Mult Lat PDF

Rev 11/1/00
Laine & Associates, Inc.

www.EricLaine.com
© 2000
:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt.
Introduction
to
Created for Laine & Associates, Inc.
Black-Oil Reservoir Simulation

© 2000
featuring
Download @ www.EricLaine.com.
IMEX
(Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.)
from the
See license agreement for limited user rights.
Computer Modelling Group, Ltd

with offices in
Canada, Brasil, Venezuela, Barbados, China, United Kingdom, & United States
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You may copy this document (including all “© 2000, Laine & Associates, Inc.” copyright marks) as is, but only for non-profit, personal use. See license agreement for details.
Preface
Rev 11/1/00
www.EricLaine.com
© 2000
Preface
Thank you for visiting www.EricLaine.com.

The primary purpose of this document is to serve as a memory aid for the author.
© 2000
Thus, the author is also the target audience. (In other words, the quality of the
composition is 100% sufficient for me to understand what I wrote.)
The secondary purpose is to share this tutorial with the public. I appreciate the
possibility that the general public may have some difficulty understanding the my
personal abbreviations and my intuitive logic.

2 of 578
Agreement (1 of 2)
Rev 11/1/00
www.EricLaine.com
© 2000
Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE
LAINE & ASSOCIATES, INC. (Laine) LICENSES THIS SOFTWARE TO YOU ONLY UPON THE CONDITION THAT YOU ACCEPT
ALL OF THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CONTAINED IN THIS LICENSE AGREEMENT. PLEASE READ THESE TERMS
CAREFULLY. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THESE TERMS, PLEASE DESTROY THE DOCUMENT(S) YOU HAVE DOWNLOADED
IMMEDIATELY.
The software and documents which accompany this license (Software) are the property of Laine or its licensors and is protected by
copyright law. While Laine continues to own the Software, you will have certain rights to use the Software after your acceptance of this
license.
Except as may be modified by a license addendum which accompanies this license, your rights and obligations with respect to the use
of this Software are as follows:
© 2000
YOU MAY:
(i) have limited permission to copy and distribute this Software, but only for non-profit, personal use, provided there is no charge, fee,
etc. for said distribution, and further provided that all copyright marks and all references to Laine & Associates, Inc. and to
www.EricLaine
www.EricLaine.com.com and to Eric Laine are included in the distribution;
(ii) agree that any decision to use some or all of the contents of this Software rests exclusively on your professional and competent
judgment of the suitability of this Software for your intended purpose. Furthermore you understand and acknowledge that this Software
was originally intended only to be useful to the author, and that you may experience difficulty understanding or using this Software;
and,
(iii) use the Software on a network.
LIMITED WARRANTY:
Laine does not warrant that the Software will meet your requirements or that operation of the Software will be uninterrupted or that the
Software will be error free. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED AS IS, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF PERFORMANCE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ACCURACY, OMISSIONS, COMPLETENESS, CURRENTNESS, AND NON-INFRINGEMENT.
THE AUTHOR EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, WHETHER WRITTEN OR ORAL, THAT THIS
SOFTWARE WILL BE ERROR FREE OR UNAMBIGUOUS. YOU ACKNOWLEDGE THAT USE OF THIS SOFTWARE IS AT YOUR
SOLE RISK, AND YOU AGREE THAT ANY INFORMATION, SERVICE OR PRODUCT, WHETHER BASED IN PART OR IN WHOLE
ON THIS SOFTWARE, IS WITHOUT WARRANTY, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED.
3 of 578
Agreement (2 of 2)
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© 2000
Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE, continued
DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES:
IN NO EVENT WILL LAINE BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ANY SPECIAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, INDIRECT OR SIMILAR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY LOST PROFITS OR LOST DATA ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE SOFTWARE, EVEN IF
LAINE HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. SOME STATES DO NOT ALLOW THE LIMITATION OR
EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES SO THE ABOVE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION
MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. IN NO CASE SHALL LAINE'S LIABILITY EXCEED THE PURCHASE PRICE FOR THE SOFTWARE.
THE DISCLAIMERS AND LIMITATIONS SET FORTH ABOVE WILL APPLY REGARDLESS OF WHETHER YOU ACCEPT THE
SOFTWARE.
GENERAL:
© 2000
The author has made a good faith effort to advise all vendors of the software used to develop this Software of his intention to share this
Software with others. Those vendors have neither endorsed nor declined to endorse the contents of this Software.
Nothing in this Software will give you any right, title or interest in or to any of Laine’s trademarks, trade names, service marks, insignia,
labels or designs, or any of the same, except a mere privilege and license during its term, to display and use the same according to the
foregoing limitations.
Any and all opinions found in this Software are of the author. The author reserves the right to modify any and all opinions as, if, and
when new information is made available. Factual input, whether supportive and dissenting, is welcome. Your input will receive due
consideration and will surely affect the author's future efforts. The author expresses advance appreciation for the time and effort you
devote to your communications.
This is an agreement between you and the author regarding your use of this Software. You agree by your use or possession of any or
all of this Software to the conditions and limitations of this agreement.
This agreement is an integral part of this Software. Failure to include this entire agreement in any and all distributions of this Software
shall be a breach of this license agreement, and shall not sever, void, or nullify the meaning or the intention of this agreement.
This Agreement will be governed by the laws of the State of Texas. This Agreement may only by modified by a license addendum
which accompanies this license or by a written document which has been signed by both you and Laine.
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© 2000
INTRODUCTION
This class is for people who want to be better reservoir simulators. You are
about to learn (or review):
1. Basic petroleum-engineering concepts.

2. Basic reservoir-simulation concepts.
3. Detailed instructions for using IMEX (CMG’s black-oil simulator)
© 2000
to model realistic data.

This class is for Managers, Engineers, Technicians, and Students

representing oil and gas Exploration, Operations, Consulting, or Educational
institutions. Engineering, Geophysics, or Geology experience is helpful.
The minimum prerequisites are:

1. You know that profit predictions come from flow-rate predictions.
2. You know that simulation predicts oil rates, natural-gas rates,
water rates, reservoir pressures, and well pressures.

3. You know how to use a personal-computer mouse.
4. You know how use the page-down key to see the next slide.
This manual includes material copyrighted by the Computer Modelling Group, Ltd.
By accepting this manual, the user certifies that (s)he has legal access to a current
IMEX license from the CMG.
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© 2000
THE PLOT
Congratulations, this is your first day on your new job. You are personally
responsible for the next phase of an ongoing black-oil reservoir-simulation study.
Fortunately, you are bright, aggressive, hard working, and you have good access to
the technical-support gurus for your software and for your project.
So much for the good news.
© 2000
The previous study had a major problem with small timesteps and long run times.
This was caused by pinchouts along the length of the reservoir. The largest cells
had pore volumes over 1,000,000 ft3. The smallest cells had pore volumes under
20,000 ft3.
You have raw data in the form of contour maps, PVT tables, relative permeability
tables, capillary pressure tables, in-place volumes, etc. You also have well-
completion data and production history.
The previous work included a history match, so you do not need pressure-history
data for this phase of the study.
Today’s assignment is to create an IMEX data file, correct the small-timestep
problem, and complete a baseline run that realistically represents the reservoir,
matches history, and runs quickly.
IMEX is the Computer Modelling Group, Ltd’s IMEX (black-oil) simulator.
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© 2000
IN-PLACE VOLUMES
Pore Volume
Total 306,717 M STB
Hydrocarbon 230,038 M STB
© 2000
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil 144,876 M STB

Total Gas 142,963 MM SCF
Free Gas 0 MM SCF

Water 76,645 M STB
Reservoir Oil 230,038 M RB
Reservoir Gas 0 M RB
Reservoir Water 76,679 M RB
Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume 2513.4 psia
HC. Pore Volume 2513.4 psia
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© 2000
OVERVIEW
Reservoir simulation is similar to a material balance. In fact, simulation includes a
material balance for each grid (or cell) during every timestep.
Simulation has some advantages over a material balance. Not surprisingly,

simulation requires more input than a material balance.
Material balance predicts:
© 2000
Global pressure versus total production and injection.

Global pressure versus time (given adequate history.)
Simulation also predicts:

Localized 3-phase flow (i.e., by grid block.)
Localized production and injection.

Localized pressure changes (given minimal history.)
Localized saturation changes (given minimal history.)
Not surprisingly, simulation requires more input than a material balance.

Material balance input data includes:
Volumetric and PVT data.
Global production, injection, and pressure history.
Simulation input also includes:
Permeability, relative-permeability, & capillary-pressure data.
Localized production, injection, and pressure history.
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SIMULATION INPUT-DATA SUMMARY

VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES
Dimensions: area, gross thickness, & net thickness.
Pore space: porosity.
Saturations: oil, water and gas.
Formation volume factors: oil, water and gas.

Total pore volume, rb = 7758.3 (A, ac2) (TNET, ft) (φ, decimal)
Oil pore volume, rb = (PV, rb) (SO, decimal)
© 2000
Standard oil volume, stb = Oil PV, rb / (formation-volume factor, rb /stb)

PVT PROPERTIES
Bubble point: oil
Formation volume factors: oil, water and gas.
Viscosities: oil, water and gas.

Solution gas-oil ratio: gas dissolved in oil
ROCK PROPERTIES
Permeability: absolute permeability.
ROCK and FLUID PROPERTIES

Relative permeability: oil-water, liquid-gas (or water-gas)
Capillary pressure: oil-water, oil-gas (or water-gas)
Contact depths: water-oil, gas-oil
PRODUCTION and INJECTION HISTORY
Fluids: oil, water, & gas rates plus cumulative volumes.
Pressure: field and wells.
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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
Fortunately, the author finds this tutorial continues to be useful.

0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
UPDATE the other versions Then Re-build this version

D. Results (3D, Graph, and Report)
1. RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION (GRID)
A. General data (fluid model, units, and start date)
B. Volumetric properties
i. Maps and values of thickness and area
ii. Grid
C. Rock properties
i. Porosity
ii. Permeability
D. Visualization (2D and 3D grids)
E. Null blocks (pore-volume and porosity cutoffs)
F. Multi-lateral well (perforation locations)
2. FLUID (PVT) MODEL
A. Oil and gas tables
i. Solution ratio (RS)
ii. Formation-volume factors
iii. Viscosity
B. Water values
C. Pressure-dependence (oil viscosity, compressibility)
A newer IMEX version is now available.
3. ROCK and FLUID

A. Oil-water
i. Relative permeability (KRW and KROW)
ii. Capillary pressures (PCOW)
B. Liquid-gas
i. Relative permeability (KRG and KROG)
ii. Capillary pressures (PCOG)
4. NUMERICAL METHODS
5. INITIAL CONTITIONS
A. Contact depths (water-oil and gas-oil)
B. Reference pressure at gas-oil contact
C. Bubble-point pressure
----- REALITY CHECK -----
6. WELLS and RECURRENT DATA

A. Select wells and dates
B. Initial well (operational) status
C. Production history and units
D. Well-type definitions and patterns
E. Multi-lateral (horizontal) well perforations
F. Constraints
7. VALIDATION
A. Run validation
B. Warnings and errors
8. PROOF READING
A. Read the input file
B. Understand the input file
C. Correct in-place volumes (peculiar to this example)
9. HISTORY MATCHING (versus time)
A. Global (total-withdrawal) rates (by well)
B. Global (average field) pressure
C. Local (oil, gas, and water) rates (by well)
D. Local (average well) pressures
10. PREDICTIONS
A. Stimulation (acid & fracture to increase well index)
B. Infill drilling
C. Pressure Maintenance (water or gas injection)
:\U_Guides \Sim \CMG \IMEX \Mult_Lat.ppt. © 2000 Download @ www.EricLaine.com. See license agreement for limited user rights.
Rev 11/1/00 Created for Laine & Associates, Inc. (Errors may exist. Use at your own risk.) 10 of 578
Rev 11/1/00
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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
D. Results (3D, Graph, and Report)
© 2000

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© 2000
Temp storage for outline.

In process of moving to interior of tutorial.
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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
A. Oil and gas tables
i. Solution ratio (RS)
ii. Formation-volume factors

iii. Viscosity
B. Water values
© 2000
C. Pressure-dependence (oil viscosity, compressibility)


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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
3. ROCK and FLUID
A. Oil-water

B. Liquid-gas
© 2000


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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
4. NUMERICAL METHODS
© 2000

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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
5. INITIAL CONTITIONS
A. Contact depths (water-oil and gas-oil)
B. Reference pressure at gas-oil contact

C. Bubble-point pressure
© 2000

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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
6. WELLS and RECURRENT DATA
A. Select wells and dates
B. Initial well (operational) status

C. Production history and units
D. Well-type definitions and patterns
E. Multi-lateral (horizontal) well perforations
© 2000
F. Constraints

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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
7. VALIDATION
A. Run validation
B. Warnings and errors
© 2000

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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
8. PROOF READING
A. Read the input file
B. Understand the input file
C. Correct in-place volumes (peculiar to this example)
© 2000

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SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
9. HISTORY MATCHING (versus time)

A. Global (total-withdrawal) rates (by well)
B. Global (average field) pressure
C. Local (oil, gas, and water) rates (by well)
© 2000
D. Local (average well) pressures


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© 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
10. PREDICTIONS
A. Stimulation (acid & fracture to increase well index)
B. Infill drilling
C. Pressure Maintenance (water or gas injection)
© 2000

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© 2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
© 2000
C. IMEX
D. Results (3D, Graph, and Report).
Introduce idea of four primary sections.

Point out that some primary sections are covered
by more than one of the major sections (1 to 10).

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© 2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder - Reservoir Description
© 2000
1. Reservoir description
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
Introduce GridBuilder section.

Identify which section numbers
contribute to GridBuilder.
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© 2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
© 2000
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
2. Fluid (PVT) model

3. Rock and fluid (KR and PC)model
4. Numerical methods
5. Initial conditions
6. Wells and recurrent data
7. Validation
8. Proof reading
C. IMEX
D . Results (3D, Graph, and Report).
Introduce ModelBuilder section.

contribute to ModelBuilder.
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COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
© 2000
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX
9. History matching
10. Predictions
Results (3D, Graph, and Report).
D.
Introduce IMEX section.

contribute to IMEX.
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© 2000
COMING UP
0. GETTING STARTED
© 2000
A. GridBuilder
B. ModelBuilder
C. IMEX

11. 3D
12. Graph
13. Report
Introduce Results section.


contribute to Results.
COMING UP
major section #1: GridBuilder
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0.A. Getting Started © 2000
0. GETTING STARTED
A. GridBuilder
1. Reservoir description
B. ModelBuilder = ALL OTHER INPUT DATA
C. IMEX = SIMULATION RUN
© 2000
D. Results

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Start the Launcher

2. Double Left-click the

CMG Launcher icon,
© 2000
OR
3. Left click the Start button.

A. Left click Programs.
B. Left click CMG.
C. Left click Launcher.
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© 2000
1. Left double-click the GridBuilder icon.


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REVIEW
1. There are four primary sections
A. Reservoir description
© 2000
B. The other inputs

C. Simulation
D. Results
2. GridBuilder is now running.
COMING UP
1. Input general data
A. Simulator selection
B. Working units
C. Porosity model
D. Start date
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1.A. General data © 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
© 2000

B. Volumetric properties (maps and values)
C. Rock properties (KX, KY, KZ)

D. Calculate grid (cell) values
E. Visualization (2D and 3D grids)
F. Null blocks (pore-volume and porosity cutoffs)

G. Multi-lateral well (perforation locations)
H. Save and exit
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1. Left Click the IMEX simulator.

2. Left Click Field Working Units.

© 2000
3. Set the date to August 1, 1991.

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© 2000
1. Verify the selections.

2. Left click the OK button.

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REVIEW
1. General data was input.
© 2000
COMING UP
1. Input volumetric properties.
A. Area
B. Grid definition
C. Structural top
D. Gross thickness
E. Net-to-gross-thickness ratio
F. Porosity
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1.B. Volumetric properties © 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)

B. Volumetric properties (maps, values and grid)
© 2000
i. Area (from gross thickness map)

ii. Grid
iii. Structural top

iv. Gross thickness
v. Net-to-gross ratio
vi. Porosity

H. Save and exit
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1.B.i. Volumetric - area (TGROSS) © 2000
1. Left click File.

2. Left click Open Map File...

© 2000

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1. Verify the units.

2. Left click Browse...

© 2000
3. ...\CMGTutor\IMEX\Mult_Lat\input
4. Left click the gross net pay map.

5. Left click the Open button.

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© 2000
1. Verify the WINDIG File selection.


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© 2000
Map
scale is in
the way.
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1. Left click View.

© 2000
EVEN BETTER
3. Right click on the

map scale.
2. Left click Properties.

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1. Left click the Map

Scale tab.
© 2000
2. Change 55 to 5.

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© 2000
1. Observe.
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1. Left click Grid.
3. Left click Non-orthogonal Grid.

2. Left click Corner Point.

© 2000

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1. Read the text.

2. Left click the Next>> button.

© 2000

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1.B.i.
Volumetric - area (TGROSS) 1. Read the text. © 2000
2. Left click the first boundary

© 2000
point. (This is the first of

four line segments.)
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
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2. Left click the end of the

Top-most boundary line.
© 2000
1. Highlighted dot.
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
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1. Highlighted line.
© 2000
2. Left click the Next Line button.


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1.B.i.
Volumetric - area (TGROSS) 2. Read the text. © 2000
© 2000
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0 3. Left click the end of
4 52000.0 -6000.0 the Right-most
5 -3400.0 54000.0 boundary line.
1. Observe.
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© 2000
2. Delay boundary-line
adjustments until later.

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1.B.i. Volumetric - area (TGROSS) 1. Read the text.
© 2000
© 2000
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
2. Left click the end of the

Bottom-most boundary
line.
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© 2000

1. Highlighted
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1.B.i. Volumetric - area (TGROSS) 1. Read the text. © 2000
© 2000
2. Left click the end of

the Left-most
boundary line.
BOUNDARY points
1 -3500.0 55000.0
2 10000.0 63000.0
3 62000.0 0.0
4 52000.0 -6000.0
5 -3400.0 54000.0
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© 2000

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2. There are no map features to add.

© 2000

1. There are four highlighted

boundary lines.
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1.B.ii. Volumetric - grid © 2000
1. Read the text.

© 2000
3. Create 40 or 20(not10)
divisions parallel to the right-

and left-most boundaries.
2. Note: the right- and

left-most boundary
lines turned black.
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1.Bii. Volumetric - grid © 2000
© 2000
1. Left click the Next

Section button.

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© 2000
2. Create 160 or 80 (not30)

divisions parallel to the right-
and left-most boundaries.
1. Note: the top- and bottom-

most boundary lines turned
black.
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1. Read the text.

3. Left-mouse-down and drag the corner
© 2000
points until all the net pay is inside

the boundaries.
2. The right-most control line

should include all net pay.
However, we know from
previous study that this edge
pinches out.
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2. Read the text.

© 2000
3. Create four layers.

WARNING: There is an
indication that there is
only one flow unit. If true,
then fewer layers will work

well. Perhaps there
should only be one layer.
1. This is better.
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1.B.ii. Volumetric - grid 4. (Optional) Use the Grid, Refine Grid, Select © 2000
Box, etc. menu as needed (e.g., define

regions, local grid refinement, etc.)

1. Review the layers.

© 2000
3. ???Feel free to save 5. Left click the

the data file at this Finish button.

point. You may then
experiment with grid
refinement. Open
the saved data file to
continue without grid 2. Read the text.
refinements.
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© 2000
1. This is immediately after

clicking the Finish button.

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1.B.iii. Volumetric - structural top © 2000
Property-Box
© 2000
Property-Box Notation:
_ = neither specified nor interpolated

B = both specified and interpolated
S = specified only
V = value only (not specified)

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GROSS THICKNESS

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GROSS THICKNESS

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GROSS THICKNESS

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GROSS THICKNESS

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????
Only 1
© 2000
layer?

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GROSS THICKNESS

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1.B.iv. Volumetric - gross thickness © 2000
© 2000
GRID TOP

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GRID TOP

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1. How about setting GROSS PAY? NET

thickness. Then let net-to-gross = con = 1.

Maybe can do min PV cutoff this way. YES
© 2000
GRID TOP

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GRID TOP
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GRID TOP

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Determined from first

line of *.dig file
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GRID TOP

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GRID TOP

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GRID TOP
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GRID TOP
3. Thickness properties are subdivided by layers

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GRID TOP
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GRID TOP

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1.B.v. Volumetric - net-to-gross ratio © 2000
1. Add net-to-gross ratio= YES

© 2000
Mention possibility of importing net-thickness maps

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1.B.v. Volumetric - net-to-gross ratio © 2000
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1.B.vi. Volumetric - porosity © 2000
Highlight POROSITY (not

pressure.)
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1.B. Volumetric properties © 2000
REVIEW
1. Some properties were imported as contour maps
Area
Structural top
Gross thickness
Porosity
© 2000
2. One properties were entered as constants.

Net-to-gross (thickness) ratio

3. Any property may be input as a contour map or as a constant.
4. Layered properties may be input as two or more maps.
COMING UP
1. Input rock properties.

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1.C. Rock properties © 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
© 2000


i. KX
ii. KY
iii. KZ

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1.C.i. Rock properties - KX © 2000
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1.C.ii. Rock properties - KY © 2000
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1.C.iii. Rock properties - KZ © 2000
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1.C. Rock properties © 2000
REVIEW
1. Some properties were imported as contour maps
Area
Structural top
Gross thickness
Porosity
© 2000
2. Some properties were entered as constants.

Net-to-gross (thickness) ratio

Permeabilities (KX, KY, KZ)
3. Any property may be input as a contour map or as a constant.
4. Layered properties may be input as two or more maps.
COMING UP
1. Calculate Properties (I.e., populate the grid with values.)

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1.D Calculate grid values © 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
© 2000


D. Calculate grid values (populate cells)

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1.D. Calculate grid values © 2000
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1. Left double-click the

GridBuilder icon.
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© 2000
Inv wt avg = 1/ (1/a^2 + 1/b^2 + 1/c^2 + .…)^0.5

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REVIEW
1. Grid values were calculated from map and constant input data for:
Grid thickness
Grid top
Permeability (KX, KY, KZ)
Porosity
© 2000
COMING UP
1. Review 2D and 3D grid maps.

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1.E. Visualization © 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
© 2000


i. Grid top
ii. Grid thickness
iii. Permeability (KX, KY, KZ)
iv. Porosity

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1.E.i. Visualization - grid thickness © 2000
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1.E.i. Visualization - grid top © 2000
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1. Left double-click the GridBuilder

icon.
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1.E.i.
1. LeftVisualization
double-click-the
gridGridBuilder
top © 2000
icon.
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1.E.ii. Visualization - grid thickness © 2000
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1.E.iii. Visualization - Permeability © 2000
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1.E.iv. Visualization - Porosity © 2000
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1.E. Visualization © 2000
REVIEW
1. Grid maps (layers and slices) display
volumetric and rock properties.

Grid top
Grid thickness
Permeability (KX, KY, KZ)
© 2000
Porosity
COMING UP
1. Null blocks
A. Porosity cutoff
B. Net-pay-thickness cutoff
C. Pore-volume cutoff
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1.F. Null blocks © 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
© 2000


i. Pinchout adjustment
ii. Porosity cutoff
iii. Net-pay-thickness cutoff
Iv. Pore-volume cutoff

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1.F.i. Null blocks - pinchout adjustment © 2000
Pinchout versus Run Time

The run time for the previous simulation study was too long.
© 2000
The long run time was caused by the small pore-volume

cells. The small PV cells are caused by the pinchout at the
edge of the -thickness maps.

One way to deal with this is to eliminate the pinchout while

maintaining the same total pore volume.
See the next slides for details.
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0 5 10 20
© 2000
Plan View
Small PV cells at pinchout

25 require small timesteps (to
limit maximum pressure

20 and saturation change per
timestep.)
Thickness
10
Pinchout Cross-section View

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© 2000
RULE-of-THUMB (for small PV cells):

Conserve total pore volume
1. Move the small volumes to

adjacent cells.
2. Classify the small-volume

cells as null (inactive) cells.
3. Total volume is unchanged.
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0 5 10 20
Move the small volumes to

adjacent cells. (The total
volume is unchanged.)
Plan View
© 2000
25
20
Thickness
10
0
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Revised Cross-section View Pinchout Cross-section View
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Bracket existing contours with control contours. (I.e., move the small
volumes to adjacent cells, and maintain the same total volume.)
© 2000
0 10
0 5 10 20
Revised Plan View

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REVIEW
The previous example moved the small pore volumes by adding a pair of control
contours. Control contours allow the engineer to force a new reality onto the
underlying maps. This example added control contours with values of 0.0 and 10.0
very close to the 5.0 contour.

The thickness maps you are using for this tutorial are modified versions of the
original maps. The original maps were modified by adding pairs of control-contour
© 2000
lines. The control contours were added mid-way between the zero contour and the
adjacent contour. The control contour closer to the zero line was assigned a value
of nearly zero. The other control contour was assigned a value slightly below the
adjacent contour.
As it turns out, the mid-way location of the control contours actually increased the
total pore volume. This is fine for now. Later, we will find out that there is still a
short-timestep (i.e., long-run-time) problem. We will eventually solve this by adding
null cells (with the pore-volume cutoff.) Then we will correct the total pore volume
with a linear adjustment.
COMING UP
There are easy ways to fine tune the total volume
AND learn more about the reservoir:
The porosity cutoff,
The net-pay thickness cutoff, and
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The pore-volume cutoff.

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1.F.ii. Null blocks - porosity cutoff © 2000
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RULE of THUMB
Use the log-analysis cutoffs. Nominal values might be:
four percent for sandstones, and
two percent for carbonates.

The reservoir engineer probably has some values for you.
© 2000

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COMING UP
© 2000
Use the porosity cutoff to locate areas of low

porosity. This may be important when planning the
field-development strategy.
This tutorial takes a short cut by setting a
different porosity cutoff for each layer. In general,

the layers will not be identical.
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Show step-by-step setting of different porosity cutoff

values for each layer. Layer 1.
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values for each layer. Layer 2
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Calculate property button ????

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1. Select the probe mode.

2. Review the porosity maps.
5. Review all layers.

3. Left click on cells to

show cell porosity.
© 2000
A few cells have low porosity.

These may require short timesteps

(for a small portion of the run.)
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Layer 2 Show map(s) of (different) cutoff values.

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REVIEW
The porosity cutoff considers a single criterion.

It is easy to imagine a situation where thickness may be
too thin, even though the porosity is above the cutoff.
© 2000
Using the thickness cutoff is an option.

The thickness cutoff requires net thickness maps (or

net-to-gross-thickness-ratio maps.)
COMING UP
Using the net-pay-thickness cutoff.

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1.F.iii. Null blocks - net-pay cutoff © 2000
Show final step for setting different net-pay cutoff values

for each layer.
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1.F.iii.
What about net thickness (net-to-gross ratio) ????
Null blocks - net-pay cutoff © 2000
2. Review the Grid thickness maps.

© 2000
3. Left click on a
cell to show
corner
thicknesses
There are a few thin cells. These

may require short timesteps (to

avoid large pressure or saturation
changes in small pore-volume
cells.
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REVIEW
The thickness cutoff (like porosity) only considers a one criterion.
It is easy to imagine a situation where porosity may be too thin,
even though the thickness is above the cutoff.

Using the pore-volume cutoff is more general.
© 2000
The pore-volume cutoff requires net thickness maps (or net-to-

gross-thickness-ratio maps.)
FOR SELF STUDY

This tutorial skips using the net-pay cutoff to locate areas of low
net pay.
Be sure to include this step in a real study, because this may be
important when planning the field-development strategy.
COMING UP
Using the pore-volume cutoff to fine tune the total pore volume,
and to locate the large-size pore-volume areas.
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1.F.iv. Null blocks - pore-volume cutoff 1. Click drop-down box.
© 2000
2. Select Null
Blocks.
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1.F.iv. Null blocks - pore-volume cutoff © 2000
Click Specify Property.

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DISCUSSION
The locations of the areas with large-size pore volumes may be
© 2000
important when planning the field-development strategy.

Specify a large-size PVCUTOFF value.
This tutorial has identical layers; so, we can set different cutoffs
for each layer. (In general, layers are different.)
The total pore volume is 306,000,000 stock tank barrels. The

grid has 6,400 cells. The average pore volume per cell is about
270,000 ft3 /cell.
Try 0, 250,000, 500,000, and 750,000 cubic feet for the large-
size pore-volume cutoff.
This helps better understand the reservoir.
The actual run will use only a small-size pore-volume cutoff.
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Now have net-to-gross ratio, so can NULL

based on pore volume.
Show final step for setting different LARGE-size

pore-volume cutoff values for each layer.
© 2000

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3. Review NULL-block maps by layer 1.

2. Use the modified-block-volume maps.

3. Left click on cells to show

pore volumes by cell.
© 2000
A few cells have small pore

volumes. These may require

short timesteps (for a small
portion of the run.)
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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by

layer 2.
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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by layer 3.

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3. Review modified-block-volume maps by layer 4.

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DISCUSSION
The largest pore-volumes appear to be on the order of

500,000 ft3.
© 2000
This provides the upper limit for a ratio of small-to-large-

size pore volumes.
This ratio is an indicator of the need for limiting saturation

and pressure changes with small timesteps.
COMING UP
Repeat the process and identify the small-size PVCUTOFF.
Only the small-size cutoff is used during simulation.
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Select Null Blocks.

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Click Specify Property.

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DISCUSSION
The locations of the areas with small-size pore volumes may
© 2000
be important when planning the field-development strategy.

Specify a small-size PVCUTOFF value.
This tutorial has identical layers; so, we can set different cutoffs
for each layer. (In general, layers are different.)
The total pore volume is 306,000,000 stock tank barrels. The

grid has 6,400 cells. The average pore volume per cell is about
270,000 ft3 /cell.
Try 0, 10,000, 20,000, and 30,000 cubic feet for the small-size
pore-volume cutoff.
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Now have net-to-gross ratio, so can NULL

based on pore volume.
Show final step for setting different small-size pore-volume

cutoff values for each layer.
© 2000

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layer 1.
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layer 2.
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layer 3.
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layer 4.
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DISCUSSION
The big change (in area) is between 0 and 10,000
© 2000
ft3. This suggests 10,000 ft3 as a good starting point

for the small-size PVCUTOFF.
COMING UP
Specify the pore-volume cutoff.
Analyze the small-size to large-size

pore-volume ratio.
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2. Specify low-end pvcutoff range at 10,000 ft3.

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© 2000
3. Calculate property

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PORE-VOLUME CUTOFF
A 10,000 to 500,000 ft3 (50:1) ratio of minimum pore volume to
maximum pore volume is large. This may require short timesteps.

At test run will be necessary to verify this.
If the 10,000 ft3 minimum pore volume is still too small, then we can
© 2000
manually edit the input-data file to increase the pore-volume cutoff (e.g.,
PVCUTOFF 25000.)
Several test runs may be required.
PORE-VOLUME MODIFICATION
It is also necessary to maintain the same total pore volume.
The test run also calculated the total pore volume.

If the new total pore volume is within a few percent of the old total, then
manually adding a volume-modification command will fine tune the total
pore volume (e.g., VOLMOD 6400*1.03.)
Several test runs may be required.
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1.G. Multi-lateral well © 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
© 2000



i. Locate
ii. Specify
iii. Map
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1.G.i Locate © 2000
Add the multi-lateral well (15-34), but only layer 3.

© 2000

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© 2000


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1. Left click on the

mode dropdown
box to select the
probe mode.
OR
1. Right click on the map to select

the probe mode.
© 2000

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13,44,3 14,44,3 15,44,3 16,44,3

© 2000
13,45,3
13,46,3
13,47,3
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1.G.ii Specify © 2000
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© 2000


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Will delete the corner marks later

© 2000

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© 2000


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1 26,90,3 connect to ‘surface’ Laine & Associates, Inc.
1 27,90,3 connect to 1
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1.G.ii Specify 1 29,90,3 connect to 3 © 2000
Vertical well (four layers 1 33,90,3 connect to 7
completed from top to 1 26,91,3 connect to 1
1 26,92,3 connect to 10
bottom.) 1 26,93,3 connect to 11
1 26,94,3 connect to 12
1 26,95,3 connect to 13
1 26,96,3 connect to 14
1 26,97,3 connect to 15
1 26,98,3 connect to 16
1 26,99,3 connect to 17
1 26,100,3 connect to 18
© 2000
1 14,44,3 connect to
‘surface’
1 14,44,3 connect to
‘surface’
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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
I,J,K Slab toolbar

© 2000

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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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© 2000


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1.G.iii Map © 2000
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1.H Save and exit © 2000
SIMULATION OVERVIEW
(table of contents)
© 2000



H. Save and exit
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Old

© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000
REVIEW
Done with GridBuilder.

COMING UP
Start ModelBuilder.
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2.A Execute © 2000
© 2000

A. Execute
B. Oil and gas PVT

C. Water PVT
D. Pressure-dependence
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2.A Execute © 2000
© 2000
1. Left mouse-down on
the icon for the 2. Drag and drop the data icon
GridBuilder data file. on the ModelBuilder icon.

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2.A Execute © 2000
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© 2000
1. OK

2. OK

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2.A Execute © 2000
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© 2000


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2.A Execute © 2000
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© 2000


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© 2000
© 2000

A. Execute
B. Oil and gas PVT
C. Water PVT

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2.B Oil and gas PVT © 2000
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© 2000


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© 2000


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icon.
© 2000

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1. Left double-click the input-folder icon.

© 2000
2. Left click the pvt.xls icon.

3. Left click the open button.

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Note: EG = 1/BG.
© 2000

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1. Highlight the data (to be imported.)

© 2000

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© 2000


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1. Review PVT data.
2. Double left-mouse click on individual data points to do manual editing.

© 2000

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© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000
Replace (to show data

in table.)
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© 2000
Replace (to show data

in table.)
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© 2000
1. View plots:
A. RS vs P
B. BO vs P
C. EG vs P
D. µO vs P
E. µG vs P
Remove OK button click

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icon.
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© 2000


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© 2000


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1. Left mouse-down and drag

individual points to shift the PVT
data vertically.
© 2000

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© 2000


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© 2000

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1. Left click the Apply button.
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2.B Oil and gas PVT Green light (success.)
© 2000
© 2000
A note

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icon.
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© 2000
1. Type 4.E-06 <tab>

2. Type 1.01 < tab >

3. Type 150 < tab >

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2.B Oil and gas PVT Green light (success.)
© 2000
© 2000

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icon.
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© 2000
© 2000

A. Execute
B. Oil and gas PVT
C. Water PVT

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2.C Water PVT © 2000
icon.
© 2000
1. Type 4.2E-06 <tab>


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2.C Water PVT © 2000
Green light (success.)

© 2000

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© 2000
© 2000

A. Execute
B. Oil and gas PVT
C. Water PVT
i. Oil viscosity
ii. Oil compressibility

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2.D Pressure-dependence © 2000
© 2000
???

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icon.
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© 2000

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icon.
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© 2000

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icon.
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2.D Pressure-dependence Save now (generic) © 2000
© 2000

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3. Rock and fluid properties © 2000
© 2000
3. ROCK and FLUID

A. Oil-water

B. Liquid-gas

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icon.
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© 2000

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icon.
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3.A. Oil-water properties © 2000
© 2000

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© 2000

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icon.
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© 2000

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icon.
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© 2000

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icon.
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© 2000

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icon.
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© 2000

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icon.
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3.A. Oil-water properties 1. Left double-click the GridBuilder © 2000
icon.
© 2000

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icon.
© 2000
.

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1. Left click on “Sheet1”

© 2000
2. Confirm data imported.

3. Left click Next.

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1. Right click the

© 2000
blank header.
2. Left click the

heading.

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1. Right click the

© 2000
blank header.
2. Left click the

heading.

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1. Right click the

© 2000
blank header.
2. Left click the

heading.

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1. Right click the

© 2000
blank header.
2. Left click the

heading.

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© 2000
1. Left click the first

value.
2. Hold the shift key

down.
3. Press the right-

arrow key 3 times.
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1. Continue holding the

shift key down.
© 2000
2. Press the down-

arrow key 12 times.

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1. Stop holding the shift

key down.
© 2000
2. Left click the

horizontal scroll-bar

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© 2000
1. Left click Next.

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© 2000
1. Use the scroll bars and

confirm that the correct
data imported.
2. Left click Next.

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© 2000

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© 2000

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© 2000

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© 2000

icon.
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© 2000

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© 2000

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3.B. Liquid-gas properties © 2000
© 2000

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© 2000
.

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© 2000

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© 2000

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© 2000
1. Left click Apply.

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© 2000
1. Left click OK.

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© 2000

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© 2000
1. Left click OK.

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© 2000

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© 2000
2. Finished with Rock Fluid properties.

3. Start on Numerical Methods.
© 2000

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© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000
© 2000
1. Scroll down to NCUTS.

2. Left click OK.

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© 2000
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© 2000


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© 2000
3. Finished with Numerical Methods.

4. Start on Initial Conditions.
© 2000
A. Contact depths.
B. Reference pressure & depth.

C. Bubble point pressure.

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© 2000
© 2000
Success.
2. Left click
initial
conditions.
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© 2000
1. Left click the Miscellaneous tab.

© 2000

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© 2000
© 2000
1. Left click PVT Region Parameters.

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© 2000
1. Left click PVT Region 1.

© 2000
2. Type 15000 tab.

3. Type 600 tab.

4. Type 4500 tab.
5. Type 2500 tab. Initial

Pressure.

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© 2000
1. Verify entry unites.

2. Verify entry values.

© 2000
Initial pressure.
PCOG.
PCOW.
6. Left click OK.

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© 2000
For output and reports.

?????
© 2000

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© 2000
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Success.

© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000


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© 2000
1. Review the bubble-point settings.

© 2000
2. Left click File.

3. Left click Close.

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© 2000
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© 2000


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© 2000
Success.
© 2000
1. Left mouse-down and drag the

vertical scroll slider.
2. Review the grid properties.

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© 2000
© 2000
2. Review the grid

properties. 1. Left mouse-down and drag the
vertical scroll slider.
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© 2000
© 2000
1. Review the grid

properties.
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2. Left click OK.
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© 2000
Rev 11/1/00
© 2000

Success.

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© 2000
4. Finished with Initial Conditions.

© 2000
This a good time to “SAVE AS.”


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© 2000
1. Left click File.
2. Left click Save

Document As.
© 2000

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© 2000
1. Left click Browse.

© 2000
2. Name the file. 3. Left click Save.

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© 2000
1. Confirm the path and filename.

© 2000
2. Check (or uncheck.) Small files

are suitable for single files.
3. Left click OK.

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© 2000
4. Finished saving .
5. Start on Wells and Recurrent Data.
© 2000
A. Select well dates and wells.

B. Set initial well status.

C. Import production history.
D. Save production history.
E. Define wells.
a. Types and Patterns
b. Perforations
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© 2000
© 2000
1. Left click wells &

recurrent data.
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© 2000
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© 2000

1. Right click Wells.

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© 2000
5A. Select well dates and wells.

© 2000

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© 2000
© 2000
1. Select Properties.
OR
3. An alternative is to
A. click the Wells folder (????)
B. click the Wells menu
C. click the Properties option.
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1. Click Select Dates.

© 2000


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© 2000
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© 2000

1. Click OK.

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© 2000
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© 2000

1. Click Select Wells.

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© 2000
9. Click the right-arrow button.

© 2000
1. Click well 15-34.

2. Hold the Ctrl key down.

3. Click well 16-7.
4. Click well 11-5.

5. Click well 4-6.
6. Click well 6-4.
7. Release the Ctrl key.
Wells may be selected in any order.

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© 2000
1. Confirm the selections.

© 2000
2. Click OK.
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© 2000
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© 2000


2. Click Apply.
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© 2000
1. Review the selections.

© 2000

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2. Click Apply.
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© 2000
5B. Set initial well status to SHUTIN.

© 2000
i. No wells are producing on August 1, 1991

ii. Only well 6-7 has been drilled by August 1, 1991


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© 2000
1. Left click the General tab.

© 2000

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© 2000
1. Click the Status box.
2. Click the dropdown box.

3. Left click SHUTIN. 4. Confirm SHUTIN.

© 2000

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© 2000
5C. Import production history.

© 2000

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© 2000
1. Click Tools.
© 2000
2. Click Production
Data Wizard.

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© 2000
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© 2000

1. Click Browse.

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© 2000
1. Click the input folder.

© 2000
2. Double-click the
prod.prd file.
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© 2000
© 2000
1. Confirm the path

and filename.
2. Click Next.
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© 2000
Rev 11/1/00
© 2000


2. Click Preview file.
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© 2000
column spacing.
Note column numbers, data types and units.

© 2000
Note units for all 5 data columns.

1. Date (format = Y M or Y M D)
2. Producing hours
3. Daily oil rate (stb/d)
4. Daily gas rate (Mscf/d)

5. Daily water rate (stb/d)
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1. Left click File.
2. Left Close.
© 2000

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© 2000
1. Read instructions
2. Click the first data line.

3. Review data
format options.
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1. Click drop-down arrow.

© 2000
2. Click “Daily.”
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© 2000
1. Confirm units.
2. Click OK.
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1. Confirm Delimited.
© 2000
2. Confirm commas
separate data.
3. Click Next.
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© 2000

1. Left click OK.

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1. Observe the
delimiter settings.
© 2000
2. Click Next.
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2. Click the data type.

© 2000

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2. Drag the slider to

© 2000
see more types.



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© 2000

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© 2000


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1. Drag the horizontal scroll slider to fully expose column six.

© 2000



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1. Confirm headings.
© 2000
2. Click Next.
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1. Click Field Units.
© 2000


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© 2000


2. Click Next.
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5D. Save production history.

© 2000

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1. Click Browse.
© 2000


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1. Click the dropdown box to

move up one directory level.
© 2000
1. Enter the filename.(prod.fhf)
2. Click Save.
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1. Confirm the path

and filename.
© 2000
2. Confirm the
start date.
3. Click Finish.
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5Ea. Define well types and patterns.

© 2000

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1 of 3
1. Ignore production
© 2000
controls for now.

4. These buttons set

the well types. 3. Observe the

well types.
2. Select All Wells.

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1. Ignore production 2 of 3
controls for now.

© 2000
3. Observe the
import types.

the well types.

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1. Ignore production 3 of 3
controls for now.

© 2000
3. Observe the
import (well)
types.
the well types.

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© 2000
1. Confirm correct Import (well)

Types (i.e., what is the
primary fluid for this well.)
2. Click Next.
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Oil (and gas) fraction is for producing wells

Water fraction is for injection wells
1. Confirm 1.000 for all wells.

© 2000
For future reference, a corner

wells in a 5-spot are 0.250.
2. Click Next.
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© 2000


2. Click Next.
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5Ea. Well perforations.


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1. Click Wells.
2. Click Perforations.
© 2000
OR
3. Right click the Wells folder.
4. Click Properties.
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© 2000

2. Click OK.

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© 2000
Vertical well.
Centered well.
Kelly Bushing is at sea level.
No skin damage.
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Do NOT use this feature for well 15-34. The

horizontal-well perforations were set while
defining the multi-laterals.

© 2000
Input data
DO correct the vertical-well perforations:
16-7 layers 2, 3, and 4.

11-5 layers 2, 3, and 4.
4-8 layers 2, 3, and 4.
6-4 layers 2, 3, and 4.
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© 2000
Left double-click the numerical value below the “Layer top” heading.
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Vertical well completions

default to all layers.
© 2000
2. Click the upper-most

completion layer (2.)
3. Click OK.
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1. No more 1st layer completion.

© 2000

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Apply the corrected perforations to the model.

2. Click Update perforations.
3. Click Current Well - All Perf Dates

© 2000

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2. Repeat the perforation corrections for the other vertical wells. (6-4, 11-5, & 4-8)
1. Verify the perforations.

© 2000

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REVIEW
The perforations are now correct in all five wells.
© 2000
A. The four vertical wells have been corrected.

B. The horizontal well was already correct.

COMING UP
Save the perforation corrections.

Close the perforation file.
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delete
© 2000
Wise users will make a note to review the

completed data file to verify that the perforations
are correct.
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1. Click File.
2. Click
Save As.
© 2000

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1. Verify the pathname.

© 2000
2. Verify the filename.

2. Click Save.
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1. Click File.
© 2000
2. Click Exit.

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OLD ???????
© 2000
1. Left click No.

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© 2000


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REVIEW
The perforations have been defined and saved.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints
A. Select the wells.
B. Delete the default, flowing-bottom-hole pressure constraint.

C. Add columns of information to the constraint window.
D. Review the constraints for each well.
E. Select the wells.

F. Set a new flowing-bottom-hole pressure constraint.
G. Review the well constraints.
H. Close the “Recurrent Data” window.
I. Save the Mult_Lat data file.
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1. Right-click
the Wells.
© 2000
2. Click
Constraints.
1. Click Wells.
2. Click
OR Constraints.
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1. Left click Select

all dates.
© 2000

one or more wells. 3. Left click Select Wells.

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© 2000
2. Left click wells 11-5,

15-34, 16-7, 4-8, & 6-4.

4. Click right-arrow button.

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© 2000
1. Confirm well
selections.

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© 2000

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1. Double-left-click the vertical lines to automatically set column widths.

© 2000
2. Left-mouse-down and drag

the vertical scroll bar to verify

the well and date selections.
OR
2. Click above (or below)

the slider to scroll.
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1. Left click the OK button to open the constraints window.

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PROGRESS
All wells for all dates have been selected.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints


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1. Click the Defined-Constraints tab.

© 2000

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© 2000


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1. Read the instructions.

© 2000
2. Left click the box.

3. Click “OPERATE MIN

Pressure (Bottom-Hole)”.

Delete the constraint.
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1. Click No. Well should be shutin.

© 2000



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PROGRESS
The default (PWF)MIN has been deleted.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints


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Show more columns in the constraints window.

© 2000
2. Click View.
3. Click Columns.
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1. Hold the control key down.

2. Click the properties.

© 2000
Click Constraints.
Click Well Status.
Click Well Type.

6. Click the right-pointing arrow.

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1. Verify the selections.

© 2000
2. Click OK.
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PROGRESS
The additional constraint information has been added.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints


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1. Click the “+.”

© 2000
2. Click well
11-5.
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Review the constraints.

© 2000
2. Click well
15-34.
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© 2000
2. Click well
6-7.
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© 2000
2. Click well
4-8.
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© 2000
2. Click well
6-4.
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© 2000

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PROGRESS
The well-by-well review is done.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints


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Select all wells.

2. Click Wells.
3. Click Constraints.
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all dates.
© 2000

one or more wells. 3. Left click Select Wells.

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© 2000
2. Left click wells 11-5,

15-34, 16-7, 4-8, & 6-4.


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© 2000
1. Confirm well
selections.

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© 2000

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1. Drag the vertical lines to change the column widths.

2. Drag the slider

© 2000
to see more.
OR
2. Click the arrow

to see more.
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© 2000
1. Left click the OK button to open the constraints window.

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PROGRESS
The well-selection is done.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints


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Add new (PWF)MIN constraints to all wells.

© 2000
1. Click “New Constraints.”


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1. Click Add.
© 2000


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Set the constraint.

© 2000
2. Click the arrow.

3. Click OPERATE.
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Set the property.

© 2000
2. Click the arrow.

3. Click Pressure...
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Set the bottom-hole pressure.

© 2000
2. Type 500.
3. Press the Tab key.

4. Verify the units.
5. Click OK.
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PROGRESS
The new constraint has been set.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints


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1. Verify the constraint.

© 2000
2. Click OK.
3. Left-click the “No To All” button.

It’s the same five well-date combinations.
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Review the well constraints.

2. Click the arrow.
3. Click a date.
1. Click Wells.
4. Review the constraints.

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PROGRESS
The review is done.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints


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Close the “Recurrent Data” window.

© 2000
2. Click File.
3. Click Close.

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Well 16-7 is OK.
2. Left-click OK.
© 2000
Pt 1 and Pt 3 will soon be deleted (because they are not wells.)

They are convenient markers used to identify the grid boundaries (for this tutorial.)
4. Left-click OK. 4. Left-click OK.
6. Left-click OK. 7. Left-click OK.

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© 2000
Delete the
non-wells .
2. Click wells and recurrent data.

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© 2000
Delete the grid-boundary markers (Pt 1, etc.)

2. Click Wells.
3. Click Delete.
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© 2000
2. Left click wells Pt 1 and

Pt 2.


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© 2000
1. Confirm well
selections.

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Re-confirm each deletion.

© 2000
2. Click 3. Click
Yes. Yes.
Verify the non-wells are gone.

5. Click Wells.
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Close the “Recurrent Data” window.

© 2000
2. Click File.
3. Click Close
Recurrent Data.
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© 2000

Success .

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REVIEW
Well constraints are done.
5. Wells and recurrent data window is closed.

© 2000
COMING UP
Well constraints


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Save the “Recurrent and Well Data.”
1. Click File.
2. Click Save
Dataset As.
© 2000

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The filename and path should still be correct. (Browse and change if needed.)
2. Verify path and name.

© 2000
3. Click Save all...
4. Click OK.
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© 2000
1. Read the warning.

This is good. It is easier to

keep track of wells by name.
3. click OK.
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REVIEW
5. Wells and Recurrent Data are

done.
© 2000
COMING UP
6. Validate the data.

A. It is never too soon to save the data (again.)
B. Review the validation message file.

C. Understand warnings. Fix errors (and warnings.)
D. Close the validation-message file.
E. Exit the “ModelBuilder.”

F. It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
G. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
(Be sure this data file does what you want it to do.)
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© 2000
1. Left-click “Validate
Dataset”.
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WISDOM: It is NEVER TOO SOON to save the data again.

© 2000
2. Left-click Yes.
3. Left-click the “OK” button.

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1. Left-click OK.

© 2000


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REVIEW
6A. The data has been saved (again.)

© 2000
COMING UP


i. Understand warnings (and fix as needed.)
ii. Fix errors.
C. Close the validation-message file.

D. Exit the “ModelBuilder.”
E. It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
F. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
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1. Review the message file for errors or warnings.

OK.
© 2000
3. confirm that this

is OK.

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Confirm that the warning about setting the minimum

flowing bottom-hole pressure to 14.6959 psia is OK.

© 2000
There are at least two easy ways to confirm this.

1. Open Mult_Lat.dat in an ASCII editor (e.g., WordPad.)
A. Search for 14.6959

It does not exist in the data file
B. Search for MIN BHP
There are several, all set to 500 psi.
2. See the next slides.

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The following extract from Mult_Lat.out clearly shows that on August 1,

1991, the minimum PWF is set at 14.6959 psia. Well 16-7 is also shutin.
DATE 1991 08 01.

© 2000
WELL 1 '16-7'
PRODUCER '16-7'
===================== WARNING (from subroutine: WMWTIN)

Minimum bottom hole pressure not specified for producer 16-7
(Well No. 1). Setting default MIN BHP of 14.6959 psia .

=====================================================
GEOMETRY K 0.354167 0.3700 1.0000 0.000
PERF GEO '16-7'
** if jf kf ff
5 54 2 1.000
5 54 3 1.000
5 54 4 1.000
SHUTIN '16-7'
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The following extract from Mult_Lat.out is the very next timestep. This
extract clearly shows that on September 1, 1991, the minimum PWF is
set at 500 psi. Well 16-7 is producing 2397.15 barrel per day.
No Wells have been operated in the Field.

======================================================
DATE 1991 09 01.
© 2000
PRODUCER '16-7'
OPERATE MAX STO 2397.15

OPERATE MIN BHP 500 CONT
ON-TIME
'16-7'
1.00
Searching Mult_Lat.out confirms that the only time the minimum,

flowing bottom-hole pressure is 14.6959 is on August 1, 1991.
In summary, the warning about MIN BHP = 14.69659 is OK.

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REVIEW
6B. The message review is done.

© 2000
COMING UP


ii. Fix errors.

Exit the “ModelBuilder.”
It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
D. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
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Close the message file.
2. Click File.
3. Click Close.
© 2000

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1. Exit the “ModelBuilder.”

© 2000

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1. It is NEVER TOO SOON to save the data again.

© 2000
2. Left-click Yes.
A. Automatically reuses the same directory.
B. Automatically reuses the same file name.
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REVIEW
6C. The automated validation is done.

© 2000
COMING UP


ii. Fix errors.

Exit the “ModelBuilder.”
It is never too soon to save the data (again.).
D. Proofread (and understand) every line in the data file.
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RULE OF THUMB:
© 2000
Always understand every every line in the data file.

(Save time by avoiding unnecessary simulations.)


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?????
For example:
(see lines 7824-30)
© 2000
*****************************************************************************************
** ModelBuilder has detected a conflict in well sequence numbers.
** The well sequence numbers are not increasing consecutively as

** required for the simulators. In order to ensure compatibility
** with simulators ModelBuilder has to re-number the wells.
** All references to wells in this dataset should be in terms of well names.

*****************************************************************************************
Calling wells by name simplifies things. It is no

longer necessary to also keep track of the
sequence numbers.
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© 2000


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REVIEW
6D. The proofreading is done.
COMING UP
© 2000
7. Fix the volume-in-place values.

A. Trial run the data set as is.

(Note the volumes.)
B. Correct the in-place volumes.
(Manually edit the data.)

i. PVCUTOFF.
ii. VOLMOD.
iii. Maps from GridBuilder.

8. Run IMEX
A. Make the real IMEX run.
B. Exit the IMEX run window.
Review the IMEX results.
C. Save and exit.
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1. Left-mouse-down and drag the data file to the “IMEX” icon.

© 2000

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2. Release the mouse to start IMEX.

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© 2000
© 2000
1. You can watch IMEX’s

progress as it runs.
Do it first with min vol too small

Experience the tiny timesteps.
Then give correct answer as

PVCUTOFF = 200,000 ft3
???
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© 2000
Too much saturation

change in small PV cell.
1. This field has a pinch out. This means some cells have very small pore volumes.
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2. The next slides show how to eliminate the small PV cells by editing Mult_MB.dat
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© 2000
REVIEW
7A. The trial-run is done.
COMING UP
© 2000

(Note the volumes.)


i. PVCUTOFF.
ii. VOLMOD.

8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
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© 2000
But first, get total pore volume, etc. right

Need to manually insert a STOP card near DATE 1Nov91.
This will allow us to search for TOTAL PORE VOLUME.

We want it to be too high.
Once know PV too high, remove STOP. Make run.
May need to increase PVCUTOFF to avoid 0.001 day
timesteps. This will reduce Total PV.

Once get decent minimum timestep (ie good run time) Do
VOLMOD to fine tune total PV.
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PVCUTOFF ft3 n.a. 250,000 250,000

VOLMOD n.a. 1.00 1 1.03
case Mult_MB.dat MultLatM MultLatN

units orig qty
Minimum Timestep size days 0.0001 1
© 2000
Total Pore Volume. M STB 306,717 293,783 305,484

HC. Pore Volume M STB 230,038 220,337 229,113
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil M STB 144,876 138,766 144,293
Total Gas MM SCF 142,963 136,935 142,389
Free Gas MM SCF 0

Water M STB 76,645 73,412 76,337
Reservoir Oil M rbbl 230,038 220,337 229,113
Reservoir Gas M rbbl 0
Reservoir Water M rbbl 76,679 73,446 76,371

Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume psia 2513.4 2513.4 2513.5
HC. Pore Volume psia 2513.4 2513.4 2513.5
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Help the class by pointing out

that we got this by putting
mult_lat.dat back into grid
builder.
1. The very small blocks tend to be at the edges.

2. An exception is near cell i=17, j=27 ,k=1 to 4.
© 2000
Large pore volume

~ 1,960,430 ft3
Note: the multi-

lateral well is close
Acceptable min PV
to the pinchout
~ 19,604 ft3 (100:1)
(34,90,3)
Small pore volume ~ 48 ft33

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Changing the Pore-Volume Cutoff
1. Make a copy of Mult_MB.dat

2. Rename the copy Mult_MBa.dat
3. Open Mult_MBa.dat in an ASCII editor.
4. Search for
RESULTS SECTION ROCKCOMPACTION
5. Add two lines after “results section rock compaction.”
© 2000
“PVCUTOFF 20000”
This makes 20,000 ft3 the minimum pore volume.
“VOLMOD 25600*1.00
This multiplies the PV in all 25,600 cells by 1.00.
6. Save Mult_MBa.dat
7. Go to next slide
Before After
RESULTS SECTION ROCKCOMPACTION RESULTS SECTION ROCKCOMPACTION

PVCUTOFF 20000
RESULTS SECTION MODEL VOLMOD 25600*1.00
MODEL *BLACKOIL
RESULTS SECTION MODEL
MODEL *BLACKOIL
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Changing the Pore-Volume Cutoff
8. Go to the top of the file

9. Search for
1993 01
10. Replace a blank line above DATE 1993 01 01. with

STOP
11. Save Mult_MBa.dat
© 2000
12. Close Mult_MBa.dat.

13. Run IMEX with Mult_MBa.dat
14. Open Mult_MBa.out in an ASCII editor.

15. Search for
HC. Pore Volume
16. Go to next slide
Before After
1.00 1.00
STOP
DATE 1993 01 01. DATE 1993 01 01.
PRODUCER '16-7' PRODUCER '16-7'

OPERATE MAX STO 1998.584 OPERATE MAX STO 1998.584
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OPERATE MIN BHP 500 CONT OPERATE MIN BHP 500 CONT
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Record Pore Volumes, etc.
17. Verify Time = 0.0 days (for this particular HC. Pore Volume.)
18. Save key volume data.
This will help set the multiplier for VOLMOD 25600*1.__
19. Close Mult_MBa.out.

20. Use your best judgement to estimate the Minimum Time Step size.
© 2000
PVCUTOFF ft3
n.a. 20,000 50,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000
VOLMOD 1.00n.a.1.00 1.00 1.00 1.20 1.25 1.23+

case Mult_MB.dat_Mba.dat _MBc.da _MBe.dat f.dat f.dat g.dat
units orig qty rev qty rev qty rev qty rev qty rev qty
Minimum Timestep size days 0.0001 0.01 .01 1 1 1 .002
Total Pore Volume. M STB 306,717 303,168 285,275 223,238 295,215 312,753 305,628
HC. Pore Volume M STB 230,038 227,376 213,957 167,428 221,411 234,565 229,221
Fluids in Place
Stock Tank Oil M STB 144,876 143,200 134,748 105,443 139,441 147,725 144,360
Total Gas MM SCF 142,963 141,309 132,969 104,051 137,601 145,775 142,454
Free Gas MM SCF 40e-13
Water M STB 76,645 75,758 71,286 55,783 73,770 78,152 76,372
Reservoir Oil M rbbl 230,038 227,376 213,957 167,428 221,411 234,565 229,221
Reservoir Gas M rbbl 41e-13
Reservoir Water M rbbl 76,679 75,792 71,319 55,809 73,804 78,188 76,407
Average Pressure
Total Pore Volume psia 2513.4 2513.3 2512.5 2508.5 2510.3 2510.5 2510.4
HC. Pore Volume psia 2513.4 2513.3 2512.7 2508.5 2510.3 2510.5 2510.4
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Record Pore Volumes, etc.
21. Go back to step 1

22. Repeat the steps for Mult_MBb.dat, Mult_MBc.dat, etc. until:
the nominal time-step size is acceptable,
the pore volumes are close enough, and

the fluid in-place-volumes are close enough.
23. Close enough means the customer, boss, etc. is satisfied.
© 2000
Wisdom
Note:
Global use of VOLMOD is a convenient shortcut
It works because the water-oil contact below the reservoir,
and because the gas-oil contact is above the reservoir.

The rigorous way to deal with the small pore volumes
removed from the pinchout neighborhoods is to selectively
add the deleted PVs to the adjacent cells. This keeps the
deleted volumes as close as possible to their original locations.
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REVIEW
7B. The in-place volumes are correct.
COMING UP
© 2000

(Note the volumes.)


i. PVCUTOFF.
ii. VOLMOD.

8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
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The warning means well 16-7 had been

drilled, but was not yet producing.
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1. Observe the initial average pressure.

© 2000

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1. Observe the initial average pressure.

© 2000

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icon.
© 2000

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REVIEW
8A. The real IMEX run is done.
COMING UP
© 2000

(Note the volumes.)


i. PVCUTOFF.
ii. VOLMOD.

8. Run IMEX
C. Save and exit.
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1. Left mouse-down on Mult_MB.irf.

2. Drag Mult_MB.irf to the Results
3D icon.
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Put the review plots and maps here. 1 of ???


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REVIEW
8B. The IMEX results review is done.

© 2000
COMING UP
9. Predictions (another lesson.)

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DISCUSSION
Congratulations. Your first day at you new job was a big success.
You performed several functions.
Imported: Map data.

PVT data.
Relative-permeability and capillary-pressures.
© 2000
Production history.
Set: Rock properties.
Well completions.
Well constraints.
Corrected: Well completions.

The in-place volumes.
Analyzed: Data, warnings, and results.
Archived: Data and results.
Go ahead and congratulate yourself. You can now say that you have
created and ran a 6,400-cell black-oil model. This tutorial will help you
do it next time too.
You might even thank the boss for picking CMG’s IMEX as the
company’s preferred black-oil simulator.
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Rev 11/1/00

Laine & Associates, Inc.

Black-Oil Reservoir Simulation

Computer Modelling Group, Ltd

Thank you for visiting www.EricLaine.com.

See license agreement for limited user rights.

Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE

(iii) use the Software on a network.

Laine & Associates, Inc. LICENSE AND WARRANTY NOTICE, continued

1. Basic petroleum-engineering concepts.

to model realistic data.

This class is for Managers, Engineers, Technicians, and Students

The minimum prerequisites are:

water rates, reservoir pressures, and well pressures.

Stock Tank Oil 144,876 M STB

Free Gas 0 MM SCF

Simulation has some advantages over a material balance. Not surprisingly,

Global pressure versus total production and injection.

Simulation also predicts:

Localized production and injection.

Not surprisingly, simulation requires more input than a material balance.

SIMULATION INPUT-DATA SUMMARY

Formation volume factors: oil, water and gas.

Standard oil volume, stb = Oil PV, rb / (formation-volume factor, rb /stb)

Viscosities: oil, water and gas.

ROCK and FLUID PROPERTIES

Fortunately, the author finds this tutorial continues to be useful.

UPDATE the other versions Then Re-build this version

3. ROCK and FLUID

6. WELLS and RECURRENT DATA

See license agreement for limited user rights.

Temp storage for outline.

ii. Formation-volume factors

C. Pressure-dependence (oil viscosity, compressibility)

Temp storage for outline.

i. Relative permeability (KRW and KROW)

i. Relative permeability (KRG and KROG)

Temp storage for outline.

Temp storage for outline.

B. Reference pressure at gas-oil contact

Temp storage for outline.

B. Initial well (operational) status

Temp storage for outline.

Temp storage for outline.

Temp storage for outline.

9. HISTORY MATCHING (versus time)

D. Local (average well) pressures

Temp storage for outline.

Temp storage for outline.

Introduce idea of four primary sections.

by more than one of the major sections (1 to 10).

See license agreement for limited user rights.

Introduce GridBuilder section.

2. Fluid (PVT) model

D . Results (3D, Graph, and Report).

Introduce ModelBuilder section.

Introduce IMEX section.

D. Results (3D, Graph, and Report).

Introduce Results section.

Identify which section numbers

See license agreement for limited user rights.

Start the Launcher

2. Double Left-click the