Live Loads For Bridges Live Loads For Bridges: CIVL 3121 Influence Lines - Part 3

CIVL 3121 Influence Lines - Part 3 <<1/4>>
Live Loads for Bridges Live Loads for Bridges
In our previous discussions we mentioned that For two-axial trucks AASHTO designates these
the primary live loads on bridge spans are due vehicles as H series trucks.
to traffic. For example, a H15-44 is a 15–ton truck as
The
Th heaviest
h i t loads
l d are those
th produced
d d by
b large
l reported
t d iin th
the 1944 specifications.
ifi ti
transport trucks. Trucks that pull trailers are designated as HS,
The American Association of State and for example HS 20-44 (a 20–ton semi-trailer
Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO) truck).
has a series of specifications for truck In general, a truck loading depends on the type
loadings. of bridge, its location, and the type of traffic
anticipated.
The size of the “standard truck” and the distribution of The “HS” loading consists of tractor truck with semi-
its weight is reported in the AASHTO code. trailer
The “H” loading consists of two-axial truck The number following the HS designation is the gross
The number following the H designation is the gross weight in tons of the standard truck
weight
i ht in
i tons
t of
f th
the standard
t d d truck
t k
14 feet
0.1 W 0.4 W
HS20-44 8 kips 32 kips 32 kips

0.1 W 0.4 W
HS15-44 6 kips 24 kips 32 kips
H 20-44 8 kips 32 kips
H 15-44 6 kips 24 kips W = Total weight of truck and load
The AASHTO specifications also allow you to The AASHTO specifications also allow you to
represent the truck as a single concentrated represent the truck as a single concentrated
load and an uniform load. load and an uniform load.
For H20-44 and HS20-44: For H15-44 and HS15-44:

Concentrated load 18 kips for moment Concentrated load 13.5 kips for moment
26 kips for shear 19.5 kips for shear
Uniform loading 640 lb/ft of load lane Uniform loading 480 lb/ft of load lane
In many cases, vehicles may bounce or sway as

You can probably see that once the loading has they move over a bridge.
been selected, you have to determine the
critical position of the truck on the structure This motion produces an impact load on the
(bridge).
(bridge) bridge.
g .
AASHTO has develop an impact factor to
This is an excellent application for influence increase the live load to account for the bounce
lines. and sway of vehicles.
50
I = ≤ 0.3
L + 125
where L is the length of the span in feet
Impact loading is intended to transfer loads Impact shall not be included in loads
from the superstructure to the substructure transferred to footings not to those parts of
piles or columns that are below ground
Superstructures
p including
g legs
g of rigid
g frames Abutments, retainingg walls, piles
p excepts
p as
Piers excluding footings and those portions below specified
f db before
f
ground line Foundation pressures and footings
Timber structures
Portions above ground line of concrete and steel
Sidewalk loads
piles that support the super structure
Culverts and structures having 3 feet or more of
cover
Example: Consider our standard AASHTO HS20–44 Shear - To examine how a series of
truck traveling over the span of some structure. concentrated loads effect the shear lets
consider our “standard truck” and its effect on
8k 32 k 32 k
the shear at point C on the beam shown above.
above
First we need the influence line for the shear
at point C.
A x 14 ft 30 ft
B A 50 ft C 50 ft
B

Let’s try to find the maximum positive shear at point C.
Using the Muller-Breslau principle construct There are three cases to examine, one for each of the
the influence line for the shear at point C three wheel forces as they pass over the point C .
8k 32 k 32 k
V
Case #1
50 ft
14 ft
A
30 ft
A 50 ft
B B
V
VC VC 0.5
0.36
The change in 0.06
50 ft
shear is equal to 1 0.5
50 ft
x
-0.5
-0.5 x (VC )Case 1 = 8k (0.5) + 32k (0.36) + 32k (0.06) = 17.44k

Let’s try to find the maximum positive shear at point C. Let’s try to find the maximum positive shear at point C.
There are three cases to examine, one for each of the There are three cases to examine, one for each of the
three wheel forces as they pass over the point C . three wheel forces as they pass over the point C .
8k 32 k 32 k 8k 32 k 32 k
Case #2 Case #3
14 ft 14 ft
A A
30 ft 30 ft
B B
VC 0.5 VC 0.5
0.2
50 ft 50 ft
50 ft
x -0.06 50 ft
x
-0.36 -0.5 -0.2 -0.5
(VC )Case 2 = 8k (−0.36) + 32k (0.5) + 32k (0.2) = 19.52k (VC )Case 3 = 8k ( −0.06) + 32k ( −0.2) + 32k (0.5) = 9.12k

Let’s try to find the maximum negative shear at point C.
The maximum positive shear at point C is 19.52k
There are three cases to examine, one for each of the
Let’s rework the previous problem to find the three wheel forces as they pass over the point C .
maximum negative shear at point C. 8k 32 k 32 k
Case #1
There
Th are three
th cases tto examine,
i one f
for each
h
of the three wheel forces as they pass over the 14 ft
point C . A
30 ft
B
In this case, use the largest negative value VC 0.5
0.36
from the influence line 50 ft
0.06
50 ft
x
-0.5
(VC )Case 1 = 8k ( −0.5) + 32k (0.36) + 32k (0.06) = 9.44k


Let’s try to find the maximum negative shear at point C. Let’s try to find the maximum negative shear at point C.
There are three cases to examine, one for each of the There are three cases to examine, one for each of the
three wheel forces as they pass over the point C . three wheel forces as they pass over the point C .
8k 32 k 32 k 8k 32 k 32 k
Case #2 Case #3
14 ft 14 ft
A A
30 ft 30 ft
B B
VC 0.5 VC 0.5
0.2
50 ft 50 ft
50 ft
x -0.06 50 ft
x
-0.36 -0.5 -0.2 -0.5
(VC )Case 2 = 8k ( −0.36) + 32k ( −0.5) + 32k (0.2) = −12.48k (VC )Case 3 = 8k (−0.06) + 32k ( −0.2) + 32k ( −0.5) = −22.88k
The maximum negative shear at C is –22.88k Example: Determine the maximum moment created at
point B in the beam below due to the wheel loads of a
moving truck. The truck travels from right to left.
In this case, the largest shear at C is the
l t negative
largest ti value,
l or Vmax = -22.88k
22 88k
4k 9k 15 k 10 k
8k 32 k 32 k
14 ft B 3 ft 6 ft 6 ft
A
30 ft
B A 10 ft 10 ft C
End of Influence Lines – Part 3
Any questions?

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CIVL 3121 Influence Lines - Part 3 <<1/4>>