Prepared by

Lecturer: Razhan Sherwan

 Fly leveling: -It is a very approximate form of levelling in which sights are
taken as large as possible . in this method a line of levels is run to determine
approximately reduced levels of the points carried out with more rapidly and
less precision.

 The aim of fly levelling: The main purpose of this type of leveling
is to check the values of the reduced levels of the bench marks
already fixed. In this method only backsight and foresight are
taken. There is no need of intermediate sights. However great care
has to be taken for selecting the change points and for taking
reading on the change points because the accuracy of leveling
depends upon these.
1) Closed loop check To close the loop the survey is continued
back to the beginning. Any difference in elevation for BM1
between the initial elevation of BM1 and the closing
elevation of BM1 is error.

2) The Note check (The Computation check) The note check

uses an equation:
ΣB.S -ΣF.S = R.L last -R. L first

3) Allowable error (Misclosure):-Is the difference between the

known benchmark and computed benchmark
misclosure=Known point-Unknown point =0
 The third check for error is also called the allowable error.

 It is common practice for the individual contracting the work to

specify the acceptable level of error. Professional standards may
also specify allowable error.

The allowable error is based on an equation:

Allowable misclosure=E =C√𝑹

Where: C=constant C=12 for Mountain area C=30 for Ground

levelling
R= is total distance by Km

Correction= E/n n=Number of T.P stations

 If actual misclosure< allowable misclosure, therefore
the survey is acceptable. Unless, you divide the error
into turning points only.
 ΣBS - ΣFS only checks CALCULATION not
OBSERVATIONS
 Observationschecked by closing onto known final
point MISCLOSURE
 Intermediate sights NOT checked by either.