BAHAN PROGRAM INTERVENSI

PPSMI 2007 UNTUK MURID

TINGKATAN LIMA

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS
 MINIMUM SYLLABUS REQUIREMENT

1.FUNCTIONS:

Express the relation between the following pairs of sets in the form of arrow diagram,
ordered pair and graph.
Arrow diagram Ordered pair Graph
a ) Set A = 
Kelantan, Perak ,
Selangor 

Set B =  Shah Alam ,

Kota Bharu ,Ipoh 
Relation: ‘ City of the
state in Malaysia ‘
b )Set A = 
triangle,rectangle,
pentagon 
Set B =  3,4,5 
Relation : ‘ Number of
Sides’

Determine domain , codomain , object, image and range of relation.

1. Diagram 1 shows the relation between set P and set Q.

3 9
2 5
1 4

-2 3

-3 1

Set P Diagram 1 Set Q

a. Domain =  ……………………………………… 
b. Codomain = ……………………………………… 

c. Object =……………………
d. Image =……………………
e. Range =…………………...
f. Ordered Pairs = ………………………………

Classifying the types of relations

State the type of the following relations
x x xX
a) x b)
2
3
4
4 2
2 9
16 -2
4
36 -3
6

…………………………………………….. ………………………………………….
Type of number
x X2
c) d)
4 Prime
3 9
4 Even
2 -3
-3 9

…………………………………………….. ……………………………………………

2.QUADRATIC EQUATIONS:
A. TO EXPRESS A GIVEN QUADRATIC EQUATION IN GENERAL FORM
ax2 + bx + c = 0

Example 1 Example 2

.x2 = 5x – 9 x 2  2x
.x2 – 5x + 9 = 0 4x =
x

Compare with the general form 4x(x) = x2 – 2x

ax2 + bx – c = 0 4x2 - x2 – 2x = 0
3x2 – 2x = 0
Thus, a = 1, b = -5 and c = 9 Compare with the general form
Thus, a = 3, b = - 2 and c = 0

Exercises
Express the following equation in general form and state the values of a, b and c
 5
1. 3x = 7
2x
.2. (2x + 5) =
x

3. x( x + 4 ) = 3 .4. (x – 1)(x + 2) = 3

4 x3 6. x2 + px = 2x - 6
5. =
x 5 x

7. px (2 – x) = x – 4m 8. (2x – 1)(x + 4) = k(x – 1) + 3

 x 1 x 2  2x
9. (7 – 2x + 3x2) = 10. 7x – 1 =
3 x

B. FORMING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS FROM GIVEN ROOTS

Example 1 x=3 , x=2

3 , 2 x - 3 = 0 , x-2 = 0
(x-3)(x-2)=0
x2 – 5x + 6 = 0

Example 2 x = 1 , x = -3
1, - 3 x–1=0 , x+3=0
(x – 1 ) ( x + 3 ) = 0
x2 + 2x – 3 = 0
a) 4 , -7

b)
1
2,
3
 c)

1
,
3
1
2

d)

1 2
,
5 3

e) 4 , 0

3. QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS: INEQUALITIES

Example

Find the range of values of x for which x 2  2 x  15  0

Solution

x 2  2 x  15  0
Let f  x   x 2  2 x  15
=  x  3 x  5
When f  x   0
 x  3 x  5  0
x  3 or 5
 For 
x2 3  
 2 x f15 x 0 0 5
x  5 or x  3

4.SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS: EXPRESS ONE UNKNOWN IN TERM OF

THE OTHER UNKNOWN

Guidance Example
1 Arrange the linear equation such that x + 2y = 1
one of the two unknowns becomes the
subject of the equation. x=
(avoid fraction if possible)
2 Substitute the new equation from step 1
into the non-linear equation . Simplify ( )2 + 4y2 = 13
and express in the form
ax2 + bx + c = 0.
=0
3 Solve the quadratic equation by
factorisation, completing the square or (2y – 3)( ) = 0,
by using the formula
3
y= or
2
3
When y = ,
4 Substitute the values of the unknown 2
obtained in step 3 into the linear x = 1 – 2( ) =
equation.
When y = ,

x=

5.INDICES AND LOGARITHM: INDICES

Examples Exercises
Solve each of the following equations

1. 33x = 81 1. 9x = 271-x
33x = 34
3x = 4
4
x =
3
2. 2x . 4x+1 = 64 2. 4x . 8x -1 =4
2x . 22 (x+1) = 26
x + 2x + 2 =6
3x =4
 4
x =
3
3. 8 x  16 x1  0 3. 5x - 25x+1 =0
2 
3 x
 2 
4 x 1
0
2  3 x
 24  x 1

23 x  2 4 x  4
3x = 4x + 4

x=-4

6.COORDINATE GEOMETRY

Examples Solution

1. Determine whether the straight lines 2y – x = 5,

2y – x = 5 and x – 2y = 3 are parallel. 1 1
y= x  5 , m1 
2 2

x – 2y = 3
1 1
y= x  3 , m2 
2 2
Since m1  m2 , therefore the straight lines 2y – x = 5
and x – 2y = 3 are parallel.
 2. Given that the straight lines 4x + py = 5 Step1: Determine the gradients of both straight
and 2x – 5y – 6 = 0 are parallel, find the lines.
value of p. 4x + py = 5
4 5 4
y =  p x  p , m1   p
2x – 5y – 6 = 0
5 5
y= x  3, m2 
2 2
Step 2: Compare the gradient of both straight lines.
Given both straight lines are parallel, hence
m1  m2
4 2
 
p 5
p = -10

1
4x – 2y + 1 = 0, y = 2x + .
3. Find the equation of the straight line 2
which passes through the point P(-3, 6) Thus, the gradient of the line, m = 2.
and is parallel to the straight line Therefore, the equation of the line passing through
4x – 2y + 1 = 0. P(-3, 6) and parallel to the line 4x – 2y + 1 = 0 is
y - 6 = 2 (x - -3)
y = 2x + 12.

Examples Solution

1. Determine whether the straight lines 3y – x – 2 = 0

3y – x – 2 = 0 and y + 3x + 4 = 0 are 1 2 1
y= x  , m1 
perpendicular. 3 3 3
y + 3x + 4 = 0
y= – 3x – 4, m 2  3
1
m1 m2   ( 3) = -1.
3
Hence, both straight lines are perpendicular.

Examples Solution
2. Find the equation of the straight line x + 2y – 6 = 0
which is perpendicular to the straight 1 1
y=  x  3 , m1  
line x + 2y – 6 = 0 and passes through 2 2
the point (3, -4). Let the gradient of the straight line which is
perpendicular = m2
 1
  m2 = -1
 2
m2 =

The equation of the straight line

=
y=

7.STATISTICS

The number of vehicles that pass by a toll plaza from 1 p.m to 2 p.m. for 60
consecutive days is shown in the table below.

Number of vehicles Number of

days
50  59 4
60  69 10
70  79 24
80  89 16
90  99 6

Calculate the median of the number of cars using formula.

Solution :

Number of Number of days Cumulative

vehicles (f) frequency
 50  59 4 4
60  69 10 (14)
Median lies in this 70  79
interval
(24) 38
80  89 16 ( )
90  99 6 ( )

Tn  T 60  T30
Step 1 : Median class is given by =
2 2

Therefore, the median class is 70  79

L = lower boundary of the median

n  class = 69.5
 F 
Step 2 : Median = L2 c n =
 fm  F = cumulative frequency before the
 
  median class = 14
 60  fm = frequency of the median class
  14 
= (___)  2 ( __ ) =24
 24 
  c = size of the median class
 
= 76.17 = upper boundary ─ lower
boundary
= 79.5 ─ 69.5
= 10

To estimate the mode using a histogram

Modal class = 70  79

(c)
Class boundary Number of days
(frequency)
49.5 ─ 59.5 4
10
24
16
6
 (c) The histogram is shown below

Frequency

25

20

15

10

5
 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5 Number of vehicles

Mode = 76

8.CIRCULAR MEASURE

Convert Measurements in radians to degrees and vice versa.

Convert the following angles in radians to degrees and minutes.

a. 1.5 rad b. 0.63 rad

 3
c. rad d. rad
2 2

Convert the following angles to radians.

a. 500 b. 124.30

c. 72035’ d. 285021’

Arc Length of a circle

Find the length of arc.

1. 2.
P

8 cm A 152 B
6.4 cm
0.5 rad O O

Complete the table below by finding the values of  , r or s.

 r s
1. 1.5 rad 9 cm
 2. 14 cm 30 cm

3. 2.333 rad 35 cm

Complete the table below, given the areas and the radii of the sectors and
angles subtended.

1 2
A r  ,  is in radians
2

Area of sector Radius Angle subtended

1. 38.12 cm 500

2. 90 cm2 9.15 cm

3. 72 cm2  =1.64 rad

 4. 18  cm2 6.5 cm

5. 200 cm2 1.778 rad

6. 145 cm2 8 cm

9.DIFFERENTIATION:

1. y = 10 2. y = x 5
dy dy
= =
dx dx

3. f (x) = -2 x 3 7
4. y = Always change
f ‘(x)= x
a fractional
dy function to the
=
dx negative index
before finding
differentiation

1 6. y  4 x 2  x
5. f ( x)  
3x 3 dy
=
f ‘(x)= dx
 8.
d  2 1  y  x (3 x  2)
7.  2 x  2  5x   dy
dx  x  
dx

9. Given y  3 x 2  4 x , find the value of

dy
10. Given f ( x)  x 1  x 2  , find the value
dx
when x =2. of f ' (0) and f ' (1).

11.INDEX NUMBER

The table shows the price of 3 types of goods: A, B and C in the year 2005 and 2006.

Types of good Price Price index in 2006

2005 2006
(Base year = 2005)
A RM 1.20 RM 1.60 z
B x RM 2.30 110
C RM 0.60 y 102

Find the value of x, y and z

Calculate the composite index for each of the following data

Index number, I 120 110 105

 Weightage, W 3 4 3

1.PROGRESSIONS

1. Find the 9th term of the arithmetic 2. Find the 11th term of the arithmetic
progression. progression.
2, 5 , 8 , ….. 5
3, , 2,........
Solution: 2
a=2
d = 5-2=3

T9  2  (9  1)3

= _______

3. For the arithmetic progression 4. Find the nth term of the arithmetic
0.7, 2.1 , 3.5, ….. ,find the 5th term . progression
1
4, 6 ,9,.....
2

5. Find the 7 th term of the geometric 6. Find the 8 th term of the geometric
 progression. progression.
- 8, 4 , -2 , ….. 16, -8, 4,…
Solution:
4 1
a=-8 r= =
8 2
1 7-1
T7 = (-8)( )
2
1
=
8

7. For the geometric progression 8. Find the 3 th term of the geometric

4 2 progression
, , 1 , ….. ,find the 9 th term .
9 3 50, 40, 32…….

Find the sum to infinity of geometric progressions

S�  sum to infinity
a
S�  a = first term
1 r
r = common ratio

1. 24, 3.6, 0.54, …….

Find the sum to infinity of a given
geomertric progression below:

Example:

2 2
6, 2, ,  ,.......
3 9
 a=6 2. 81, -27,9, ……..
2 1
r 
6 3
a
S� 
1 r
6
=
�1 �
1- �- �
�3 �
9
= 1 1 1
2 3. , , ,....... ..
2 4 8

* example on recurring decimals

2.LINEAR LAW

STEPS TO PLOT A STRAIGHT LINE

Using a graph paper.

Identify Y and X from part (a)

Construct a table

Follow the scale given.

Label both axes

Line of best fit

 Determine : gradient
–m
Y-intercept c
QUESTION

x 2 3 4 5 6
Table
y 2 9 20 35 54

The above table shows the experimental values of two variables, x

and y. It is know that x and y are related by the equation
y = px2 + qx
Non- linear
y
a) Draw the line of best fit for against x
x

a) From your graph, find,

i) p
ii) q

SOLUTION

STEP 1 Reduce the non-linear

To the linear form
y = px2 + qx
The equation is divided throughout by x
y px 2 qx To create a constant that is free from x
= +
x x x On the right-hand side i.e, q

y
= px + q Linear form
x
Y = mX + c

Y = mX + c

Note : For teacher’s reference

 STEP 2 construct table

x 2 3 4 5 6

y 2 9 20 35 54

y
x 1 3 5 7 9

STEP 3 Using graph paper,

- Choose a suitable scale so that the graph
drawn is as big as possible.
- Label both axis
- Plot the graph of Y against X and draw
the line of best fit

y
x

12

10

x
8

x
6
 x
4

x
2

1 2 3 4 5 6
x

-2

-4

STEP 4 From the graph,

find p and q

Construct a right-angled triangle,

9 1 So that two vertices are on the line
Gradient , p = =2
62 of best fit, calculate the gradient, p

Determine the y-intercept, q

y- intercept = q= -3 from the straight line graph
3.INTEGRATION

2 4
1. Given that �f ( x)dx  3
1
and 2. Given that �f ( x)dx  3
0
and
2 4
�f ( x)dx  7 . Find
3 �g ( x)dx  5 . Find
0

[ kx  f ( x)] dx  8
2
(a) the value of k if � 4 0
1
(a) �f ( x)dx ��g ( x)dx
[ 5 f ( x)  1]dx
3
(b) � 0 4

[ 3 f ( x)  g ( x)]dx
1 4
(b) �
0
22 Answer: (a) – 15
Answer : (a) k = (b) 4
3
(b) 48
4.VECTOR

VECTOR IN THE CARTESIAN COORDINATES

1. State the following vector in terms in i~ and ~j and also in Cartesian coordinates
 Solutions
Example � 2
��
OA  2 i  ��
5 ~ 0
��
j
~
4 P
� 0
��
OB  3 j  ��
3 B ~ 3
��
2 p
�
~
OP  p  3 i  4 j
1 ~ ~
A
3
��
0 1 2 3 4 5 0  ��
4
��
Exercise Solutions
� �
(a) OP = (b) OQ 
j
~

3 P
Q 2

1 � �
T (c) OR  (d) OS 
-3 -2 -1 O 1 2 3 4
1-1 i
~
-2
W S
R

� �
(e) OT  (f) OW 

2. Find the magnitude for each of the vectors

Example (a) 2 i~  5 ~j 
 32  22
3 i~  2 ~j =
 13 unit

(b) 5 ~i  12 ~j  (c)  i~  j =

3. Find the magnitude and unit vector for each of the following

Example (a) r~  2 ~i  6 ~j
r  3i 4 j
~ ~ ~
Solution :
Magnitude, r  32  42
~

=5
1
�
unit vector, r,  (4 i  3 j )
~ 5 ~ ~

�6 � �1 �
(b) a~  � � (c) h~  � �
�3 � �2 �

SPM 2003/no. 12 / paper 1. uuuu

r uuur
1. Diagram 2 shows two vectors, OP and QO .

y
Q(-8,● 4)
●P(5, 3)

O x
 Express
uuur �x �
(a) OP in the form � �,
�y �
uuur
(b) OQ in the form xi + yj. [ 2 marks]

5.TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

To sketch the graph of sine or cosine function , students are encouraged to follow the
steps below.

1. Determine the angle to be labeled on x-axis.

 eg : Function angle

y = sin x x = 90o

y = cos 2x 2x = 90o
x = 45o

3 3
y = sin x x = 90o
2 2
x = 60o

2. Calculate the values of y for each value of x by using calculator

eg : y = 1 – 2 cos 2x

x 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360

y -1 1 3 1 -1 1 3 1 -1

3. Plot the coordinates and sketch the graph

y
3  
2
1    

45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360 x

  

6.PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

1. The number of ways of arranging all the 2. The number of ways of arranging four
alphabets in the given word. of the alphabets in the given word so that
Example Solution: last alphabet is S
6! = 6.5.4.3.2.1 Example Solution:
= 720 The way to arrange alphabet S = 1
The way to arrange another 3 alphabets= 5

P3

The number of arrangement = 1 x 5 P 3 = 60

3. How many ways to choose 5 books 4. In how many ways can committee of 3
from 20 different books men and 3 women be chosen from a group
Example solution: of 7 men and 6 women ?
Example Solution:
The number of ways= 20
C5 The numbers of ways = 7 C 3 x 6 C 3
= 15504 = 700

7.PROBABILITY

Question Answer
Let
2 3 4 6 8 9
A represent the event that the number on the chosen card
The above figure shows six is a multiple of 3, and
numbered cards. A card is B represent the event that the number on the chosen card
chosen at random. Calculate is a factor of 12.
the probability that the A = {3, 6, 9}, n(A)= 3
number on the chosen card B = {2, 3, 4, 6}, n(B) = 4
(a) is a multiple of 3 and A  B = {3, 6}
a factor of 12 A  B = {2, 3, 4, 6, 9}
(b) is a multiple of 3 or a 2 1
(a) P(A  B) =  .
factor of 12. 6 3
5
(b) P(A  B) =
6

Alternative method

P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B)

3 4 2
=  
6 6 6
5
= .
6

Question Solution
A box contains 5 red balls, 3 yellow balls 3
and 4 green balls. A ball is chosen at P (yellow) = .
12
random from the box. Calculate the 4
probability that the balls drawn neither a P(green) =
12
yellow nor a green.
3 4 7
P(yellow or green) = + = .
12 12 12

No Questions Solutions
4
1. Black
10
Box C contains 4 black marbles and 6 4 Black
yellow marbles. A marbles is chosen at 6
random from box C, its colour is noted 10 10
Yellow
and the marbles is noted and the
marbles is returned to the box. Then a 6
4 Black
Yellow
second marbles is chosen. Determine 10 10
6 Yellow
10
 the probability that
(a) both the marbles are black.
(b) the two balls are of different 4 4 4
colours.
(a) P(black  black)= 
10 10
=
25
(c) at least one of the balls chosen is (b) P(same colours)
yellow. = P(black  black) + P(yellow  yellow)
 4   6 6  13
=   +   = .
 25   10 10  25
4 21
(c) 1 – P(both blacks) = 1 – =
25 25

8.PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Example 1 :

Find the value of each of the following probabilities by reading the standardised normal
distribution table.

(a) P(Z > 0.934)

(b) P(Z  1.25)

Solution

(b) P(Z  1.25) = 1 – P(Z > 1.25)

= 1 – 0.1057
= 0.8944

1.25 1.25

(c) P(Z  - 0.23)

Solution

(c) P(Z  - 0.23) = 1 – P(Z < - 0.23)

= 1 – P(Z > 0.23)
= 1 – 0.40905
 = 0.59095

-0.23 0.23

(d) P(Z > - 1.512)

Solution

(d) P(Z < - 1.512) = P(Z > 1.512)

= 0.06527

-1.512 1.512

(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2)

Solution

(e) P(0.4 < Z < 1.2) = P(Z > 0.4) – P(Z > 1.2)
= 0.3446 – 0.1151
= 0.2295

0.4 1.2 0.4 1.2

(f) P(- 0.828 < Z  - 0. 555)

Solution

(f) P(- 0.828 < Z  - 0. 555) = P(Z > 0.555) – P(Z > 0.828)
= 0.28945 – 0.20384
= 0.08561

-0.828 -0.555 0.555 0.828

(g) P(- 0.255  Z < 0.13)

Solution

(g) P(- 0.255  Z < 0.13) = 1 – P(Z < - 0.255) – P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 – P(Z > 0.255) – P(Z > 0.13)
= 1 – 0.39936 – 0.44828
= 0.15236

-0.255 0.13 -0.255 0.13

14.3 Score- z

Example 2 :

Find the value of each of the following :

(a) P(Z  z) = 0.2546

(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329
(c) P(Z < z) = 0.6623
(d) P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

Solution

(a) P(Z  z) = 0.2546

0.2546
Score-z = 0.66

(b) P(Z < z) = 0.0329

Score-z = -1.84

(c) P(Z < z) = 0.6623

1 - P(Z > z) = 0.6623
P(Z > z) = 1 – 0.6623
= 0.3377
Score-z = 0.419

(d) P(z < Z < z 0.548) = 0.4723

1 – P(Z < z) – P(Z > 0.548) = 0.4723
1 – P(Z < z) – 0.2919 = 0.4723
P(Z < z) = 1 – 0.2919 – 0.4723
= 0.2358
Score-z = -0.72

Normal Distribution
Type 1 Type 6 Type 1
P( Z > positive no) P ( Z > K ) = less than 0.5
P ( Z > 1.2 ) = 0.1151 P (Negative no < Z < Negative no )
P ( Z > K ) = 0.2743
P ( -1.5 < Z < - 0.8 )
K = 0.6
..................................................... = P ( 0.8 < Z < 1.5 )
Type 2
P(Z < negative no) = P ( Z > 0.8 ) – P ( Z > 1.5 )
P ( Z < - 0.8 ) = P (Z > 0.8) = 0.2119 – 0.0668 = 0.1451
= 0.2119

......................................................
..................................................... Type 2
Type 3 P ( Z < K ) = less than 0.5
P ( Z < positive no) .....................................................
. P( Z < K ) = 0.3446
P ( Z < 1.3 )
= 1 – P ( Z>1.3) Type 7 P ( Z > - K ) = 0.3446
= 1 – 0.0968 - K = 0.4
= 0.9032 P ( negative no < Z < postive no ) K = - 0.4

P ( -1.2 < Z < 0.8 )

= 1 – P ( Z > 0.8) – P ( z < -1.2 )

.....................................................
. = 1 – P ( Z > 0.8 ) – P ( Z > 1.2 )
Type 4. .......................................................
P( Z > negative no) = 1 – 0.2119 – 0.1151 Type 3
P( Z < K ) = more than 0.5
P ( Z > - 1.4 ) =0.673 P ( Z < K ) = 0.8849
= 1 – P ( Z < -1.4 ) P ( Z > K ) = 1 – 0.8849
= 1 – 0.0808 = 0.1151
= 0.9192 K = 1.2

....................................................
Type 5
P( positive no < Z < positive ......................................................
no) Type 4
P ( Z > K ) = more than 0.5
P( 1 < Z< 2 )
= P( Z> 1 ) – P(Z > 2 ) P ( Z > K ) = 0.7580
= 0.1587 – 0. 0228 P( Z < K ) = 1 – 0.7580 = 0.2420
= 0.1359 P ( Z > -k ) = 0.2420
- K= 0.7
K = - 0.7

10.LINEAR PROGRAMMING

Problem interpretation and the formation of the relevant equations or inequalities

The table below shows the mathematical expressions for the different inequalities
used.

Mathematical Expressions Inequality

 a y greater than x yx
b y less than x yx
c y not more than x yx
d y not less than x yx
e The sum of x and y is not more than k x y k
f y is at least k times the value of x y  kx
g y exceeds x at least k y  x �k

Example:

A company delivers 900 parcels using x lorries and y vans. Each lorry carries 150
parcels while each van carries 60 parcels. The cost of transporting the parcels using a
lorry is RM 60 while that of a van is RM 40 . The total cost spent on transportation is not
more than RM 480.

(a) Write down two inequalities other than x ≥0 and y ≥0 , that satisfy all of the above
conditions.

Solution

150 x  60 y  900
(a) 5 x  2 y  30
……….. 1

60 x  40 y  480
3 x  2 y  24
……….
2
The two inequalities that satisfy the given conditions are :

5 x  2 y  30 and 3 x  2 y  24