Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PU) 03344185053
SYNTHESIS OF SENTENCES
Synthesis of Sentences is the opposite of transformation of sentences and means combination of a number of simple
sentences into one new sentence. That new sentence might be either simple sentence or a compound sentence or a
complex sentence.
The following are the chief ways of combining two or more Simple Sentences into one Simple Sentence.
1. By using a Participle:
• The town was enclosed by strong wall. The enemy was unable to capture it.
• The town having been enclosed by strong wall, the enemy was unable to capture it.
Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence.
5. By using an infinitive:
• The sun set. The boys had not finished the game.
• The boys had not finished the game by sunset.
Here you may find the Synthesis of Sentences into a simple sentence.
• The sun rose. The fog dispersed. The general determined to delay no longer. He gave order to advance.
1
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
These four simple sentences may be combined to form a single simple sentence.
• At sunrise, the fog having dispersed, the general, determined to delay no longer, gave the order to advance.
Synthesis of Sentences is the process of combining simple sentences, using Coordinative Conjunctions, to form
Compound Sentences.
Example :
The wind blew. The rain fell. The lightning flashed.
There are sentences. Now, we can combine all these three sentences to form a Compound Sentence.
The wind blew, the rain fell and the lightning flashed.
This sentence is a Compound Sentence.
CONJUNCTION
Conjunction is derived from a Latin word 'conjunctio' which means joining together.
Def: “Conjunction is a word used to join words or group of words, clauses and sentences”. Or
“A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas expressed in a clause and the ideas
expressed in the rest of a sentence.”
Examples:
1 The conjunctions in the following examples are printed in bold type.
We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.
2 He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.
3 I went out because the sun was shining.
KIND OF CONJUNCTIONS
1 Co-ordinating
2 Sub-ordinating
In the following table, each coordinate conjunction is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. Note the
use of inverted word order in the clause beginning with nor.
2
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
nor: and neither I did not see it, nor did they.
yet: however The sun is warm, yet the air is cool.
As illustrated above, when a coordinate conjunction joins two verbs which have the same subject, the subject need
not be repeated. For instance, in the example she tried and succeeded the pronoun she acts as the subject for both
the verb tried and the verb succeeded. It should also be noted that when a coordinate conjunction joins two verbs
which do not have the same subject, the two coordinate clauses may be separated by a comma or semicolon, in order
to make the meaning clear.
1. Cumulative
2. Adversative
3. Alternative
4. Illative
1.Cumulative or Copulative:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only add one statement to another statement.”
Take this and give that.
2. Adversative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express opposition or contrast between two statements”.
He is slow but is sure.
I was upset, still I kept silent
3. Illative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express an inference”
I saw him for I was there.
4. Disjunctive or alternative Conjunctions:
Def: “Those conjunctions which only express a choice between two alternatives.”
Either he or his brother is at fault.
Naeem or his friends are going there.
The coordinators may be reinforced by correlative expressions (of mutual relationship).
1. Cumulative:
The Conjunctions which add one statement to another are called Cumulative.
Examples :
1. Night came on. The room grew dark.
Night came on and the room grew dark. Or
As the night came on, the room m grew dark.
2. He is a fool. He is a knave.
He is a fool and he is a knave.
He is not only a fool but also a knave.
He is a fool as well as a knave.
2. Adversative:
3
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
The Conjunctions which express opposition or contrast between two statements are called Adversative. But, still,
yet, nevertheless and however express a contrast between one sentence and the other.
Examples:
1. He is slow. He is sure.
He is slow but he is sure.
2. I was annoyed. I kept quite.
I was annoyed, still I kept quite.
3. He failed. He persevered.
He failed, nevertheless he persevered.
4. He will not oppose my design. I can not approve of it.
He will not oppose my design; however, I can not approve of it.
5. He was all right. He was fatigued.
He was all right; only He was fatigued.
3. Alternative:
The Conjunctions which express a choice between two alternatives are called Alternative. The conjunctions or,
either…or and neither…nor express a choice between two alternatives.
Examples:
• Make haste. You will be late.
• Make haste or you will be late.
• Come in. Go out.
• Come in or go out.
• Either come in or go out.
• Do be a borrower. Do be a lender.
• Be neither a borrower nor a lender.
4. Illative:
The Conjunctions which express an inference are called Illative. The conjunctions therefore, for, so, then, hence
etc… join sentences in which one statement is inferred from the other.
Examples :
4
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
4. 2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Def: “Correlative conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between the ideas expressed in different
parts of a sentence.”
Either you should study harder, or you should take a different course.
The expression either ... or is used to indicate that the ideas expressed in the two clauses represent two alternative choices
of action.
5
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
6
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
SUBORDINATE CLAUSES:
Subordinate clauses may begin with relative pronouns such as that, what, whatever, which, who and whom, as well as
with words such as how, when, where, wherever and why.
In the following examples, the subordinate clauses are underlined.
In addition, subordinate clauses may also begin with words which are commonly referred to as subordinate conjunctions.
In the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are printed in bold type.
The subordinate conjunctions below are accompanied by their meanings and examples of use.
SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
7
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
8
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
Synthesis of Sentences
Exercise No. 1
1. I went to Lahore. I bought some books.
2. Turn to the right. You will find the hospital.
3. He lost his pen. He began to weep.
4. He sat down to take a rest. He had a long walk.
5. He was ill. He was unable to attend the college.
6. She is sorrowful. She is still hopeful.
7. You must work for three hours. After that you can play.
8. He was rich. He built a fine house.
9. They saw a lion. They run away.
10. He worked hard. He felt tired.
Exercise No. 2
1. The house was burnt down. The inmates were saved.
2. The sun rose. The birds began to fly.
3. We were defeated. We were much disappointed at this.
4. He made a promise. He also kept it.
5. We suffered much. It rained all the day.
6. Amjad is old. He cannot work.
7. We go there on foot. There is no other way.
8. He must confess his fault. He will be fined.
9. My father is very glad. He has heard of my success.
10. On the way, I met a man. He was walking with the help of a stick.
Exercise No. 3
1. He married a wife. She belonged to a poor family.
2. He is man of good character. He would not do anything mean.
3. He lost his health. This added to his difficulties.
4. He had a large family. He must provide for them.
5. There is only one way. By that you can succeed.
6. His house and goods were sold. His debts had to be paid.
7. He begged for pardon. His request was not granted .
8. He will return to us. He will not be long absent.
9. He is a wise man. This is well known to all.
10. The earth is round. Men of science have proved this.
Exercise No.4
1. Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. It is about thirteen miles from Rawalpindi. .
2. My son stood first in the examination He was liked by all.
3. The Quaid-e-Azam was born in Karachi. He was the founder of Pakistan.
4. All of them were saved. It was fortunate
5. She solved the sum. It took her five minutes.
6. Beware of pickpockets. It is essential
7. He is a rich man. Everybody knows him.
8. She was punished for some reason. It is unknown.
9. He worked very hard. He wanted to win a scholarship.
10. Azam wanted to join a college. He told me.
Exercise No.5
1. He is a clever boy. No other boy is so clever.
2. He passed the examination. No one expected him to do so.
3. Shoab is a rich man. He is not proud of his wealth.
4. Life has few enjoyments. We should
5. I am young. You are old.
9
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
10
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
Exercise No.10
1. He was unwilling to go farther. He returned home.
2. I received no answer. I knocked a second time.
3. His wife encouraged him. He persevered.
4.- He left this job. He was not satisfied with his salary.
5. He felt tired. He laid his work aside.
6. The stable door was open. The horse was stolen.
7. I went to Lahore last year. I wished to consult a doctor.
8. A passenger alighted from the train. He fell over a bag on the platform
9. He had resolved on a certain course. He acted with vigour.
5. A hungry fox saw some bunches of grapes. They were hanging from a vine.
Exercise No.11
1.The cow provides milk. Milk is a valuable food.
2. Coal is very important mineral. It is hard, bright, black and brittle.
3. We saw a picture. It was a very fine piece of work.
4. He attended to his duties. He earned promotion.
5. He must^confess his fault. He may thus escape punishment.
6. She has a.gpod record. It is impossible to suspect such a woman.
7. You helped me. I would have been drowned. ,
8. He took the law in his own hand. He was not justified in doing so.
9. It rained hard. The streets were flooded.
10. He amused us very much. He sang a funny song.
Exercise No.12
1. The rain fell. The crops revived.
2. The storm abated. The sun came out.
3. It was a very hot day. I could not do my work satisfactorily.
4. I have told you all. There is nothing more to be said.
5. I speak the truth. I am not afraid of it. * '
6. He wants to earn his livelihood. He works hard for that reason.
7. He must apologize. He will not escape punishment.
8. I accept your statement. I do it without reserve.
9. He answered me. His answer was correct.
10. He forgot his umbrella. That was careless.
Exercise No.13
1.He admitted his error. He did hot express his regret.
2.I met him only once. It was on a railway station.
3.He is not qualified for this post. He is not qualified in any degree.
4. I did not eat the poisoned food. That was lucky.
5.You solved the problem. Its solution took you no time.
6.He does well. He is nervous at the start.
7.I will take an umbrella with me. It is raining heavily.
8.It was a stormy night. We ventured out.
9.He is foolish. He is also obstinate.
10. The paper of this book is good. The binding is very bad.
Exercise No.14
1. He may be innocent. I do not know.
2. He is short-sighted. He is not fit for the post.
3. A fox once met a lion .The fox had never seen a lion before.
4. I waited for my friend. I waited till his arrival.
5. Let men sow anything. They will reap its fruit.
6. You are strong. I am equally strong.
7. She was not there. I spoke to her brother for that reason.
8. Don't eat too much. You will be ill.
9. He began late. He finished first.
10. I must know all the facts. I cannot help you
Exercise No. 15
1. He is superstitious. He is equally wicked.
2. You deceived him. That was his complaint.
11
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
3. The train will arrive at a certain time. Do you know that time?
4. Where have you put my hat? Tell me.
5. You have made a mistake. I think so.
6. He is short-tempered. I like him all the same.
7. Is it time for the train to start? Ask the Guard.
8. Who wrote Hamlet? Can you tell me that?
9. We wished to know. We were going somewhere.
10. He is a great orator. This fact cannot be denied
Exercise No. 16
1. A lion was proud of his strength. He hated the weak mouse.
2. You must sign the papers. Then he will agree to your terms.
3. I am very tired. I cannot go out.
4. He is honest. He will not accept the bribe.
5. He is poor but honest. I like him.
6. He loved his wife. She hated him.
7. I went to her home. She was sitting on a chair.
8. I was fed up with my servant. I dismissed him.
Exercise No. 17
1. She completed her work. She did it in a splendid way.
2. Our players work hard. They will win the match.
3. Life has few enjoyments. We cling to it.
4. She was very busy. She could not attend the party.
5. Honesty is the best policy. This is well known to all.
6. He made up his mind. He immediately set to work.
7. Night came on. Darkness spread all around.
8. My brother stood first in the test. He was liked by all.
Exercise No. 18
1. Zahid has made a mistake. I think so.
2. Imran is an able lawyer. I have full confidence in him.
3. He is short tempered. I like him all the same.
4. I intended to become a lawyer. Nothing could deter me.
5. His son died. This gave him a great shock.
6. He has injured his leg. He learned to walk on crutches.
7. He may be innocent. I do not know.
8. He took the law in his own hand. He was not justified in doing so.
Exercise No. 19
1. It rained. We would have reached in time.
2. She asked it of me. She would help me.
3. She speaks the truth. She is not afraid of it.
4. My brother is unmarried. His head is bleeding.
5. This is a safe. She keeps her ornaments in it.
6. I will live. You live.
7. They rested- The evening came.
8. The train had arrived. We were free from anxiety.
9. I want to see him. I shall go to his home.
10. I have no money. I cannot buy this book.
11. I have a horse. It runs very fast.
12. Shahid is a great singer. All the people admire him.
13. He saw a lion. He at once ran away.
14. He did not come to college. He was ill.
15. The hunter killed n rabbit. He used a gun.
16. "Hamlet" is a beautiful piny, Shakespeare wrote it.
17. Our soldiers are very brave. They are not afraid of death,
18. We went there on foot. There was no other way.
19. The man has been caught. He stole my purse.
20. We came upon a cottage. An old man was lying there.
12
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
13
Naeem Series By Naeem Akhtar (M.A. English PU, M.Com. PU) 03344185053
EXERCISES
14