SPE 62921
Vertical Interference Testing Method Using Dual Completions with
Downhole Water Sink
Luis R. Ramos / PDVSA-INTEVEP, Ephim I. Shirman / LSU, Andrew K. Wojtanowicz / LSU
Copyright 2000, Society of Petroleum Engineers Inc.
This paper was prepared for presentation at the 2000 SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition held in Dallas, Texas, 1–4 October 2000.
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Abstract
Downhole Water Sink (DWS) well completions segregate
production in the wellbore by producing water from the water
leg in the reservoir and oil from the upper oil bearing portion
of the reservoir. A downhole pump drains water from the
bottom completion and creates pressuredrawdown that inhibits
water coning up to the upper producing zone. The pump
injects the water to a disposal zone lower in the wellbore.
Successful application of DWS technology in wells with
water coning problem requires effective zonal isolation
between the top and bottom completions of the well and good
knowledge of permeability anisotropy. As these wells are dual
completed, they are uniquely configured for vertical
interference testing. The problem is that such test involves two
fluids, water and oil, and is typically performed in a reservoir
rock with no isolating layer between the top and bottom
completion.
The paper presents a new mathematical model and
analysis method for vertical interference testing using top
completion (in the oil leg) for production, and bottom
completion (in the water leg) for observation. The model is
analytical and accommodates partial penetration and
permeability anisotropy. The analysis method employs a
family of type curves. Also shown in the paper are examples
of possible applications of this new testing method.
Introduction
Vertical permeability is an important parameter of a
reservoir with water coning because it controls the well’s
critical rate and water breakthrough time. Conventional
techniques for estimating vertical permeability include
analysis of water production history to discern vertical
permeability from the breakthrough time correlations, analysis
of the early spherical flow patterns in pressure transient tests,
or vertical interference testing.
Known correlations for the water breakthrough time were
developed on the scaled models or using numerical simulators.
Even if the correlations had universal applicability to the real
field data and relatively high accuracy, use of these
correlations for estimation of the vertical permeability would
require very detailed and accurate records of the oil and water
production. This is usually not the case in routine production
operations.
Analyzing of the spherical flow pattern during pressure
build-up in a partially-penetrating well requires substantial
duration of the spherical flow period. Otherwise, the pattern
may be completely covered by the wellbore storage effects.
Thus this method is applicable in thick reservoirs having a
very short completion.
Vertical interference test is an expensive and complicated
procedure that would require creation of two perforated
intervals completed at a distance that can accommodate
pressure gage, packer, and producing interval.1-4 After the test,
the bottom completion should often be cemented to prevent
early water breakthrough into the well. However, in spite of
the inconvenience and cost vertical interference tests should
have better resolution and quality of the obtained results
comparing to a single-well test.
Recently, a new method of well completion, downhole
water sink (DWS), was proposed and demonstrated in several
field trials.5 A schematic of the DWS completion is shown in
Fig. 1a. DWS is a dual completion that has one completion in
the oil and another completion in the water column of the
reservoir. A packer separates the completion inside the well.
The main concept of DWS is to create a hydro-dynamic effect
at the oil-water contact (OWC) interface. The pressure
drawdown created by oil production through the top
completion is counter-balanced by the drainage of water from
the bottom completion. This completion configuration gives
an operator a tool to reduce or eliminate water-coning effects.
Interestingly, DWS completion has a configuration
required for vertical interference testing, as shown in Fig. 1b.
The only difference is that the completions are installed in
different fluid zones, in the oil and water columns of the
2 L.R. RAMOS, E.I. SHIRMAN, A.K. WOJTANOWICZ SPE 62921

reservoir. This difference requires some modifcation of the right side of the equation. An equivalent permeability along
concept and theory for vertical interference testing in DWS each axis in this new system of coordinate is equal to:
wells.
ks = kh kv (4)
Theory of Vertical Interference Test in
DWS Wells At this point, it should be quite obvious that solution to Eq. 3
General Configuration of the Test. The DWS completion is in this new, transformed isotropic space represents flow in any
assumed to be equivalent to a partially penetrating active well anisotropic system. The difficult part, though, is to be
at the top of the oil zone and a point monitoring well at the consistent in formulation of the boundary and initial
OWC. The test should be performed with the rate below the conditions for the Eq. 3 in the transformed coordinates.
critical value or during the short period of time before water In the spherical coordinates, Eq. 3 has the following form:
breakthrough. At these conditions, the initial OWC represents
∂p 2∂p ∂p
a no-flow boundary. The difference in the pressure reading + = µφ c (5)
caused by the position of the bottom completion below OWC ∂r 2
r ∂r ∂t
can be considered as a hydrostatic head differential or simply
ignored. where r = x2 + y2 + z2 .
In the model, an infinite number of spherical sinks
substitutes for the perforated intervals to model the pressure The folowing dimensionless parameters were difined:
distribution around partially penetrating wells. The radius of
each sink is equal to the radius of the well. It was assumed in
the model that the pressure at any point of the reservoir is  r
equal to the superposed effect of all the sinks and their images. rD =
 rw
Thus, to predict the transient pressure response at the
monitoring well it is necessary to get a solution of the flow  0.0002637t
around single spherical sink in the infinite heterogeneous t D = (6)
medium.  φ µ crw2
 p − p ( rD , t D )
Spherical Flow in Heterogeneous Media. The diffusivity  pD = i
equation for a slightly compressible fluid having constant  p i − p (1, ∞)
viscosity flowing through a constant-porosity medium can be
written as follows: Introduction of relations 6 into Eq. 5 gives:

∂  ∂p  ∂  ∂p  ∂  ∂p  ∂p ∂p D 2∂p D ∂p D
kx  +  k y  +  k z  = φ µc (1) + = (7)
∂x  ∂x  ∂y  ∂y  ∂z  ∂z  ∂t ∂r 2
D r∂rD ∂t D

The flow medium is anisotropic, i.e., has different Eq. 7 represents the fundamental differential equation in
permeability along the coordinates. To model a spherical flow dimensionless form appropriate to the reservoir systems
pattern in this medium we have to perform transformation of characterized by spherical symmetry. The solution of Eq. 7
the variables. The transformation moves the equation (1) into with the following boundary and initial conditions:
a new system of coordinates in which the axes are still ∂p D
orthogonal but the new coordinates become functions of the p (rD ,0) = p i ; lim p (rD , t D ) = p i ; lim rD =1
rD → ∞ t D →1 ∂rD
old coordinates and the proper permeability term. The
transformation is:
x y z can be found elswhere6,7 and it has the following form:
x= ; y= ; z= ; (2)   r −1
1
kx ky kz pD (rD , t D ) = erfc D −
rD  2 t 
and equation (1) becomes,  D 
∂2 p ∂2 p ∂2 p ∂p
+ 2 + 2 = φ µc (3)  r −1 
∂x 2
∂y ∂z ∂t − exp(t D + rD − 1)erfc D + t D  (8)
2 t 
 D 
Eq. 3 looks exactly like the equation for an isotropic medium.
The only difference is the lack of the permeability term on the Modeling of the Transient Pressure Distribution around
Partially Penetrating Wells. Having a solution for pressure
SPE 62921 VERTICAL INTERFERENCE TESTING METHOD USING DUAL COMPLETIONS WITH DOWNHOLE WATER SINK
distribution around spherical sink, we can describe pressure
behavior in the vicinity of a well with a limited entry to flow.
To do so, we need to integrate the solution for the sink along
the completed interval. It is impossible to integrate
analytically Eq.8. That is why we used numerical integration
method. From the variety of the numerical integration
techniques we have chosen Gaussian quadrature.
Gaussian quadrature chooses point for evaluation of
integrals in an optimal way, rather than in equally spaced
manner. The nodes, z1, z2, …zn, in the interval of integration,
[a, b], and coefficients, c1, c2, …cn, are chosen to minimize the
expected error obtained in performing the approximation
integration for an arbitrary function, f.
b n
∫ f ( z )dz ≈ ∑ ci f ( z j )
a j =1
Accuracy of Gaussian quadrature improves with increment of
the root number used for the evaluation. Values for the
constants and roots are tabulated and can be found in Stroud
and Secrest.8 In this particular case, we used 5-nodes Gaussian
quadrature.
The Gaussian quadrature procedure applicable only if the
interval of integration is [-1, 1]. The transformation of the
interval of integration from [zb, zt] to [-1, 1] was made using
simple linear translation:
2 z − zb − zt
Z=
z t − zb
Numerical Experiment Methodology
Shirman9 developed software that substitutes completed
intervals with an infinite number of spherical sinks and uses
method of images to include effect of no-flow boundaries. The
software solves direct problem of the pressure transient
behavior, i.e., it predicts pressure at any point of a reservoir
with given properties for know production rate of a particular
fluid. To predict a pressure response for the give reservoir and
flow conditions we had to run the program for various time
intervals and read the pressure drawdown at the active well
and monitoring completion, at the static OWC.
To verify the program, we compared its predictions with
transient radial flow equation for 100% penetrating well. To
perform a similar verification in case of partially penetrating
well we used pseudo-skin due to partial penetration proposed
by of Saidikowski.10 Figure 2 displays the comparison of the
obtained results. As it seen from Figure 2, the match of the
values predicted by the model and the analytical solution for
radial flow (100% penetration) is perfect. The maximum
difference in the predictions for a partially penetrating case
was less than 2%.
Choosing a Method to Analyze Pressure
Transient Behavior
Two main methods are used in the well testing to get
values of the media permeability from the pressure transient
response of the reservoir. The methods are conventional test
3
analysis and using of type curves. In the conventional
techniques, pressure is plotted vs. some function of time in
order to get a straight line. From values of a slope and an
intercept of the straight line, permeability of the medium is
determined. Horner plot for buildup test is an example of the
conventional technique. The type curve is a preplotted family
of pressure drawdown lines. During the well test analysis the
test result matched with one from the family of particular type
curves. From the match several independent parameters of the
reservoir can be determined.
Generally, conventional and type curve techniques share
the same objectives: “Type curves are advantageous because
they may allow test interpretation even when wellbore storage
distorts most or all of the test data; in that case conventional
methods fail.”11 Another advantage of type curves is that a
single plot may include different flow patterns (linear,
spherical, radial and any transitional) that all can occur during
the test.
Theoretically, use of one active and one monitoring well
(interference testing) eliminates effect of skin and extends area
of investigation. Thus the difference in permeability should be
more distinguishable in the pressure response of the
monitoring well than in the active well. To demonstrate this
theoretical conclusion, we made a comparative study using our
software and properties presented in Table 1. For the study we
use a 20-ft thick reservoir with 25% penetrating well.
Figure 3 displays transient pressure response in the active
well, while Figure 4 – in monitoring well for the same test
conditions. As seen from Figure 3 and Figure 4, both the
active and the monitoring well have a different value of
pressure at a given time for different values of vertical
permeability. In the active well, lines representing pressure
drawdown vs. time for different vertical permeability values
look like a family of almost straight and almost parallel lines.
In contrary, each line of the similar curve family shown in
Figure 4 has a distinctive shape. Thus, use of the pressure in
the monitoring well (Figure 4) for the type curves will result in
more accurate and simpler match of the test data with the
curve, which ensure obtaining more reliable results of the
permeability. So, we chose to use pressure response in
monitoring well for the type curve to estimate vertical
permeability from the test performed in DWS wells.
Search for Type Curves
As seen from Table 1, there are nine independent parameters
that can affect the pressure transient behavior. Presenting
effect of each individual parameter on the pressure would have
no practical value for well testing objectives. The results of the
direct problem solution should be normalized in order to
obtain the type curve and perform a solution of the inverse
problem, estimation of the unknown parameters from the
match.
Normalization of the Transient Pressure Response. If the
theory, presented above, is correct it should be possible to find
a system of coordinates where pressure responses for any
4 L.R. RAMOS, E.I. SHIRMAN, A.K. WOJTANOWICZ SPE 62921

combination of the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio hp

will be presented by a unique line for a given reservoir and r= z w = (h − r ) k v
completion. The software’s output is the pressure drawdown at  h 
kv ln 
the point of interest and dimensionless time. Since the h−h 
program superpimoses effects of the spherical sinks, the  p 
dimensionless time it uses is related to the wellbore radius, hp (10)
according to Eq. 6. As a first approximation of the long time rws =
pressure drawdown we took the drawdown calculated at the  2 
monitoring well at 1000 hours. Figure 5 displays the same data  z t + z w +  z t + z w  + r 2 k v 
 hp  h  w
kh 
that was presented in Figure 4 in these dimensionless  
k v ln  
p
coordinates.  2 
We used the standard curve-matching technique to bring  z b + z w +  z b + z w  + r 2 k v 
all the lines shown in Figure 5 into one line presenting the  hp  h  w
kh 
homogenous (kv/kh=1) case. It was found12 that in order to   p  
achieve the complete match of all the lines corresponding to a
given penetration ratio, the vertical axis must be multiplied by Thus, for the well test purpose, the original geometry of the
a factor of [kv/kh]1/9 and the horizontal axis by a factor of completion can be approximated by a single spherical sink of
[kv/kh]. radius, rws, placed at a distance, zw, from the top of the
Similar result was obtained for the same reservoir having producing interval. The resultant pressure would be the
active well of different penetration. Figure 6 demonstrates that superpimosed effect of this sink and its images and would be
in this normalized system of coordinates, pressure drawdown in relation with Eq. 8. Moreover, Eq. 8 can be presented in the
is independent of the vertical to horizontal permeability ratio following form:
for any value the penetration ratio. Thus, the developed model  r 1 
allows producing a type curve for the well test analysis. The rD pD (rD , t D ) = erfc D − −
challenge, hoever, is to generalize this observation. 2 t 2 tD 
 D 
Dimensionless Coordinates for the Type  r   r −1 
− exp t D + D t D − 1erfc D + tD  (11)
Curves  tD  2 t 
   D 
To establish some coordinates, which would allow generalized
graphical interpretation of a physical phenomenon, we have to From Eq. 11, it follows that product of the dimensionless
establish an equivalent idealized system to present the real radius and dimensionless pressure is a function of two
situation. The equivalent system should have an analytical variables. One of the variables is a ratio of the square of the
solution that describes the phenomenon. Using this solution, dimensionless radius and dimensionless time, the other is
the parameters that affect the phenomenon can be organized dimensionless time. Thus, if we plot test data using rDpD and
into specific groups and used as coordinates. tD/r2D, we can expect to get a family of curves; each of the
According to a Moving Spherical Sink Method curves should represent specific dimensionless time or its
(MSSM)13, a well with a limited entry to flow can be function.
presented as a single spherical sink. Both the radius and the To calculate dimensionless pressure we used steady-state
position of the sink depend on the position of the point of pressure drawdown at the equivalent spherical sink:
interest. In the homogenous medium, the distance from the
p i − p (rD , t D )
point of interest to the position of the moving sink is equal to:
zt − zb PD = rsw k h k v
R= (9) 70.6qµB
 z − z + r 2 + (z − z )2 
ln 
t t Dimensionless time is also a function of the sink radius:
 z − z + r 2 + (z − z )2 
 b b  0.0002637t
tD =
Since the point of interest (monitoring well) is just below the
φ µ crsw2
active well, its horizontal coordinate, r, is equal to zero.
Taking also in consideration transformation of coordinates Figure 6 displays the type curves developed for the penetration
according to Eq. 2 to eliminate effect of permeability ratio of the active well ranging from 0.1 to 0.5. As seen from
anisotropy in the porous media, Eq. 9 yields: Figure 6, All the curves are very close in shape and position,
which means little of the effect of the dimensionless time itself
on the result of the well test. For the same penetration ratio,
data points presenting experiments for the reservoirs having
SPE 62921 VERTICAL INTERFERENCE TESTING METHOD USING DUAL COMPLETIONS WITH DOWNHOLE WATER SINK 5

different horizontal and vertical permeability collapsed into a
single line in the type-curve graph.
Analysis of the Test Data by Type-Curve Matching. The
type-curve matching technique has been described in many
ways elsewhere14. Although the technique appears awkward
and difficult when described in writing, it is really
straightforward. The procedure to use presented type-curves
is the following:
1. Plot the observed test data as ∆p vs. the test time, t, on the
same size scale as the type curve. Tracing paper place
above the type-curve graph or graphical software, as MS
PowerPoint, can be very helpful for this purpose.
2. Slide the your plotted data until the data points match the
type curve corresponding to the penetrating ratio of the
tested well. If the ratio is not known, the data can be
match with the “average” type curve. The curves are very
close is shape and position and little reduction of accuracy
is expected due to this averaging.
3. Pick a convenient match point, such as intersection of
major grid lines. Record the coordinates of that point from
the test data plot, [∆t, ∆p] and the type curve graph,
[tD/rD2,pDrD].
4. Estimate horizontal permeability from the vertical
coordinates of the match point:
70.7qµ B  h  ( pD rD )M
kh = ln (12)
hp  h − h  (∆p )
 p  M x, y, z = orthogonal coordinates, ft
5. Estimate vertical permeability from the horizontal
coordinates of the match point:
As can be seen from this example, even a very short 27-min
transient pressure test yielded accurate estimation of the
vertical, and horizontal permeabilities. The actual values of
horizontal and vertical permeabilities used for the test
simulation were 500 mD and 100 mD, respectively.
Conclusions
1. Type-curves were developed for analyzing result of
vertical interference test performed in the DWS wells.
2. The dimensionless coordinates, based on the Moving
Spherical Sink Method and transient spherical flow
equation, give a unique set of the type-curves for any
combination of the fluid and rock properties.
3. Using the new type-curves would give accurate values of
the horizontal and vertical permeability even for short test
duration (less than half an hour).
Nomenclature
B = formation volume factor, bbl/STB
c = compressibility, 1/psi
h = oil zone thickness, ft
hp = length of the top perforated interval of DWS, ft
k = permeability, md
ks = equivalent spherical permeability, md3/2
p = pressure, psi
q = rate, bbl/day
r = radius, ft
t = time, hr
x , y, z = transferred coordinates, dimensionless
: = viscosity
n = porosity

kv =
3792 φ µct h p2 (t D )
/ rD2 M
(13)
Subscripts
b = bottom of the completion
  h 
2
(∆t )M D = dimensionless
ln 

h = horizontal
  h − h p  i = initial
j = index
M = match
Figure 7 illustrates the described procedure for a simulated
max = maximum
pressure interference test. The parameters of the test are
n = number of the nodes
presented in Table 2. The coordinates of the match point
o = oil
shown in Figure 7 are [0.01, 10] for the real scale and [0.04,
p = penetration
2.8] – for the dimensionless. Substituting the match-point
s = spherical
coordinates and values from Table 2 into Eq. 12 and Eq. 13,
sw = spherical well
we will get the following values for the horizontal and vertical
t = top of the completion
permeability in the reservoir.
v = vertical
w = well
70.6 * 700 *1 *1.05 * ln[40 /(40 − 20)]  2.8 
kh =   = 504 mD
20  10  References
1. Bremer, R., Winston, H., Vela, S.: “Analytical Model for
3792 * 0.25 * 1 * 3 *10−5 * 20 2  0.04  Vertical Interference Tests Across Low-Permeability Zones,”
kv =   = 95 mD SPE 11965, presented at the 58th SPE Annual Tech. Conference
{ln[40 /(40 − 20)]}2  0.01  and Exhibition, San Francisco, CA, 1983.
2. Burns, W.: “New Single-Well Test for Determining Vertical
Permeability,” JPT, pp. 743-752, June 1969.
6 L.R. RAMOS, E.I. SHIRMAN, A.K. WOJTANOWICZ SPE 62921

3. Miska, S., Luo, F.: “Vertical Permeability Determination form

Single-Well Test: Phase I – Constant Flow Rate Test,” SPE Producing
25427, presented at Production Operations Symposium, well
Oklahoma City, OK, 1993.
4. Bourdarot, G., Daviau, F.: “Vertical Permeability: Field Cases,”
SPE 19777, 64th Annual Tech. Conference and Exhibition, San
Oil completion Monitoring
Antonio, TX, 1989. well
5. Swisher, M.D., Wojtanowicz, A.K.: “New Dual Completion
Method Eliminates Bottom Water Coning,” SPE 30697 OWC
presented at SPE Annual Conference and Exhibition, Dallas,
TX, Oct. 22-25, 1995. Packer
6. Chatas, A.T.: “Unsteady Spherical Flow in Petroleum
Reservoirs,” SPEJ, pp. 102-114, June 1996.
7. Kohlhaas, C.A., Abbott, W.A.: “Application of Linear and No-flow
boundary
Spherical Flow Analysis Techniques to Field Problems – Case Water completion
Study,” SPE 11088 presented at 57th Annual Fall Technical
Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, LA, Sept. 26-29,
1982.
8. Stroud, A.D., Secrest, D.: Gaussian Quadrature Formulas, a) b)
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, p.347, 1966, Fig. 1 a) - Schematic of DWS completion; b) - Equivalent model
QA299.4.G3S7. of the vertical interfere test
9. Shirman E.I.: “Experimental and Theoretical Study of Dynamic
Water Control in Oil Wells,” Ph.D. Dissertation, LSU, May
1998. 250
10. Saidikowski, R.M.: “Numerical Simulation of the Combined
Effects of Wellbore Damage and Partial Penetration,” SPE 8204 Partial (14%) penetration
presented at 54th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, 200 Calculated
Pi - Pw ,psi

Las Vegas, Sept. 23-26, 1979. Modeled

11. Lee, J., Well Testing, SPE Textbook Series, 1982, p.64. Full penetration
12. Ramos, L.R.: “An Assessment Method for Field Implementation 150 Calculated
of the Downhole Water Sink “DWS” Technology”, MS Thesis, Modeled
LSU, August 2000.
13. Shirman E.I.: “A Well Completion Design Model for Water- 100
Free Production from Reservoirs Overlaying Aquifers,” SPE
International Student Paper Contest, Proceedings of SPE Annual
Technical Conference and Exhibition, Denver, CO, Oct. 6-9, 50
1996, p. 853-860. 0 5 10 15 20
14. Earlougher, Jr., R.C.: Advances in Well Test Analysis, SPE, New Time, hr
York-Dallas, 1977, p.24-29. Fig. 2 Comparison of computer model predictions with known
solutions

Table 1. Data used for the type curves developing 100

qo 4.05 stb/d φ 0.20 kv/kh=1.00
kv/kh=0.75
h 20 – 100 ft ct 1.5 E-5 1/psi kv/kh=0.50
kv/kh=0.25
hp 2 - 50 ft µo 13.8 cP
kv/kh=0.10
pi-pw, psi

rw 0.5 ft kh 200 mD
-3 4
t 10 -10 hr kv 40-200 mD

Table 2. Data used for the example test analysis

qo 700 stb/d φ 0.25
h 40 ft ct 3 E-5 1/psi
hp 20 ft µo 1 cP 10
0.1 1 10
rw 0.35 ft kh 500 mD Time, hr
Fig. 3 Drawdown in the active (top) well, penetration – 25%
tmax 0.45 hr kv 100 mD
SPE 62921 VERTICAL INTERFERENCE TESTING METHOD USING DUAL COMPLETIONS WITH DOWNHOLE WATER SINK 7

10 1

0.1
1 kh/kv
0.01
1.0

pD
pi-pw, psi

0.001 0.75
0.1 0.5
0.25
kv/kh=1.00 0.0001
0.1
kv/kh=0.75
0.01 kv/kh=0.50 0.00001
kv/kh=0.25
kv/kh=0.10 0.000001
1 10 100 1000 104 105 106 107
0.001
0.1 1.0 10.0
tD
Time, hr Fig. 5 Pressure at the OWC for a 25%-penetrating well in 20-ft
Fig. 4 Drawdown in the monitoring (bottom) well, penetration of thick reservoir having different vertical to horizontal permeability
the top well is 25% ratios

1.0E+01

1.0E+00

1.0E-01
hp/h=0.5

1.0E-02
hp/h=0.4
pDrD

1.0E-03

hp/h=0.25
1.0E-04

hp/h=0.1
1.0E-05

1.0E-06

1.0E-07
1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02 1.0E+03 1.0E+04

tD/rD2
Fig. 6 Type curves for the pressure at the OWC for different penetration ratios
8 L.R. RAMOS, E.I. SHIRMAN, A.K. WOJTANOWICZ SPE 62921

tD/rD2
1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01

1.0E+01
Match Point

10
pDrD

1.0E+00

1
0.01 0.1 1

1.0E-01

Fig. 7 Example of the well test analysis using the type curves