LINEAR MEASUREMENT

OBJECTIVES:-
 To determine accurate distance of two or more segments by ranging process.
 To conduct a survey of a small area by applying techniques of linear measurement and
also work out the area of irregular shape at the site.

INSTRUMENT REQUIRED:-
 Ranging rod
 Arrow / Peg
 Tape / Chain

THEORY-
The process of determining the distance between one station to another station is termed as
Linear Measurement, i.e. at either horizontal or steeped/inclined surface. The process of
establishing or developing intermediate points between two terminal points or end points on a
straight line is known as ranging.

PROCEDURE:-
 First ranging rods are fixed at start and end station, i.e. exactly in vertical position.
 Then another assistant was standing between (Intermediate station) start and end
station.
 The surveyors placed his eye at the near ranging rod of start station and by looking the
direction of end ranging rods.
 Then after surveyors directed the assistant to move right or left with the help of hand
sight.
 Finally, when these rods are parallel to the start and end station of rods. Now start the
measure distance by tape/chain.
 Again, above same process is repeated after while the traverse cannot complete.
 This process is done by two ways. (start-end and end- start)
 Calculate the average and error distance of two ways measurement.
 After complete measurement, Check the precision which lies in 1 in 1000.
Error = 𝐷1 – 𝐷2
𝐷1 +𝐷2
Average =
2
1
Precision = 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

CONCLUSION:-
We know that direct ranging is possible only when the end stations are inter visible and indirect
ranging is done where end points are not visible and the ground is high.

RESULT:-
Easily calculating the distance between undulating nature of the field by accurate data.