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Study of Constituents of An Alloy: Acknowledgement
Study of Constituents of An Alloy: Acknowledgement
Study of Constituents of An Alloy: Acknowledgement
CHEMISTRY PROJECT
Contents
PAGE NO
1. Acknowledgement 3/13
2. Introduction 4/13
3. Aim of the experiment 5/13
a- General objective b- Specific objective
I, Souradip Sen of class XLL -C express my gratitude to my school authorities for allowing me to undertake the project
titled
Alloy Analysis I naturally could not have done justice to my delicate assignment, had I not been privileged to get the
animate guidance from Mr.T.N.Dey, Chemistry teacher of Deepika E.M School.
I also express sincere thanks to my family who extended helping hand in completing this project.
Souradip Sen
Examiner Examiner
Introduction
They are generally harder than their components with reduced malleability andductility. Alloys are prepared
to enhance certain characteristics of the constituent metals, as per requirement.
In this project, we shall qualitatively anayze the chemical composition of two alloys:
General objective:
This project is being carried out with a view to increase the appreciation of alloy-analysis as an important branch of
chemistry. The hands-on laboratory experience gained is highly beneficial in understanding the general procedure of
qualitative analysis of an unknown sample.
Specific objective:
MATERIALS REQUIRED
2) china dishes
4) NITRIC ACID
5) HYDROGEN SULPHIDE GAS
9) AMMONIUM SULPHIDE
Theory
Brass
Cu dissolves in H2S to give black ppt. of CuS. It is filtered to get the soln of Zinc Sulphide. It precipitates out in the form of
ZnCl2 in an ammoniacal soln. of Ammonium chloride. The precipitate is dissolved in dilute HCl and then treated with
Potassium ferrocyanide to get a bluish-white ppt. of Zn2[Fe(CN)6].
Bronze
Bronze contains Cu and Sn. Their nitrates are obtained by dissolving the sample in conc. Nitric acid. The nitrates are
precipitated as sulphides by passing H2S through their solution in dil. HCl.
The CuS is insoluble in yellow ammonium sulphide, while SnS is soluble. The ppt. is separated by filtration.
The ppt. is dissolved in cone HNO3 and then Ammonium hydroxide solution is passed through it.Blue colouration confirms
the presense of Cu.
The filtrate is treated with conc. HCl followed by Zinc dust to obtain SnCl2 . Then HgCl2 solution is added. Formation of
slate-coloured ppt. indicates the presence of Sn.
1. 1. A small piece of brass was placed in a china dish and dissolved in minimum quantity of 50%conc.1¥UOs.
2. 2. The soln. was heated to obtain a dry residue. The residue was dissolved in Dilute H(?l.
gas was passed and a black.ppt. was (observed. The soln. was filtered and the ppt. was dissolved in NH4OH soln. A blue
coloration observed indicates the presence of Cu. 4. The filtrate was tested for presence of Zn.
Ammonium hydroxide and chloride solutions were added and then H2S gas was passed. A dull grey ppt. was separated and
dissolved in dil. H(£l followed by addition of Potassium
Bronfe:
1. 1. The sample was dissolved in 50% HNO3 and then heated to obtain nitrates.
2. 2. The nitrates were dissolved in dil. H(£l and then precipitated as sulphides by passing H2S
gas.
1. 3. The precipitates were treated with yellow amm.sulphide when a part of it dissolves. The soln. was filtered.
2. 4. The ppt. was tested for Cu as in the case of
brass.
HCl followed
by Fe dust.
6. Then HgCl2 soln. was added. Formation of a
slate-coloured ppt. confirmed the presence of
Sn.
Conclusion
Bibliography
3. www.niton.com
1. 4. VMw.alloyanalyzer.niit.edu
Signatures:
Examiner Examiner
Brass
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc; the proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range of brasses with varying
properties.[1] In comparison, bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.[2] Despite this distinction some types of brasses are
called bronzes and vice-versa.[3] Brass is a substitutional alloy. It is used for decoration for its bright gold-like appearance; for
applications where low friction is required such as locks, gears, bearings, doorknobs, ammunition, and valves; for plumbing and
electrical applications; and extensively in musical instruments such as horns and bells for its acoustic properties. It is also used
in zippers. Because it is softer than most other metals in general use, brass is often used in situations where it is important that
Brass has a muted yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It is relatively resistant to tarnishing, and is often used as decoration and
medieval period because the zinc vapour which reacted with copper to make brass was not recognised as a metal.[6] The King
James Bible makes many references to "brass".[7] The Shakespearean English form of the word 'brass' can mean any bronze alloy,
or copper, rather than the strict modern definition of brass.[citation needed]The Apostle Paul makes the only Biblical reference to brass
at 1 Corinthians 13:1. The earliest brasses may have been natural alloys made by smelting zinc-rich copper ores.[8] By
theRoman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and
variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.[9] It was eventually replaced by speltering, the direct alloying of
copper and zinc metal which was introduced to Europe in the 16th century.[8]
Contents
[hide]
1 Properties
2 Lead content
3 Applications
4 Season cracking
5 Brass types
6 History
7 See also
8 References
9 External links
[edit]Properties
Microstructure of rolled and annealed brass (400X magnification)
The malleability and acoustic properties of brass have made it the metal of choice for brass musical instruments such as
the trombone, tuba,trumpet, cornet, euphonium, tenor horn, and the French horn. Even though the saxophone is classified as
a woodwind instrument and theharmonica is a free reed aerophone, both are also often made from brass. In organ pipes of the reed
family, brass strips (called tongues) are used as the reeds, which beat against the shallot (or beat "through" the shallot in the case of
a "free" reed).
Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc. The relatively low melting point of brass (900 to 940°C, depending on
composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the
properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. The density of brass is approximately 8400 to 8730
kilograms per cubic metre[10] (equivalent to 8.4 to 8.73 grams per cubic centimetre).
Today almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled.[11] Because brass is not ferromagnetic, it can be separated from ferrous scrap by
passing the scrap near a powerful magnet. Brass scrap is collected and transported to the foundry where it is melted and recast
into billets. Billets are heated and extruded into the desired form and size.
Aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of aluminium
oxide (Al2O3) to be formed on the surface that is thin, transparent and self healing. Tin has a similar effect and finds its use
especially in sea water applications (naval brasses). Combinations of iron, aluminium, silicon and manganese make brass wear and
tear resistant.