000R+00 2.065445E+02, 3 4.442025z+00 0.000000+00 0.0000002+00 2.977091E+02, moor XY 2 SUE stay suOZ 1 90.85 0.00 0.00 90.549 0.000 0.000 2 8.31 0.00 0.00 98.861 0.000 0.000 3 1.14 0.00 0.00 100.000 9.000 0.000 FIGURE 4-46 Reais om Sec Hit Retort rat ACTUAL MODAL DAMPING USED IN ANALYSIS MODE DAMPING 1 0.0800 2 0.0500 2 0.0500 ‘TIME STEP USED IN TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS = 0.00100 SECONDS NUMBER OF MODES WHOSE CONTRIBUTION 18 CONSIDERED = 3 (TIME DURATION OF TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS = 9.999 SECONDS NOMBER OF TIME STEPS IN THE SOLUTION PROCESS = $999 FIGURE 4-47 Resist Seon istry Repose AasBE) 215055 a0 0escn orsrevcrones ‘With three modes there 100% mas participation. Sealed Base Shea, ¥= 59.7 kipr Minimum Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure, Gi = 5.0 ips S9.7hipr> S.Ohipe «Ne modification required Inaditon, dynamic acceleration, velocity, and dsplacement curves canbe viewed for each node in he structure +—— 4 a FiGURE 4-48 Siu wth Node Numbers FIGURE 4-49 Tine Histay ccleaton fo Node?case Loads and Load Combinations he compleity afload types and load combinations in che building code requires special actentioa inthe development of the analytical model (Organization of the load types addressed in Chapters 23, and 4 ito load combinations formatted ta be eay to understand wil help eliminate errs and "ve ine during the design. Iewil abo enable changes tobe incorporated in the ‘moilel in a mor eflcent mange. Proper definition of Toad eases and load com= [Binatone within STAD Pro can also reduce computational time ofthe model, saving design hour allowing for more complex models o be created, and moze ‘ptions tobe considered, Adding tothe ise ae various material tandarde and their asociated design codes tht may roquir diferent load combinations to be considered, Organization of Load Cases Since sretures vary in purpose it is ypc that the load cases and combinations ‘seated maybe dierent rom job to jo Structures located in higher seismic regions say rete certain cements to be designed for special seismic load combinations Where orthogonal ltr bricing systems intersect, lateral loads may be required to be combined. Proper ration of the inva load ease and how they az tee combined isan esetial sep i creating the analytical model ‘Dead loads should eypically be separated out nto a minimum of tw load eases, ‘Usually the materials of onstruction, such as amin, roofing, and soon, are well "411 members are inchided in ASD check Check Code for collector elenancs for Special Seismic Conbinatione oan Lisp 19 To 92, aS 857 ens\e7e O96 sue4 1106 1962 1963 Los 14st 1557 168e 1669 1761 Lese ~ 1306 simtse ‘Lod list ineluding ASD and special seismic load combinations Code check for collector elements only FLGURES=15Wultpe aud ond Chae Coe Cnenands Load Combination Generator ‘The load combination generator provides a great tool forthe creation of loud com binations and repet lon, Many standard lo combinations are provided fom building codes sch asthe International Building Code. The wsee may alo create ‘et of curtomized ond combinations tobe used on his or her specific project, ‘which canbe saved and shared with other uses to ensure consistent desig, Custom load combinations cin be created by navigting tothe “Edit Auto Load alee" found under the Commands drop-down litSET 21.015 ano otscn oF sievcrunes GURES-16 Lact ef AvtonatleLodCanbtion ales FIGURES-17 Atoms Lead conbintonGenertorCUTS minds ET FLGURES=18 steps Roques fe Lod Combination Genter 4. The appropriate code can be seleted from the dop-dowa list This is will, contain bil-in codes aswel a those ereted by the use. 2. Individual categories created within a specific code can be selected from the «drop-down list For example, ASD or LRED eategory types are selected here 5. Select New Code to create and mame a wser-defned cod, 4, Select New Category to create and name user-defined categories such as ASD and LRED. The numberof oud combination rules i aluo entered 5, Select Add Rove to add additional load combination rales a needed. 6, After inputting load factors in che table select Update Tablet 17. The option to include notional loads for the purpose of direct analysis in tel exgn can be west. '8, Roles for combining the individual load eases can be defined. 9, Load factor ar assigned as appropriate for tha parccular load rule (load combination). Example—Load Combination Generator Use the lod case map crete eacier in this chapter to develop the appropriate Joad combinations with the lad combination generatorSolution Prior to using the ld combination generator all primary load case long with the loading type mort be defined. Since the loading types in the load comsination| ‘generator doit always correlate with our naming convention, we need to map our Toad eases with the loading types availabe ‘oad Case STAAD.Pro Loading ype % Wind es Selsmie Bain Ded 2 Fide lve Roof ive snow Rain Waterlce me] t F1GURES-19 Peat Lod Cave Con ng Lasting ype "The following steps are chen pecformed from the Edit Auto Load Rules window 4, Select the Add New Code tab and enter the desired name “ProjctXYZ." )CxS Som FIGURES-20 Crestng2New Cote 2, Selec the Add New Category tab an enter the desired category name slong ‘with the anticipated numberof load combination rls patNerCiera E tog ine 15D tense: ] CoD Comet) "FlGURES-21 ciesing Categories and Load Fletinnew Code 3. Since notional loads are no required for the analysis the Incade Notional Lond? toggle box wll be unchecked forall lading types i} [LGURES=22 ‘oz tele or Exe Nona Lats 4, Select the appropriate combination rule. Prall gravity loads, “Combine All Cases Together” wl be selected This wil insert the program to combine alllond cates ofthat type to be included inthe load combination. Fr lateral Toads, oweves, the "Separate Combinations For Each Case” combination rle ‘ville selected, This will llow multiple load combinations to be eeated since sultiple wind and seismic eases ace anally eeated to account for loads applied in differen directions. FIGURES-25 Lad Condition OpnPETS) 0501s sno orion or seucrunes 5. Enter the appropriate factors ro be applied to individual loading types when combined in specifi ules. After enterig the factor slece Update Table to sve che changes, HGURES-24 Competed an Tate 6, Select Clore to complete thie sep. "The load combinations can now be added, From the LoadDefinitons window highlight Lond Care Details and sleet Add to display che Add New Load Cases window Select Auto Load Combination to display the available options FIGURES=25 Adtng uo Loai Combinations to ModeCMs onions AT 1. Select the desire load combination code “Projet XYZ 2, Select the desied load combination category "ASD” 5. Ifrepest loads or notional lads are needed, they may be tog 4, Select generate loads to create all the posible combinations. 5. Icertain combinations are not needed, they may be selected and discarded 6, Select Add and then Close to complete this step. "The load combinations generated will no be created and added tothe in put fil, The naines ofthe load combinations will be generic listing the code nd category. The wstr may choose to open the inpu file and rename the load ‘combinations 4o that they can be eal referenced ater as needed. <9: Genertes Prec 2 ASD 1 $19 9:0m0R <1 10:Genened Prec 1Z ASD2 M9) 10: DIORA 1G 11 Genes reco ASD | eG TomoRA 18-15 12: Genet PriecX1Z ASD iA) 12: DMADRe Te LR (5G 13 Gerad Pres ASO5 | lO 1308-0R«5650 18-65 14: Gereted PraecX1Z ASO tI 4: OMeDRe Te 755 Gere FeesXV2 ASD 7 i6-(G 15: OMMDRAWNS CCenertedPjesXYZ ASD 8 16-1 16-1.050Me1050Re TENS 17 Generated ProjectX¥Z ASD 9 (H- G17: DM+DR+ 75L+.75LR+.75WNS- 1. GenwatedPrjesn¥Z AS 10 (8:05 18: DueDRe Le 780 /WNS 19: Generated ProjectX¥Z ASD 11 (G19: 1.030M+1,030R+.75L+,75LR+ S25ENS 20 Geneted PrjeoX¥Z ASD 12 (8) 20:1020Me100DRe TEL. 7556 S2SENS Gi 21 Generated ProjectX¥Z ASD 13 i) 21: DMeWNS: [G2 Ganetes PeedYZASD 18 8.) 22: $506 950A TENS FGURES-26 Ln CenbntonCredwthGenichonirg FIGURES“ Lo ain ema atorsStability Analysis and Design hapeer C ofthe AISC manual of ste constevtion provides the analysis requzements to peopesy capture the required design loads that must be used to design sel structures. In addition i provides methods to ensure thar aulicine stably is provided forthe overall structure and the iadividul 0.0082¥, Vie 0210¥, For the fist-onder analysis method, the notional loads ae sequired forall load ‘combinations. See the notional load example for addtional information regarding the cestion of notional loads in the mode oan 5 2.2042. 614m(42) ow 6 1.20e1.6La-2) 12D = 12(00210) = 0.0252 epea iano 1L6L= 1.6(0.0210) = 0.0336 2 0.0282 2 2 0.0336 {oA 7'3.20+2. 6141 -ew-5) (42) 2 0.0282 2-2 0.0336 oan ¢ 2.2042, 614. «wS)a(-2) REPEAT LAA Sz 0.0282 2 2 -0.0396 FIGURE 618 oid ses nce Natl aad FIGURE6-19 Oni Ove tober Lands Step3: Ran the ans and invest he neers whose Ser sass Conte othe ral by ofthe sce. Te eed sil compre She eng of tee members nthe than ope half of the member ld Strength The clue wl be checked by inspection the W24» 104 Beam in he tmoment fame adequate. For Columns 9 and 17: W18 x 76 (A: (05505223 250) 558i Pend. 18. ip 558 hips coum sie capable 23 in), 50 ks ye strengthStep 4 The non-sway amplification of beam-column moments is considered by al Ing the B, amplifier to the toa member moments. The B1 factor must be calculated for membes subjected to bending and ail loads, that re par ofthe ltr force siting rst, For our example we wil checkcllector bez Sand column 9 For beam 5:W4 «34 (A = 100 1 = 340i) Pa = BERL? = 3° (29000),340)/(.0 «420? = 552 ips Bea Ca/Mt ~ aP,/Pa} » VL~(40)I0)/552] = 1.02 "The total eam moments should be factored by 1.02, roe designing For column 9: W18 » 76 (A = 22.3 in» 1330 in!) Pax WEIKL) » 1(29000)(1330)/(.0 « 240) = 6609 dips Bye Gy/{h ~ aP, Pal = 1/{1~(1.0948.2)/6609] « 1.01 ‘The total column moments shouldbe factored by 1.01, pir to designing, toregalet 28, ronenThis woud inet the loads aswel ut woud produce sight conservative design Equivalent Length Method ‘The Equivalent Length (Bi-B:) Method provides nother method of meeting the (Chapter C stability requirement, This method approimates a second-order tals withthe we of amplifier applied tothe axial loads and moments of members hat ate prof the lateral force essing system Similar othe est-order anal metho Ean be used oalyif the ratio of econd-order dif to ist-oner dit sequal to a ess than 15 Forthe Equivalent Length method th notional oad i equi tobe appli onl to geaty-only load combinations and set a OON2Y, In dion it doesnot he the ational constrains on members whose xu fines contbuts tthe lateral sab ofthe strucure. This method icalcltion intensive requiring a and 2B ample tobe cleusted for all members that are par of the lateral force essing ‘jst, The effective length factor, Kill have to be calculated if this method su lied In adtion the val loads and moments must he broken ou based oni they ae «rea of no tration (gay) or lteraltransiation, The eaeulations become more ‘complicated fr stuctres with multiple vel, rof steps sloped elements and soon My BM + Bally A + BaP with, Bes Cy) aP,/Py] Bao My — axPnile Pa Infiew of using the effective length method it is recommended to use either the Sistonderordtect analyse method For nora height braced frame strotures,oe the fis-order analysis method is usualy adequate since should always be less ‘han 1.5.1n addition, since flexural tfines i not an issue with braced frames the ‘conservatim of using this method is reduced, All srucare tyes may be analyzed with the diece analysis method soit may alway be selected regardless of the strc ture compliation, Direct Analysis Method "The dec analysis method is presented in Appendix 7 of the AISC specification. It is new method to perform stability analysis and design of stroctural sel systems “This method can be used fr the design of braced ames, moment frames, and combined systems including shear walls, One of the major advantages i eliminat- ing thence to calculate the effective length acto, Kor columns and beam columns. Chapter C segues the use ofthis method whenever the ratio ofthe second-onde to firt-oner drift exceeds 1.5. Te should als be noted that che direct Analysis method is expected t become the primary method for stability analysis in Futute editions ofthe ASC specification. The following are the primary advantages ‘ofthe dizect analysis method! + Applicable tal steal stueture pes + Eliminates the calculation of the effective length facts, K + Most accurate determination of internal forces associated with second-order effets, geomet imperfections, and residual stresses ‘The disadvantage ofthe dret analysis method is that in most case, it wll require ‘the use of computer software, This would not fr example he an ideal method for ding something quickly i the ldo a small projec, such a pipe supporto ‘equipment platform, For these types of tactres the fist-order analysis method should be considered ifthe constraint are sats In addition to the notional load requirements, she diseet analysis method re~ quires that the stiffness of members contributing tothe lateral stability ofthe Structure be reduced. For members whose axial stillaess contributes, the axial stifnes is reduced t9 FAY = OSEA. For members whose fleur stifiness con twibutes, the flexural tifiness reduced to EI" = 03 r, EL.The factor t, equals 1 when the ratio of equized compressive strength to member yield strength is less than or equal 00:5, aP/P, 0.5. For members with relatively large compressive loads, P,/P, +05, the eesltng value oft, wil be < 10, should be noted that ‘the notional load nd stiffness reduction sequirements only apply tothe analysis for strength limi tates Fr serviceability mit states suchas deflection, these requirements ae not applicable. STAAD.Prois one ofthe fist programs to incorporate the ATSC 13th edi- tion along with the direct analysis method. Since the stifiness ofthe members is dependent on the member forces, the analysis is an iterative procedure. This iteration will continue unt the value of, and the displacement has conves based on user-provided tolerance, or the maximum mimber of trations set by the user has heen reached, Once the required forces have been determined, the cde check of individual members is based on 100% ofthe axial and flexural ttfBRB) 200s sn oescn or somvcrunes Example ~Direct Analysis Method For this example we wil further develop the model from the First-Order example toimplement the Direct Analysis requirements of Appendix 7 fom the ISC specification using STAAD Pro. This example wl ulze the LRFD design requirements, where ASD requirements differ, these will be highlighted. FIGURE 6-20 Frane Geometry Step 1: Determine i notional lads may be considered a minimum or adie. TfA,/,q« 15 then notional loads may be considered a minimum and will likely not ed to be incladed in laeeral load combinations, The ATSC specifica- tion allows the ratio of second-order deft to Brst-ordr dito be represented by the BZ amplifier. Alternatively it an be determined by comparing the results of second- and fr-onder analysis. For the north-south moment frames Boll. Th a2Pndlyp9 21.0 (This ter wo eal 1.4 foals with ASD) P= 651 ps (ot vera lon apport by he) 3Py- Ry BH by (Ry = 10 forced frames 085 for moment ames) [3H ~56 hips (1.2D + LOL + 1.6W) [Total lateral shear at this level] ‘by. ~ 2.38 inches [Fis-onder deft due o lateral forces] Floor Height = 20 feet (56 pntan( 1p a 2P,=085 4800 kips (clastic crtial buckling resistance) yr 90651 i) 1.16 «1.5, therefore notional loads may be considered “800 Fp, (EE cere tacts 6,10 ‘Step2: Create the Direct Analysis Definition. In this step we will peify the smembess whose flenual oral stifles contributes to the lateral stability of the structure. Parameters wil also be specified to ad in the calculation of, For the north-south moment fame: Members 9,13, and 17 comprise moment fameer | (= (D Defitions FiGURE 6-21 From the aad Deion uh select Det Aas Denton a iben ADD. This bing up the Det rays eintion dino tox FIGURE 6-22 Dvect Ara Parameter "The FLEX parameter wile asigned to member 9,13, and 17 sine the leur si es of these meres contribute tothe ltr tilfins ofthe structure. Te default ‘alc forthe FLEX parumecter is 0, The value inet wil ete initial value oF used to sat the eration, In addon the AXIAL parameter willbe assigned t members, 5,13,and 21 since they act ar collector elements slong the interice withthe woo ia- ‘rag and wil be ssgne to column member 9 and 17 since the aia stiles of ‘hese members contributes othe ltr stiffs ofthe ctr The FYLD should be applied wall members asigne with the FLEX purer and suse ia the Calealaton of, ‘The defi vale of FYLD isthe material yield strength in the curent its The notional lad fetr then applied. A valu specified of 0.002 wl instruct, the pega to cause, when aP,/P, > 05, for aves fo P,/P, £05, est 0 10 ‘The user has the option to entra vale of 003, which wil instruct the progam to setMRE) 0101s sn oesiow or srcrunss value of = 1.0 a specie in ISC Appendix 7, Note tha if the wer enters 0.008, forthe notional load facto the notional load applied in the Load Cases should also be bused on this ale The notional load factor assigned here does notinstract the ogra to acute the notional loads, brs wed only to exablh the criteria for, [FIGURE 6-28 Det rays Definer Arment Prete. ‘Step 3: Assign the notional load to the appropriate load combination, Since B, «15, the notional loads ae equited to be applied only to graviy-only loud ‘combinations Se Step 1 for this procedure Py ordeal 2 x 0.00s2 ¢———— Notional loads are applied to the oan € 2.2001 -«10m-%) gravity only load combinations in sepeaT 1oi the positive and negative global pate es Loko 7 Seaped.euamea) REpEAT 1240 ‘oan @ 1,20#1.6144(-2) 12'-0.0024 2 2 -0.0032 Tole #'2.ae1.eual.6 -s) Notional loads are not required for Repeat Lan lateral load cases when Bz-<1.5. 13.2210 316 when the lateral load exceeds the LeAb 23 Llaneaselet.or (-E) ee notional oad, FIGURE6-24 Los Cte or Det AasCHAPTERS -Subilty Anions Oo ET ‘Step 4: Specify the Perform Direct Analysis command, From the analysis ab select Perlorm Digect Analysis to open the dialogue. F1GURE 6-25 Perfo Dect Ayes Command ‘The user has the option here of selecting either che LRED or ASD method. Selecting ASD haere will prompt the program to mliply the loads by 1.6 to per- form the analysis and then divide the results by 1.6 to perform the required stel design. The 1.6 factor ensures that the analyse i caried out ata strength limit tate in onder to capture the nonlinear second-order effects. The convergence {olerances fr the analysis can also be seta this point. The Tau tolerance will et the convergence criteria forthe calculation of, Typical values of, range from Dont sn 19 ith» define value nf 0.01. The Displacement tolerance wil se the convergence criteria for the structural displacement. This vale is st inthe current length unite asigned. The default value i 0.01 inches or 0.01 radians. “The maximum umber of iterations can also beset here. The default value is 1. “The program will run the analysis uni convergence or the maximum aumber of iterations has been reached.BRET) 204. sno otscr oF sauces Providing Member Stability ‘Design requirements for members that are part ofthe lateral load resisting sytem are covered within Chapter C. Where these ely on members thit ae not pare of ‘the lteral oad resisting yrtem to define their unbraced length, sufcent sent and stiffaess shouldbe provided to contol member movement x these brie points. The requirement for these races ae provided in Append 6 and are ‘eferenced fom Chapter C Ithese requirements are nat met, then the member should be designed 2s unbraced along its length. Member and geometric properties aswell as the connection details should he coasideed in the analysis of the brace stiffness. In ew of meeting the requirements of Append 6a second-oeder analy Sis dat cousins a outshines for de member i permite. For models of significant siz, t would not be feasible to include this in the analysis; therefore its not recommended, ‘The two types of bracing systems considered are relative and nodal. Relative brac- ing consists of multiple brace points along the length af che member which move ‘with respect peach ocher This method of bracing would be typical in X-braced frames and shear wal «ystems fo columns, of horizoatal truss and diaphragms for ‘eam Strat Brace point Diagonal 5-26 Relate race Gane fr Couns __—FIGURE6-27 fete ce aleeStrut Ss race | int poi I I FIGURE 6-28 Nod rae Example for Clie FLGURE6-29 Nodal Bae bare fe Beam For the bracing tobe effective, the connection details mus agree with the design assumptions being made, For example, while a imple stut framing into a deep ‘column section may be adequate to reduce the efecive length ofthe member in regard to slenderess, wil aot provide the appropriate restraint to use the same ‘eced length in determining the exural capacity ofthe section. For restraint ‘against buckling of the compression flange stiffener plates may be added. In ‘aliton the fnrersecting member or members ae requzed tobe designe forthe {ppropriate buckling loud and minimum sins requirements. FIGURE 6-30 OvepCotine FLGURE6-31 ep SeamBRE) 201515 ano oesicw oF sreucrures FIGURE6-32 @xamto column web omscton proies wal retin ut te restane tongs FIGURES alow beamto Ber comnecton prone Rage eng estan bat ile FIGURE6-23 Ad6tos age et) provide reitancetocolumn wing, Fagen resize) FIGURES-25 Enerdng the ‘anrecontaow he bao ‘erring wl prove tinal Example—Column Stability Evaluation ‘A new opening fora tank was added adjacent tothe structural colamn, allowing only a shllow horizontal tus framing system to brace che clurna. Determine i the system provides the necessary loud resistance and stfines to brace the coum and utlize 4 ‘in the design. The required axial compressive load forthe col- ‘umn is 250 ips (ASD) The columa unbraced length i 30, wis Column a wa FIGURE-57 Hossa! Tass Poi Cuma racingSolution Since the horizontal tus braces the column a single point and is no elated toother brace point along the length ofthe column, the syste will be analyzed suming the nodal bracing requirements, P= 0.01P, = (0.01)250 kip) = 25 hips Determine L, by analysis, Fora 250 kip axial compresive load, che maximum unbraced lenge would be equ to 39 f, Ly Ty Ti permite tobe tben 0D a orl (2.0048)050/458 = 85 pin Even though STAD wil noe directly check the requirements of Appendix 6, simple model may be ereated and analyzed ro determine the adequacy ofthe system. 4/-25 ips Aly Ress Chord Force «2.5 hips Diagonal Fore = 238 kipe Delletion = 0.011 inches [FIGURES-38 Hoon Tus Med “The L3«31/4 brace and its connections shouldbe designe forthe 2.8 kips axial Joad, hich could be ether tension or compression. Alo the connections ofthe WiEi0 members othe column would need to be designed fora minimum axial transfer Force of 25 ips. 25 hips bis Saree: 227 P3855 hips in brace sf adequate BSteel Member Design the requiements ofthe AISC Manual of Stl Contraction and associated specifications, This chapter will cove the design of steel members aswell asthe proper assignment ofthe parameters found in STAAD Pro. In addition to ‘meeting the AISC requirements for member desiga, itis also essential tha uf ficient stability be provided to the stactural members such thatthe assumptions made during the design stage are carried ou through the construction. Increasing ‘material stengths has resulted in stactres tit ae lighter and in general more flexible than in the pst. This along with moce complex code requirements has ‘ade essential forthe engineer to ensure that proper stabi is provided for ‘the overall structure as well as individual elements. Only once the required design load have been determined based on the equirements of ATSC Chapter C, should ‘the indvidval member be designed per these requzements Ses Pro provides a powerful design to! for designing ste! structures per Tension Members ‘The requirement forthe design of tension members are covered in Chapter D ofthe AISC specication. Tir specification applies to members wich stati forces {ppled cough the centroid axis The aplication of the load and the end con- nestion deals shouldbe investignte to determine if chi requirement is met. For members not meeting this equirement Chapter H shouldbe wsed."The design tensile strength ofthe member shouldbe based on the smaller value ofthe govera- ‘ng limit state. The hat tate of rns yielding ofthe gros section is intended to prevent excesve elongation ofthe member, while the mit stat of tensile upeure (Of the net section is intended to prevent premature Flure due to reduction in area land other mechanieal properties of the ste Ieshould be noted chat although ther sno limit on KV for design of members in tension, consideration should be given to members that exced a practical limit ‘of KU > 300, Member exceeding thislimit may be more likelyto be damaged ‘during delivery and construction as wells experience undesirable movement and vibration during service.wr “The design of tension members in STAD Pro incorporates all quirements ftom (Chapter D. The requized use ofthe following parameters should be determined + FYLD~ Steo Yield Strength (Default is 36 si) + FU Stel Ultimate Tensile Strength (Default is based on FYLD) + NSF—Net Section Factor Thisfctor should be used to comet calculate the net area This isthe ratio ofthe net area to gros area; a such the vale should be ‘verified once member sizes and connection detail ae finalized. + SLB Shear Lag Factor~ This factor is dependent onthe member cros-eston se well asthe connection type eis very important for this parameter to be veri once the member size and connection detail are flied + MAIN ~A value of.0 will instruct the program to perform a lenderness check Ith vale is et equal to 1.0, the slendemest check wil not be performed, + TMAIN~ Altowable Ki/ for tension members A value greater than 1.0 wll instruct the program to perform lendemess check based on the value input. ‘The defale vale is 300. Example—Single Angle in Tension Verity the szength ofa single angle A36, L4 x 4x 1/4 brace in a vertical fame us- ing LRED, The factored lateral load applied to the fume is 40 kis, Te vertical bce is connected on the ende with tingle row of 3-314" diameter bolts, Material and geometric properties Aye 1.94 i = 108 in FIGURE7-1 Tension Example Geometry FIGURET-2 La Canpecton Seta CCaeulate available tensile yield strength Py Fy Ag (36k). 94 i!) = 69° ips 0 Pq 0.901698 hips) = 62.8 ipsBRE) 201051 0 otscn oF sravcrunes CCaleulatearilabl tensile rupture strength (Calulate Shear Lag Fac, U AISC Table D3.) larger vale of Case 2a Case 8 Case: uel Cae 8 u-060 UeU=082 Catala A, Aye Apa (dy + U16)t = 1.94 in? 15/4 fn Mg ind gn) = 1.72 172 ind (082) = 141i? D+ FA, = (58 ksi). i) = 81.8 ips 4, -078 75 (81.8 kip) ‘The LA is governed by the tensile rupture limit tate, CCaleulate the required tensile strength y= AO Rp (21.2015 fi) = 565 ips bi, 61A hips GLA ips > 565 kips ok SR.-0920 Verify Results Using STAAD.Pro ‘Specify the Parameters: From the Design/ Stee! Tab select the AISC 360-05 for the current code, then choose the Define Parameters buton to enter the covet ‘alu of the parameters required, After entering the correct values inthe Design Parameters Window choose the Add button to include them in the design, + METHOD = LRFD_ + FYLD=%6 + FUSS eNSPAY «12/9, 200887 + SLF=082 + MAIN=1.0win heen FIGURE7-3 Teson Devin Foams FIGURE7-5 Tension Design Rests ‘Compression Members "The requirements for the design of compression members are covered in Chapter E of the AISC specification. As for tension members, this specification applies to ‘members with static frees aplied though the centoidal axis. The application ‘ofthe load and the end connection detils shouldbe investigated to determine if this requirement i met For members not meeting this requirement Chapter “should be used ination to the requirements of Chapter E.The it states ‘of flexiral buckling torsional buelling, and flexural-torsional bueling should ‘he considered in the design of compression members- STAAD. Pao incorporates ‘the design requnements from Sections B3, E4, E5, and slender elements E7 to ‘account forthe appropriate limit states. The lssifeation ofa member as compact,HEE) 0020155 a0 oeson orsreucrunes noncompact, or slender is clelated internally For wes of doubly symmetic shapes, such wide ange, the calaltion conservative since the program we {he overall depth ofthe member ies the anges. The ATSC specication allows thedepth ao be rece by the ie teach ange aswel Section 6, which adresses but-up member not incloded. Thee additonal requirements for tnalt-up member apply to prope detsling nd connection ofthe indica ele- sments forming the compost shape, in part the slendenesrequements. ‘The wer shoul vei hate denderes and dimensond equerents are met prior o designing the member wing STAAD Pro Teshould be noted tat alchough there sno imi on KU for design of members in compresion, consideration should e given to members ha excced practical limi of Ke» 300: Members exsedng thi imit may be more ike to be dam- aged during delivery and consuctio, swell as experince undesiable movement tnd vibration during service The amples provide herein sume determination oflads by the diet analyse method, which allows vale of 1.0 for the effec Gre length factor, K Whee thi iso the eset ae of Kay be determined using Section C2 ofthe spesifcton. Example—W14 Column Evaluation Verify the sengch ofthe Wl x 82 column shown next using LRED. The fac tored axial load applied to the column is 200 ips. The column is pinned suppoeted and has no intermediate Brace points. 000 kip Material and geomet properties y= 240 i? 5-248 in B= Skat F Chasifation of ection fro bucking For the flange, y= O56V EF,» (0:56) 2900050» 13.48 » 592 Flings moncompact orth web oy= 149V EIR, = (1.49) OOOO = 95 9» 224 eb is rononpat Since the section is noncompact and there are no intermediate bracing point ‘can be concladed that the imi tte of flexural buckling i applicable so that Section E3 is requted for design of the member,Determine member compressive strengths Since, chere are no intermediate brace points, the weak axis direction will contol for slenderess KL/r = (10X30 12)/2.48 = 45 Fox 2B I (KI) = (8) (29000)/(602.48) = 13.58 bi Since 471VEFF, = (4.71)V 29000750 = 113.4 « 145, equation (F3-3) conto Fe=O87TE,= (08710358) = 11.91 bi "The fleur buckling stress P= Fy4y=(11.91)(240) = 285 ips with = 0.90, qh = (09)(285) » 257 hips 257 kips» 200 hips oe SR.=0778 Verify Results Using STAAD. Pro Since there are no intermediate nodes along the length of the column and the ef fective length factor is equal to one, no additonal parameters are required, Since ‘the default tel strength is 36 Bs, the FYLD parameter wil be needed indicate ‘that 50 ksi being used forthe column. 69 PARAMETER 1 ‘V, CODE ASC UNFIED Y meTwo0 wr0 paps “y ChecKc00E FIGURE7-7 Compression Design Ee= FIGURE7-8 Compression Design RestsExample—W30 Column Torsional Buckling Evaluation Verity the strength ofthe W'30 x 211 column shown next using LRFD. The fac- ‘ored axial loud applied to the column is 1200 kipe The column wnbraced lengths sre as follows Strong Axis = 100f ‘Weak Axis = 25 fe “Torsional Buelding = 100 fe al 5 want wa0 a ‘wi2x65, SS" column ie Strat 5 ~ “ Wi2strut FIGURE7- Compression Ene Corsi Tersonal Backing FIGURE7-10 StutComrectin’s ‘Material and geometric properties B= Shai Fy 65 ksi a2 beg =345 4-309 in J=28-4in* y= 0.75 in C= 166000in# ty 1.32in ‘ince thetoional bucking lengths mach greater than the weak ais unbraced length, the torsional buckling limit tate neds to Be considered in adltion tothe flevurl buckling lini ee Pleural bucking stress Calelate the flere backling tres mia to the previous example Flanges noncompact, Webi noncompact KL i= (10){400" 12129 = 93 conte KL, ~(.0)05 12349 = 86 (09)1652) = 1487 kipe“Torsional buckling ses For doubly symmetric member equation E44 should be use Fox [WE Co/ (KP + GP) AL, 5) = {29,000.16 000).207 (11,200128.4] 110,500 + 757) = 31.8 Sine A71VBR = (A71)V29000050 = 1134» 93,eqation (E32) conrl. Fo [0658 AP, «(0.658 !YS0) = 25.9 ksi “The torsional buckling tess is Pr = F = (25.9)(62.2) «1611 hips with = 0:90, dP, =(0.9X 1611)» 1450 ips, conto over exural buckling 1450 hips > 1200 ipso SR.~0830 Very Results Using STAAD.Pro “The following parameters need tobe specified for this example + METHOD = LRFD + FYLD = 50st + LZ ~ 100 fx (1200 in) ~ length fr slenderness calculations in the local -anis + LY = 25 fe (300 in) = length for slenderness calculations in the lel jas + LX 100 (1200 in) ~ length fr torsional and flexural torsional ealeulatons © a PananereR (7 CODEASC UNFIED Y meron uae Y raps Y zim OY vrs Y icra wv GrecKco0€ FIGURE7-M Compression Osign Pacametes onierng ueking Tena = 25 ESN STRENGTH MPD Value of me 62 = FlGURE7-12 Conpresion Design etsMEE) 0100515 ano orsicn oF structures Notice the result from STAAD.Pro is less thn what was calculate by hand methods. The reason for this difference isthe depth used in the ealulation ofthe rember as compact, noacompact o¢ slender in STAD Pro, Per STAD Pe Beg (30.9 ~2-1.32Y0.775 «365 35.9 seb ir slender Since the web is slender, the requirements of Section E7 must be met EL FIGURET-1B ASC Orion of FIGURE7=14 STAA0.Peefnton oh Flexural Members ‘The requirements forthe design of flewural members are covered in Chapter F of the AISC specication. Chapter F assumes that bending is about one principal ani and thatthe loading is applied parallel oa principal axis that pases though ‘the shear center eis also assumed that support points Zor beams and girders are restrained against rotation about thei longitudinal axis, For members act meet= ing this requzement, Chapter H shouldbe used in addition to the requirements of Chapter F ‘The following limit states shouldbe considered in design: + Yielding + Tension Mange yielding + Laccrl-oeional bushing, Le lol buckling + Flange lea! buckling + Local bucking “+ Web local buckling SSTAAD.Pro incorporates the design requirements from Sections F2 through F12 tw account for the appropriate lime states. In addition the program calculates the Interal-torsional Buckling modification fictr, GIF this factor omited in the parameter specification, a conservative value of 1.0 will be used for design, Since STAAD.Pro assumes the brie length ofthe member tobe between nodes, care should be exeried ifthe G, parameter i specified,CHAPTER 7 «Stel Member Design ‘Additional Beam 1 Node CB Steel parameter values CB = 100s default (CB = 0. instruct program to calle (CB = any other value willbe used drecly [IGURE-15 Ress C8 Caton [Beams 1 and 2are subjected to the same load conditions and have identical un- ‘braced length parameter, However, theses ratio for Beam 1s ess than the ‘Beam 2 sree rato, Since an additonal node has been included for Beara 1 the valve of G, wil be calculate dtfrently. For this example: G,~ 1.154 for Beam 1, {G~ 1.087 for Beam 2.A G, value of 1.087 would be comet for this example "The user may choose to input tie vale directly instead of i being automatically calulated. Example—W21 Beam Flexure Evaluation Verify the strength ofthe W21 » 44 beam shown next using LRFD. The factored lead applied tothe beam is 1 kip/tThe beam i pinned suppored and the top ‘lange braced at she third poi. oT waked = 401 FIGURE7=16 Fe apie F,=50 bi Gp" 2110;nt 5) = 81.6 in? b= 202in 770 int T2133 robin L,= 10K ena M=200 fips 2-950! Since the value of Lis greater than Z, the limi stats of yielding and lateral tor~ sional buckling shovid be investigated Yielding My» My= B,Z=(50)95.4) = 470 Kin Lateral torsional buckling Since >I MRS, ¢MyFoe Go? Ellin) V1 + O078UESA) Eye, Fy (1) (29000)/(13.3 - 12/1.60)? V1 + 0.078(0.770-1781.6-20.2)(13.3-12/1.60)? Fai My @3NS16)= 27398 inc A7TOA- inte ional bucig or Design flesurl strength 65M, = (09) Q739YA/12) = 2058-2 SR =200/205 = 0976 Verity Results Using STAAD.Pro ‘The fllowing parameters nce to he specified for this example: + METHOD = LRFD + FYLD = 50st UNT = 13.3 f= unbraced length for compression flange + MAIN = 10 a PARAMETER “7 CODE ASC UNIFIED Y wet#00 FO Y urs Y P70 wa FIGURE7-17 Flore DevgPrsnetesShear Members “The requirements forthe design of members for shear ae covered in Chapter G of| the AISC specication. The limit states of shear yielding and shear buekling should te investigated when determining the capacity ofthe member to ress shea. STAD Pr incorporates the design requirements from Sections G2 and G4 through G7 to acount forthe appropriate limit states. Section C3, which aecouns for the post buckling strength ofthe member (tension field action), snot ineorpo= rate. This would typically be sed inthe design of plate gidess and other built-up ‘members. In addition, ection G8, which accounts for web openings in beams and ‘inden ie not incorporate, Example—W18 Beam Shear Evaluation Verity the sent ofthe W840 beam shown nest using LREFD. A 200 kip loud is applied near the barn support along with a uniform loud of 0.1 kip. The bea is pinned supported andthe top lange i braced continuously. 20.000 kip wd i k pease f he179in ty 0.315% Re 186 kips Re 16 kips GURET-19 shear Eanple ‘Determine sharing reduction fro, bits 79/0315 -568 224. V, «224 V 299005 - 539 Sime, gs 68» 539 Seton G2(8) sod ei slate Cu +5 forunstiened web with ye 260 110. VER, -2.24-V5 39, 800850 502 Sine a= 5658 4539, C= 10 Shear strength A= B to = AT INOS) BF, Ay Cy = (06NS0NS.64)1.0) bFo= (1.03069) SR. = 186/169 = 1.10 member size is nt adequate for required bearBREEN) 2040115 ano ocsion orstnvcrunes Vu Verity Results Using STAAD.Pro ‘The following parameters need tobe specified for this example. + METHOD - LRFD + FYLD =S0lat + UNT= Tf + MAIN = 10 “Thee arerospeiie prams equredorsbear deg. Asie withthe th edn hs ote Incorporated he STF parameter aloning the use to spc the stifene late pacing tht ray ‘Seber at ger design Hones, the uer may ae the previous rns f ASD or RFD eign code nlodedn STAAD Proto ei thee ners 2-9 PARAMETER ‘V, CODEASC UNFIED YY meTio0 LaFO Y unr YY Pao 70 mans FLGURE7-20 shen Design arama Indicates Section Gof AISC 360-05 controls LGURET-21 Sear Oein Rss‘Members Designed for Combined Forces and Torsion ‘Members subjected to combined loading due o axa loads and bending are designed per Chapter H ofthe ISG specification, STAAD Pro incorporates the requirements of Sections Hil and H13. Section HI applies to doubly and singly symmetic member subject to flere and ail tension or compression, Section I apples to members subjected to torsion or torsion combined with flexure, shea, and ail tension or compresion, Per Section FI. the value of G, may be increased when determining the lex ural capacity of members combined with axial tension, Feshould be noted tha the rogram incorporates this increase automatically withowt any inp from the wee. ‘Therefore care should be taken to ensae tha al lond cases ae accounted fon as the inclusion of tension may yield unconserative esults when compared t eare sting alone, For LRFD, Cys increased by the mlipier V+ PP, For ASD, Cy isincretedby the mkipier VI-* 13°72, Example—W12 Collector Beam Evaluation ‘Verily the strength ofthe W12 x 30 collector beam shown next using LRFD.'The brace ine is subjected 050 kip ail load in addition to the vertical loade shown, 4.500 bps = sm ‘ = FHGURE7-22 Canbiod Tension nd Flere ale Calculate C, multiplies, Pax EIy/L} = (29,000)20 39420 12)°= 101 ips Vis By, Vis S00 1.22 Looking at the results ofthe combined loading in STAAD.Pro, G = 1.223EER) ssavvsis ano ossion oF structures HI1.2 of AISC 360-05 controls FIGURE7-23 Tensn anaes Looking tthe results of flexure alone in STAAD.Peo,G, = 1.0 Value of OMe ATSC 36.05 controls FIGURE7-24 Ref Hex AneFrom the previous results, can be sen thatthe moment capacity ofthe member vith lene alone i substantally lee than when is combined with tension For this eason, itis essential that all elevant load combinations be considered inthe Pte Paral To . ——— peo . Enya nose ty Connects Beam Eny Connects Pate Entity Connect Sod ra ae ; ae ——— [eae ae ena FIGURES-31 Nodes Sect by Range glighed sentient a ah Yimin GT] x Coe) Cece) FHGURES-32 Select range tat bounds he XZ plane of FIGURE 8-30 Selection Range Inet. “The direct analysis definition wil be crested similar to the instruction provided in (Chapter 6. See Chapter 6 fo addtional deseription of terms. Since this exampleBRR) 1.015 ano oeson or staverunts contains «combination of moment frames, braced frames and collector clement, both the FLEX and AXIAL specication wil be needed. A notional loa actor of (0.002 wil be define to inset the program to erate forthe vale of 7, Since it Js unnecessary to perform he direct analysis onthe ise oad case PERFORM ANALYSIS followed ty the CHANGE command will be added to the input Sle lucy flowing the la prmary load cse. This wil have atonal bene when investigating serviceability and drift snes once che analysis complete, since the recedes sot reuied to be lized when looking at erieility requirements, "The appropriate load cases and combinations cn aow be created. The seismic loads wl be crated and applied sing the reismic generator Therefore, reference Toad wl be used to define al gravity loads tobe included inthe seismic mass definition. Load combinations wll be created based on ASD and LRED require iments so that bach serviceability and strength considerations ean be investigated Inaddition, special seismic load combinations, including the system overstrength factor, wil be erated. These special load combinations willbe used to design the collector elements along the brace and moment ines, At tis pon i wil be as- sumed that the notional loads will aced tobe included only inthe gravity-oaly Toad cases Ths assumpeion wil require the ratio ofthe fist- and second-order drifts to be reviewed during the analysis: Notional loads wil be included in the _gavity-ony loxd combinations using the Load Combination Generator. The er tion of gravity, wind, and seismic load wil not be presented here. Refer to previ ‘us chapter for this information Load Cases Self wright of tracture and building matsals lateral = Floortiefoad (No intermediate floss, platforms, etc) E;-—Rootlivefoad (Snow pls rain-on-snow surcharge contol) = Base snow load S.—Snow drift load (No parapets or roof mounted equipment) Wea = Wind loud from north to south (9/~ GC,) Weg ~ Wind load from vuth to north (+/— GC) Wo. = Wind load fas west to east (4/~ GC)W., = Wind loa frm eas to west (+/~ GC,) 22 Seismic load frm north to south -Ex,~ Seismic oad from south to north ‘Eo, = Seismic lad fiom west to east Bx,» Seismic lod from east to west “The seismic lod B's a combination of the effect of vertical and horizontal seismic force: For basi sami: BxE,+Eo x= pQe- Since our structure isa Seismic Design Category C,p = L0 E,=0.28,D =(02}0.251)D -0.05D or sexi with ovestength: Eos Ee 2.Qe= 30 28ngD = (0.2K0.251)D = 0.050 Load Combination Allowable Stes Design Dyn Dag tS Dy Dy, # OTE L.OKD ain Dan) 0-70 Dy D #0758 +0750 Digg Dag, # 0.758 +0525 > 1.08(Dain* Deg) +0-755 +0525 Die Diy Dag, OTE 0.95(Dain* Dyn) +0-7Q Strength Design LAD gig * Da) 12D, + Dog) + 05S 121D jay Dag) + 165 +08 12D... D_,) +058 + L6H 12(D jp, + Dog) +025 + LOB 1.25(D py Dag) 0:28 + Op 09D,,,+ L617 OD jg* Dog) # LOE 085(D gig Dr) * Qe Suength Design (w/Oversrength) 12D, Du) +0.28+ LOE 1.25(D yy Dy) O28 °3Q5 0%Dja.+ D_.)* 10E 7 85D gt Dg) #32ANALYSS AND DESCN OF sraucrURES It is recommended to wait util aftr the loads have been applied to model the metal roof deck, Modeling of the plate elements wil reste many nodes making the nia load assignment more cumbersome With the beam spacing a5 fe and approximate 5 foot square plate element shouldbe sufficient to model the di ‘phragm. Since at this time the plate clement thickness cant be determined, an esi mate based on SDI wil be wsed, This plate thickness may ned tobe adjusted once the connection requtemente ae detertnined. FIGURES Roof Daprag Modeled ith Pate Emer Steel Design ‘The steel design parameters can now be added to che model. These parameters should not only be consistent withthe design assumptions made but also with the construction drawings. AISC 360-05 Chapter C indicates tha a column K factor equal to 1.0 may be wsed since the direct analysis procedure i being ure, ‘This allowed under the constraine that proper sablty bracing wil be provided forthe columns according to Appendix 6. Ar the interface ofthe wind post, ‘beam, and metal deck, for ample the wind post must rely onan undefined pith of torsion, weak axis bending, and potentially buckling of che metal deck. lunder wind load conditions. Ie is commoa, whea the wind load is perpendicular tothe beam span, to provide s horizontal tris system to provide the appropr- ste resiarance to thes loads. This detail can be modified exelly to acsommodate varying magnitudes of load.Wind reaction [ ah at top of post fy 8 » Horizontal truss 5 to brace top of ‘wind post FIGURES-37 ind ection at oo Pot Addiionally che detail atthe cantilever rof giedess nee wo be investigated to ‘ensure tha proper stability is provided to the top ofthe column. Since at this location, the gitderfiames over the top ofthe columa, the loa path up to the rot sliaphragm isnot ideal. For his situation, its common to provide kne braces fom the column upto the bear aig above. Thi is only required perpendicu- larto the girder framing, Fe may alo be prefered for this racing to be installed in the feld afer the framing is eected ® VT mene Girder framing over ; ‘column below IAISC 360-05 Parameters For this example all of che members will be designed based on the LRFD load ‘combinations. Ia addition, the collector elements wl be designed fr the special ‘scismic loud combinations. This can be accomplished by using the LOAD LIST ‘command and mulple SELECT commands. See Chapter 5 for ational nfor- ‘mation on performing multiple CODE CHECK\SELECT coonmands For this ‘sample the input fie would look ike the following: LOADLIST 387059 -¢ Load sofa LRFD combinations PARAMETER 1 CODE AISC UNIFIED SELECT ALL GROUP AX MEMB. LOADLIST 3870.67 + Lond ie ofall LRFD and special sis SELECT MEMB sic eombinaton, flowed byslion GROUP AX MEMS oly alecor elements METHOD = LRFD included to instruct the program that the LRFD specication will be used. ‘The following stel parameters wil be provided initially: Core are area Crd Beam soli 3h 10) Girder sok! 10 colctor —“SOksi aft mst sf Beam Collector SOs! ash att Sire Moment Osi wh Bt Frame Bracing 38K} SBisi_ O85" “alate tobe vera dorm dese, Since we are gong to utilize STAAD. Pr ability to select and design the steel members, we will use two additonal parameters[DMIN: wil be asigned to beams, girder, and collector elements so tht members vill meet the minimum depth criteria as determined by the user RATIO; wil be st to 0.95, 0 that members will e selected to not excood a ratio of required strength to available strength of 055. © a ParaweTER 1 “¥_ CODE AIS UNIFED Y nemo aro Y pap Y wa Duns Yu yus Yu Y wan Y uns Y omen DMIN val 2 slighty smaller th Y ommos values are set slightly smaller than Y nov i4s + — the desired section depth Y pun 32 Y ranoass FIGURES-~40 Stel Paanetes ‘The commatids SELECT and GROUP wil lobe utilized to instruct the peo- gram to SELECT the ste! members based on the code and parameters slected, ‘The GROUP command inseructs the program to use che largest member size selected forall members within che assigned group This prevents having so many Aiferen size members, and having differ size beams within the same member there are nodes along the member length v SET Rou axnens. Y erour axwene Y srour axes Your AKMEWE Y cour AKMEMe Y cour axwens Y srouP axMeN Your AxMEWs Y cour AKMEMe Y cour axes Y croup acne Y crOouP AcE Y, cour axMEWs Y cour axwens Y srour axes Y GROUP AMEN FIGURES Caunns grouped together ed ences ae wb ge he gest cum ste ‘eed ome aaAnalysis Results After running the initial analysis and opening the postprocessor it can be sen that ‘the direct analysis doesnot reach convergence. After investigation, two issues ean be scored. Since the FX hasbeen released atthe tp ofthe wind post, the analysis for second-order effets will not converge. ince the wid post ony act to distribute load to the structure under wind lad, they wll be removed fom the model. A wind load a the intersection ofthe top ofthe wind por and hear wil be included to account fr the lateral loa, In ation, th drift ofthe moment frames wll ikely ‘exceed the allowable drift since the trl sizeof the columns and beams comprising the moment frames were not give appropiate attention, The columns and beams for the mornent faes wil be increased to a Wi4 x90 and a W24 55, respec- tively and the analysis wl be performed agin. After running the analysis withthe revised member ies it ean be seen that the direct analysis has converged and adi- tionally the dit of the stractre ie within te limits set by the design criteria, “To review the member sizes selected, open the postprocessor and select the Bean and Unity Check sb, This will splay the results of the analysis including the design ratio and member size selected. The ute can also choose to graphically Aspley ranges of design ratio by using differen colors. t may also be help to ‘um off the ratio values to remove some clutter from the view 8. 2 Sen tne | rigew wine ‘Toggle the show values box to remove the stress ratios from FLGURE®-42 Option or Dili Devin RestsFIGURE 8-43 Stes ati anges Diy Color Teshould be noted isbased on the inital FIGURE®-44 Updste amber Property Sno elaton Ress‘STAD Pro VBi (SELECTseries 2) “This will replace the section names in your member property data with the ones selected using commands such as SELECT MEMBER, [GROUP MEMBER etc. ‘Your input file wil hence be modified. Do you want to proceed? (se) (ete FIGUREA-45 Veseatonto Update Member Properties ‘Once this has been done, the SELECT command may be replaced by the (CHECK CODE command. Additionally the DMIN and RATIO stel parameter ‘ay be deleted along with the GROUP command, The analysis should then be run agtn andthe member size and dif mits confied, “The colecor clements require special stenion in any analysis Ia modeling bos Alexie arg dapragms the diapheage wil cto share a portion ofthe shear and deliver tothe X-brace origi fame, Modeling the diaphragm can make ault- ‘ng the distribution of oad to the vertical resisting elements simpler task especialy for complicated loading or structre geometry. However, the dstebution ofthis load to the lateral fore revting elements needs to be confirmed. The simplest method for ‘this wo create a 2D frame and input theta shea delivered to hat ne, along with the appropriate vera loads. Save a copy ofthe model and rename ita Frame Line 1 Delete the unnecessary geometry and loading information. he seismic generation data can ao be deleted since we will nsr the shea deci in te load case Since ‘wea concemed ony withthe special sexi load combinations al other combina~ tion can he deleted The gray load eases will ned tobe updated as wel, ‘¢_ Diaphragm Shear, v: (ENS load case 1) (757 +7.57)/105 = 0.185 kins/ft [IGURES-46 Restens from Fame)(Once the analysis is finished, there are til other tasks tha main to complete the design of the stacture. As demonstrated in Chapter 7, che RAM Coa nection module could be ulized to desiga simple shear connection, moment connections, and base plates, Information sich as suppor rettions and beam forces can be exsily copied into spreadsheets or other applications for design of| specific component, Cre should be used to ensue that ll components have been properly checked to meet code requirements. For example, the roof beams need to bbe checked for uplift, due to components and cladding load. These component | checks should generally be exchided from the primary model avoid confusion tna eeation of adetionallnad combinations tobe investigated,Foundation Design ‘TAD Peo may also be used to design various types of foundations and underground structures. Mat foundations, combined footings, concrete pits, and deep foundation stems ae some of the more common sractres tht may be designed or analyze, In addition, STAAD foundation may be utilized for design of spread and combined footings, pile caps and mat foundations.The rac- tion results and suppor locations may be imported diectly fom STAAD pea to STAAD foundation, o a Microofe Excel spreadsheet can be imported. STAAD., foundation also offers modules to design foundations for vertial and horizontal cuipment Isolated Spread Footings Since isolated spread footings are commonly designed assuming agi” founds- tion, STAAD.Prois usally not tized. However, the reactions may be imported directly into STAAD foundation, which will design the footings using common desig approaches. Footings wil e checked for both serviceability and ultimate ‘trength load combinations The following checks are performed: Serviceabilry Strength + Allowable bearing capacity + Beam shear + Uplifand overtuening + Punching shear + Sliding + Bending moment “The program allows the user to aceon for Fonting and pier self-weght, overburden pressures, and buovancy fects. Ie alo calculates the required develop- ‘ment length ofthe reinforcing and notifies the user if there ae ieuce based on the footing geomet Concrete pers can also he specified and designed. Footings and Piers can he subjected to axa load un-asinl, nd b-asal bending.Example—Spread Footing Design Design the spread footings of the structure shown an forthe following parameter. All columns willbe supported on 2 high--24 inch square pe FT. FIGURES-1 Mal fr Foting Den Eampe e Allowable Bearing, oy, 3,000 ps a Sub-grade Modus, 100 pei (Concrete Strength fe 4,000 psi Slab Surcharge 250 psf 2-0 FIGURES-2 Footing nd er Dea Import the reactions from STAD Pao into STAAD foundation ‘There are two methods fr inking the STAAD Pro model with STAAD foundation. ‘Within STAD Pro the Foundation Design tab may be selec atthe tp of the postpeessng sren,Fiom ere the supports along with the neces lou cases te Qeened [casos |eoaacgas+++oca|ipjaaaaazanracho BA lr ae nyo Got FIGURES STAADSn merce thin STAADProBRE 1012s avo otiow orstucrunes selected, The Launch STAAD foundation may the be selected. At thi point STAD. foundation wil open and the base model will be created. The user mis then go ‘thragh the load cases and dei if they shouldbe used for serve or sent checks Another method isto close STAD Pro after completing the analysis, nd then ‘open STAAD foundation. Select che Inport STAAD Pro Fie button and mivigate to the stored location of the td file. The primary load eases D, Land W are not included since only the lod combination results are needed for design. The user ‘could opt to scect only the primary cases and create the load combinations within STAAD foundation. The service load cass and ultimate lod cases ae identified bythe drop-down lire noted as Load Case Type Ingen a8 fe = — STAAD.foundation\/Qj Bint (ee (ese 1 soma eevee © gripes 4 © meetPiet Ytna Ff J] Desncose: [J] amare: ERSTE —S] [IGURES-# Inpor Options FIGURES Inport Sopot Lato with Lads Shownrom the Main Navigator Pan, select Column Dimension to input information conceenng the column size or pie size. By dela, che program brings in the col~ tan dimension based onthe size inthe STAD Pro model In onder to include a pier toggle the Consider Pedestal o Ys. The height, length, and width can then bbe entered fr each support. This information i necessary to calculate the critical design force locations for shear and moment Gener Foundation Made 8 Q Projectnfo £5 Foundation Pn Il nee i te {@ fast Gd Sep 5 Cen Postion 1 Column Dimension 4 Selet Column Dimension 1 & Lande cts (5 @ seb setup F1GURES-6 Lot fern aa Teoumncmenson rer [asa te TC CR) 008 rae [ne HGURES-7 Cole and et Opin Since the load combinations have been imported fom STAAD.Pro they donot toed oe erated agnn. STAAD foundation recognizes the load combinations, including the stme numbering and lbeing: Howeve, the weights ofthe footing and piers need tobe accounted for withthe appropriate factor for the load com ‘ination. This is achieved by selecting the Apply Sef Weight and Modify Dead ‘Load Factor. Note, the program automatically ncudes the sell-weight for service Tod cases; however, thee dead load factors need to be modified based on the facto applied in the load combination, These factors canbe applied by selecting the Loads and Factors tab fom the Main Navigation pune. Additonal safey Factors may also be applied for both serviceability and ultimate strength combina- tions. For example, fr service oad combinations including win o seismic, i may ‘be appropriate to use a minimum safety fictor of 1.5, Since the 0. factor on dead Toads is used fr this example, the safety factor wil be left a 1.0sats ag ah nd mh ce ‘STAAD foundation VBi meoiry pean wren F Saect oe Care FIGURE9-t Opton arn Fortin Sere "The Job Setup tab can now be selected fiom the Main Navigation pane. Muliple obs ‘may be ceate within the same file. Tis may be help if diferent soil conltions ‘exist ove diferent footings o ifsomeof the footings wl be designed as combined ns — 2 ee — [oopetorspead — = fig den Select which supports are asigned to speifcjob FIGURES Sekt he a combinations oe ined obs can erste ving feet st fla ambitions, ptt ad aes stctedonl for tee“Tac jb wl be rated forth projet + Gravity Only Check Cheek performed on the fotings supporting gravity loud ‘only. Thee footings wil be checked with fll surcharge loading. + Lateral Footings (Excluding Uplift) —Check performed on footings supporting gravity and lateral load. These footings wil be checked for fll eurcharge londing. + Lateral Footings (Uplift Only) —Check performed on footings supporting gravity an lateral load for uplift loading only. These footings wll be checked ‘wth no surcharge applied and the ol weight factored by 0.6 (Once the obs are created the design parameters canbe set. These parameters are unique tothe cument jb, I the parameters wil be the ame for multiple jobs, then the Set as Def option may beset to Yes, Forfotngssibjacted otros ts refred that the wer set the et neson andro | ‘hed Ths sto he ay the ait chek ae performed. Adana surcharge i ‘spl slog wth ate lds wile use ores ads causing si, pf, ané vert Ing Adstmets col ema nthe fet fears to acount orth, or male ab cule capture thes diferent condos Currently selected job ee Oni i Ww : FIGURES-10 jobseecion GG olated Footing Job 0B Design Parameters [3B Concrete & Rebar IE Cover & Sei! + Parameters set under currently Co vovang com ‘lose wl be ened hat enero fabony, nies the Stas Deal v ing & Overturning “option is selected. FIGURE9-M1 Footing esgn Faanetes co el i a [a hr hs [FIGURES-12 Options for Conte and RebarPET) 2055 ano ots or smucrunes Footing and pie design results ae displayed in tabula format. The ealalation sheets may alko be displayed and printed foreach footing. In addition, plan draw- ‘ngs and sections and details maybe printed, [FIGURE®-1 Grpticl Dipl of fot Desig Results FIGURES-14 Footing Pan with Shee Combined Footings es miaay cases, for footings subjected Tater Jodie may be advantageous (0 ete a combined footing, This allows fra larger moment arm For overturn ‘ng resistance and additonal dead loa for sliding resistance. Combined footings may be designed in STAD Pro in a similar manner as mat foundations, See the sections on mat foundations later in this chapter. Additionally, STAAD founda tion may be used to create a combined foting design assuming arigid” footing analysis, Multiple obs should be erated to account forthe maximum downward Toad conditions including urcharge and the maximum uplift load conditions neglecting the surcharge,CeBET) 2000s ano otstcn or sraucrunes Pile Caps Pile caps may be analyzed in STAD Peo, For pile cap, the thicknes ofthe ple cap is usualy greater than 1/10Gh ofthe distance between piles. The result 2 tlighe diferene berween the model and theoretical results when plate elements te used, I plate elements ae used, the rer is usally an overestimation of the maximum pile reaction and an underestimation ofthe moments and shes. "The enginecr should allo for these differences inthe desig, Solid elements may be used to conrectly account forthe pile cap stiffness and distibution tothe supporting piles. Where sold elements are used he output is in terms of stress, making it ificuleto design the concrete fr the shear and moment requirements inthe cde-preacribe equations: The fllewing figures show the difeenees in ie reactions based on using plate and solid elements of varying thickness, FIGURE9-17 Pate Ari FLGURED-18 Slits Thidness [70 [aor 0" Thidnes [20 [oor [eo Centerie | 215 [ris | 108 enterPie [208 [r07 [95 eagerie [96 [90 | 89 tdgerie [9s [o_ [90 Comerfie [st [st 86 Comerbie [52 [3 [er'STAAD foundston provide away to perform ple cap analysis bazed on a igid” «ap atsumpoion. The reations can be imported fom STAAD.Pro a shown inthe spread foting example, or they can be input in the program direct The input for the support locations and louding ssi othe spread footing example, Once thie base information is entered, create anew ple cap job, to enter specific design parameters EAR Pile Cap Job 6 Design Parameters 4B Pile Layout(Predefined) PiteLayout(Parametric) ¥ deign FIGURE9-Toa Fle CapOptons FIGURES-19b PeCapPacnetes ‘The pile layout may be entered manually or the program can generate cap aurangement based on pile capacity and spacing considerations. Alteracively the parametric ile ayo option may be used FIGURE9-20 Hoke arangemenis cane views uly and thn alates fordeignuingtheauo argent estes “The preceding pile cap analysis forthe plate and sli clement indicated tha there ‘ver ome dtferencesin the load distribution inthe cap, and hence moments and ‘hear. As comparison an identical model wil be created in STAD foundation suming the 6- pil ap thickness The fllowing ae the results of the analysis.eee FSI cea wwe | ¢ 1 Pites may be designe for vera F Iateratand upton anes Battered piles ae nt sopporied < setae | seo: 5 Rd exon —— al (Co) | | | ie en Te ATE) FIGURES-21 STAD le Copngutand Reactors ‘The total moment fim the STAD Pro analysis along the citcal section of 2-fe 2-t pers approximately 1300 f-k Per the STAD foundation analysis the cial moments 1,482 ferk This can be ateibuted tothe difference in 2 “flexbl” and “rigid analysis and the distribution of the loads othe ples. ‘Mat Foundation “Mat foundations ae gener lange in plan dimension compared tothe chickens een formution i wellsted or aay af tse ‘ype seuctres a gerral the last plan amersion reste tan en mes of he mat the ros tht arent canbe asta old ret tat willconergewthtbeoreal el ‘ons. hese requvementare nt meta igiody ans may rove eter esas Proper modeling of plate clements is esentil to ensure thatthe analysis wll proce ‘he conect results, Several things shouldbe considered when modeling plats + Elements maybe 3-noded (triangular 4-noded quadiaterl. + Anode is automatically created a the element center+ Plates nee tobe defined by nodes in citer clockwise or counterclockwise dliection + Element ratio should be on the order of I and aways les than 41 + Elements should not be distorted. Angle between adjacent sides should not be» 180" A JTF AZ FIGURES-22 Good ements FIOURED-25 af et How the plate is modeled will define the local ais 2,3, and 2) of the element Ikis important to be eonsistent in modeling 0 that the results will be correctly presented. To creat plates in STAD Pro elect che Add Plate button. Click and hold this button to toggle between the 4-noded and 3-noded plate too [Agee RO Teo Pi Aad Nodea Pes FGURES-24 4Nade Pt To! FIGURED-25 3d Pate ol |A%8 O83 OB) v y FIGURES-26 String he Pate ment FLGURES-27 Completed Pte Eenent ith ac ‘The fist line segment drawn adits direction wil determine the postive local ais ofthe plate, Drawing che plate counterclockwise wil raul in the local axis ‘oriented up, which coincides with the global Y axis and is the preferred orenta- tion forthe mat foundation elements, The eration of multiple plate elements > make the mat shot all be done in the sare orientation. It x rypical to use the “Translational Repeat or Copy/Paste commands, which wil ensure whether the ort entation ofthe pit is consistent. The lca axis notation canbe quickly displayed by pressing Shift.FIGURES-26 leat Modeling Pate Elements Loc Als Understanding the sign convention ofthe forces, moments and stresses ourput fi the analysis inportane for design of the rcnforing wv well siden problems, The orientation ofthe plate wil dictate which diection covesponds to 2 given value, For foundation design we ae generally concemed with the moment tnd shears at a given location on the mat. The following diagram indicates the sign ‘convention and nomenclature for thee tems, Top surface isthe ele sr surface aa local x MX v My SOY FiGURE9-29 Pate sign Comenton + MX ending moment bout he lo fice which is perpendicarto he boar ce + MY is bending moment ou he face which is perpendicular to the Ia ya «Tp arc isin tension or pose MX and MY. 1 SOxCisout-of plane sear eer perpeticla to the cea. + SOY i out-of line shears perpen the ey xe 1 Shear ees nut of Frce/ei eng cnt “The supporing sil onions shoal be ented pie toning the aay ‘This pial dne by a geotechnical engineer who wil erm el boing, ‘abort eng and portly computer modeling The tre rae pinaaly needed fo anal th beating cpt the wil an the sbgrade msl: While the ean apety proved meant open rote fhe oan exces ‘Se etenet under long tet lafing cb age mode mea ‘olen under sot nding The geotechnical engine should be made {aria fan wl be sed I pal that he lows eaing for mat Fenton ise than tat of ped fotings do thea plan dimension. ‘This fen deve ung the Rousing here. Te vale of he grade‘mors can be highly variable and is abo dependent onthe type and magnitude of ‘he loading, For his reason the analysis shouldbe performed with lower and upper bound. good staring point would be 225% when a proper geotechnical study is performed to at much a +508 when only the general sil conditions are available ‘The following graphs demoastate the effets of ying the subgrade modulus, Mat foundations may abo be pile supported ile supported the pile can be modeled and supports assigned to account forthe pettiness ually necessary ta have the ple sitines and capacity be determined by the geotechnical engineer and then input ‘these values into the progam. eshould he noted thatthe thickness ofthe mat should ‘bees than 1/10 of the distance between ples to ensure convergence with theoret- cal solutions and the plat element result If this condition cart be met caze should be exeresed in using the results including the ple reacons being reported, anit may be prefered to use or validate the results wing arg mat analyse Suborade Modulus vs, Bearing Pressure fo ee ee : a he 7 F ow. [= a Ss "FIGURES Incesing sbgrade dus cela an nese inbeaing presse “subgrade Mods vs. ending Momant : i ‘she eas FIGURED ncensingubrde mode reits na decree nbedig ametBRE) 2001s ano scr or sreucrunes SSTAAD.Pr offers several options when assigning the foundation/sol support. For mat foundations the elartic mat or plate mat support may be assigned. The laste mat ean older support type and may cause stilt issues or eros espe~ Silly if the geometry is complex, such a reentrant comners- In most case, the Pte “Mat command should be specifed. The user may alo input the subgrade modulus an the appaopeat dtection thatthe sll spring will ace Since the sil has no bility to resist tension, unless peshaps if ples were used the compression-only specification should also be applied, Pieituerce we a ach joet Geert Conpresion Oriya Sing ) None @ Conpreon Ory atnesr a Ged Ce) a) FLGURE-2 Foundston Suppo Parameters Tor the ditction of the spring, the uae asthe option of choosing “Y"or°¥ (Only Ithere are no lteral loads to be eesisted, thes the “Y Only” option should be selected, This will apply the spring in the Global Y direction, while releasing the FXEZ, and MY components I lateral loads are present and the °Y” option isseleced then che FY ditetion receives a sping support with the FX, FZ, and [MY directions receiving a fixed support. Note that if comprssion-ony springs ae selected, and if that support receives «negative reaction its tines willbe fe to zero and the analysis performed agua. This wil continue until convergencein rachedThe defalt number of iterations i 10. The user may we the SET. ITERLIM command to adjust the number of trate. The minimam number of iterations isthe The user should always verify thatthe analysis has converged ror to using the results Since the use of compression-only springs isan iter tive procedure, the REPEAT LOAD command should be wed in few of LOAD COMBINATION. onstruction and/or contol joints ae wslized, cei effec onthe design ofthe foundation shouldbe evaluated. For example, daweled construction joints are ypi- cally se to transfer shear actos the joint Since the reinforcing is discontinuous ‘cost the joint, no moments ae transfered, For thie type of ont, the moments shouldbe released, ‘STOP REINFORCING ‘S'BACK FROM EACH FACE OF JONT SAW CUT AS RED. By sPEcs, 14" DIA PLAIN BARS x 181012" 0c IWAXIMUN) COAT WIBOND BREAKER (MAINTAIN ALIGNMENT PERPENDICULAR won FIGURE 9-23 ‘ype Sab or Mat Cansrcton oto Plate releases are assigned fiom the General » Specifications tab by selecting the Plate baton, Once selected, the assign plate specifications window wil be splayed, The designation of Nodes 1, 2,3, and 4 are based on how the plate ‘wat created. As mentioned before, rating the plats consistently with the same ‘orientation wil sid in knowing which node to seletPate Specs FIGURED-24 Pate Elen alee Seectozen frac Sana FIGURE9-35 Pate Speciation nating GA and ele tj are Node 1 91) Node 04) FIGURES-36 Plates Along Construction int Rlased‘xampe-Mat Foundation Design Design the mat foundation shown in the following Bigue. The tank eg are a = PAIS y FIGURES-37 tat Foundton ln FLGURES-28 Mel of Mt Fount and 8-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 eo Allowable Bearing, 4. Subgrade Modils Concrete Compressive Strength, fe Emap Tank Weight Tank Contenss 30,000 tbs Shab Live Load 125 pof Wind Base Sheas, 7 20kips ‘Wind Overtuming Moment, Mf 300 fe Scismic doesnot conto; note if sesmie were considered, multiple load cases may be equi sine the tanks could move out of phase fon each other, “Model the foundation geometry For this example, since the plan dimensions are relatively small, 1-e square plate ‘elements wil be created. Sit-inch squae plate elements wil be wed around the piers extending 2 fe beyond the pier edge, Sold clement wil be wlized to account forthe pir stifness and che load application, spies Wagar pistes salabe used Trannies, FIGURES40 Finer MeshCreted tersBRED) 02s no oes or saucrunes FLGURED-41 Highlight ste andi clk Then select Generate Piste Mesh, Comers Leng is &Ovision Element Type A 2 ent Bee On pase ao a se A 1. e . (ude! ee 0 so & « ce oe 7 € oo a a Mntserein Gow) FIGURES-42 Input edesied nner of sons fo each sie ofthe Alter creating the geometry, atsign the mat thickness othe plate elements and the ‘cmcrete material property to the plate and solid elements. The default concrete ‘material properties are hase oa a concrete compressive strength of 3,000 psi. Since the mat and pier concrete will have x compressive strength of 4,000 psi, a new m terial property should be crested, From the General » Material ab select Ceete "This wil deplay the Isotopic Material window Select Concrete fom the Material Concrete tab and select the ACI code. The following parameters ae needed forthe slab design, After running the analysis, view che output fle co ‘determine the reinforcing sequiremenss. © @y START CONCRETE DESIGN <7 CODE Act Y cna Y cura Y rcs SY Prin 9880 rrsec seo ¢ waoune & naan & msec 7 DESIGN ELEMENT YEN CONCRETE DESIGN FIGURE 9-52 STAADIroSSb Oe Per the design results, only minimum steel based on 0.018 ofthe gross area is required (egeIN/er)—(-en/P2) (99-28/FR) Fri 60.000 ax ¥ 4.000 naz colgn (noe): 2,004 rw 2 09 only minimm\geeel required. 2 now. Girection ‘ required. aor: e037 34 02/3 pore: out 35 oy a6 FIGURE 9-54 Reeforirg Requirements fom Outpt le Shear Checks ‘One-way beam shear is defined as: 0¥,»075-2VF'e=075-2- 4000-949 ps From ana 72-702 ui <949 sokGLE es custtove sen seein ine at om face of pi, bat seman aheriestan allomable, OF. Punching shear is not specifically checked in STAAD Pro; howeves, since the ‘maximum shear stress isles than cat is allowed for one-way shea, punching shear should not control ‘Maximum Pier Reaction, 7= 4 kips 0¥,+0.75-4V Fahad 9075: 4:\/ 900: 152-9 (1/1000) = DBE kip tS bp sok STAAD foundation offs another tematv forte design and ans of mat funcatonsThe sy to cea mal bs win the came model ese ‘ded benef of wot hing tog back ind forth berwcen mie programs Forcxampl sine ve wold ike ovun an analysyon the mat withthe subgeade tes tt 75 und 125 pt jobe could be rated within the same He Ivng these diferent soi prpertia aie adiomally sve da dxgn ction that can alta the ig fhe enforcing ae table ["eeetaenntye regi Patocmaatne | _SxOmipicneon | own | [LE Monentenstge Wood wd émee esr ondyre ony ey} 8) JESSE EFEFE TERRIER RRB { FIGURE9-S5 Hat maybe ct song ary ne anh rnforcig esl esp Nome ele ree infarcemen i maybe aspaye‘CHAPTERS - Foundation Design Conte ii » Bh al a | eee ee) oamow Fie al Mmcterses [FJ] aecrosig fF 3] Min-specing [En Ce _ ewe FIGURE9-56 STAAD fn Mat Foudaton sgn FIGURE 9-57 Pnchingserichechd per ACI equaEEE) sv a.ysis ano oesion oF srrucrures FIGURES-S8 Hamer Dgam Graph ard ine asrem FIGURE 9-59 Shee Ogdone Concrete Member Design ‘TAAD Pro provides a powerfl design to! for designing concrete stuc- ures per the Buliding Code Requirement for Structural Concrete, ACI 318 (Currenly STAAD Pro supports the 1999, 2002, nd 2005 editions. This chapter will cover the strength design of concrete beams, columns, shea wal, and tla, a well athe proper assignment ofthe parameters found in STAAD Peo. Concrete desiga may be performed using the main graphical usr interfce or the concrete design module lable afer analysis provides anather design option ‘The concrete design module offers additional fearues, such as beam moment and shear enforcing graphs, the abt to modify the reinforcing spacing ad bar sie for columns, and the ably to desig sabe including torsional effects. Examples of these feature wil be provided in Chapter I “The esmicrequrements of Chapter of ACT have not been incorporated, Therefore, rediumohigh etmek hee atonal requaments neato berevened and ecoumtea ern theses. “The design of concrete structures should consider all Fictrs affecting it stability Second-order effect incluing deflection ofthe overall fame as well as individual ‘member deflections subjected to lateral and vertical loading, need tobe accounted for Section properties used in the analysis should consider axial load effects well as cracked cegions that may form along the length ofthe member The effect of foundation rotation can increase the lateral deflection ofthe stueture and should be accounted for in che analysis, Also, the effects of creep shouldbe considered es- pecially for femes subjected to sustained lateral loads. Once these elects ae con- dered i the analysis, the resulting moments and shears canbe used in the design ‘of concrete members, This chapter astimes these istues have een addresed and wil focus on the design of individual elements. “Tesaiyecivliecnilende bing cangespeneinchots SESEBEE) xavvsis ano oesion oF structures Design of Concrete Members for Bending “The design of reinforced concrete members for flue i covered under Chapter 10 of the ACT speciation. The design requirements specified in sections 10.2 through 10.5 are incorporated for determining the amount of reinforcing steel requized however requirements for deep beams are not included, The minimiam tnd maximum limit for reinforcing sel are also checked. Based on the use input parameters the program wil select rial efective depth (stance to centroid of ‘enson reinforcing fom extreme compression fiber) for analysis. IF an appropri ate atea of reinforting cant be selected based on the geometric section used, message indicating thatthe member has filed wil be reported. The program will design for up to two layers of reinforcing in the top and bottom face fr positive land negtive moments Compression reinforcing isnot wed in he ealulation oF ‘equied steel azeas. Beam desiga ie bated on bending about the local z-axis oly. ‘Bending about the local y-axis isnot considered, The shear and torsion renforc~ ing requiemeats specified in ACI Chapter 11 sections 11.1 through 11.6 ae also incorporated, Rectangular, square, ee-shaped, nd trpezoidal members may be designed. Anchorage requirements per the requirements of Chapter 12a also included. Howeves it is recommended to review the anchorage fequisements to ensue that program assumptions are comet In most eases the program wil indicate whether Anchorage ir required, Ie would then be up ta the user to decide if tght or Ihooked bars are wed and tha he requirements associated with this anchorage are Serviceabity and defletion issues are not covered by the program and should be given appropriate attention, The string point for member size depths should be based on the requicements of ACI Chapter 9, Once this minimum ‘depth is established, «good rue of thumb is that the rato of depeh/wvidth is bberween 15 and 20 In addition eacked section properties should be considered when investigating deflections. The cracked moment of inertia is provided in the 'STAAD Pro design output for ute in deflection calculations, ai 5 as vo i \ FIGUREI0-1 Cone Bem Coss Sectin eign Parmeter, CCLB - Clear cover for outermost bortom reinforcement CLT = Clea cover for outermost top reinforcement CLS Clear cover for outermost side reinforcementem = wore, fe yO SPACE - distance fom start node to face of support [EPACE « distance from end node to fice of support ‘The eitical distance fr calculating shear i ata distance dom the fice ofthe support Ifthe user does no enter vale for SEACE and EFACE, the shear will be determined ata distanced from the start and end node. Its desired to use the shea atthe stare and end node walt of shouldbe entered forthe SEACE and EFACE values. The type of suppost, loading type, and loeaton ofoad should allbe investigated prioe to selecting the critical section location for deterining ‘the shea See ACI Chapter 11 for additional information, Example—Beam Design Design the simply supported concrete beam for che loads indicated. Beam snot supporting attachments chat could be damaged by large deletions. This beam is not exposed tothe earth or weather, so a clear cover af 4 wil be usd. TH 11 FIGURETO-3 Conte Bem Loading: DL =0.250 Wie “fp 6000 psi LL= 0.750 te ‘Min. Concrete Cover = 3/4 in FGURET0-4 ConceteBeam Sipportondten| Load Cases Servicesbilty—D + Z= 0,250 + 0,750 = 1.00 b/ft Seength 12D + 16d, ~ 1.200.250) + 1.440.750) = 1.5 Mi Since che defi material properties in STAAD Pe ae based on 3,00 pst ‘concrete, anew property ateds to be created fr 4,000 ps conerete The property ‘alae most affeted bythe concrete compresive strength are the modulus of clasticty (2) and the shear modulus (G). Note if lighteght concrete were utilized, the density should also be adjusted. The density property is sed to determine the :member weight applied when the SELEWEIGHT command is pecfed, Beata Vf <9yusst V0 San pa 24360) Geese) = 364000020 +047 644 147i ~ rounded to 173,500 pu (99,384 sf)