Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PETROLEUM SOCIETY
CANADIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING, METALLURGY & PETROLEUM
This paper is to be presented at the Petroleum Society’s Canadian International Petroleum Conference 2003, Calgary, Alberta,
Canada, June 10 – 12, 2003. Discussion of this paper is invited and may be presented at the meeting if filed in writing with the
technical program chairman prior to the conclusion of the meeting. This paper and any discussion filed will be considered for
publication in Petroleum Society journals. Publication rights are reserved. This is a pre-print and subject to correction.
2
Equation (1) is the oil production per unit pressure top completion rate dominates inflow response, bottom
drop (bpd/psi). Oil productivity decreases for increasing completion drains water from top completion and
production rates because of the increasing water cut for a reduces the water cut and required pressure drawdown
conventional well (Fig.4). for a particular top rate; the bottom completion also
competes for available reservoir energy. These results
DWS technology isolates two completions by a
can be visualized by examining the pressure drawdown
packer. Top completion is in the oil zone for improved
as a function of the top and bottom rates (Fig. 6). The
oil production. The bottom completion is at or below the
top completion produces only oil where the surface is
water oil contact; it is used to produce water to improve
planar (i.e., the inflow performance is approximately
oil production at the top completion. The rates for the
linera). The oil productivity for DWS well depends on
two completions are adjusted to reduce or completely
the rates from both completions. The maximum PIo is
eliminate water from the top completion while
obtained if the bottom completion maintains the top
producing water not contaminated with oil that can be
completion to zero water cut (Fig. 7). The maximum oil
disposed off without further processing. Conventional
productivity occurs along the boundary between the
nodal analysis methods do not provide solutions for this
planar, water-free region and the non-linear region in the
two-rate system.
pressure drawdown plot (Figures 6 and 7). Several
New algorithms and an interface to a commercial observations can be made from figure 6:
reservoir simulator(10) have been written and used as a
ß For fixed top completion rate, if the bottom
numerical tool for DWS well performance analysis and
completion rate is higher than optimal the oil
design. This tool captures hydrodynamic interaction
productivity is affected only moderately because
between the two completions of the well in terms of
the well remains in the linear drawdown region.
pressure interference, water saturation (coning), and
producing water cut for any combination of top and ß For fixed top completion rate, if the bottom
bottom production rates in presence of heterogeneities, completion rate is too low then oil productivity
capillary forces, and relative permeabilities. Tubing decreases significantly because water coning
performance models are included. moves the well into the nonlinear drawdown
region.
The numerical tool is used to determine a cluster of
inflow performance relationships (IPR) for a DWS well ß In contrast, for fixed bottom completion rate the
to be compared with a single IPR for the conventional effects of a too-low top completion rate will in
well. Classical nodal analysis is extended to water sinks general be less than the effects of a too-high top
by evaluating the pressure versus flow rate relationship completion rate.
for the top completion for a range of bottom rates. The
DWS well optimization imposes the estimation of
diagnostic plots are the same as used previously. Inflow
maximum oil production with minimum oil-free water
curves for a conventional well (zero bottom rate) and
production at the bottom completion for a given pressure
DWS well with 200, 500, and 800-bbl/day bottom rates
drawdown.
are shown together with their related tubing
performances including the varying inflow water cuts
(Fig. 5). By controlling water from the top completion, MODEL SELECTION AND NUMERICAL
EXPERIMENTS
DWS technology increases the maximum natural flow
rate, reduced the flowing water cut (Fig. 4) and produces Candidate reservoir model selection can be based
oil free water from the bottom completion. upon the constant rate responses for an arbitrarily given
well geometry in a single well – radial reservoir model.
The inflow performance of the top completion of dual- The productivity improvement criterion is introduced to
completed wells is complicated by interference with compare conventional and DWS well performances for
bottom completion production rate (Fig. 6). Although feasible ranges of mobility ratio (M), vertical to
3
horizontal permeability ratio (kv/kh), oil-to-water zone 0.088 0.0402
Êk ˆ Êh ˆ
thickness ratio (ho/hw), drainage to well radius ratio 1.344ÁÁ v ˜˜ ÁÁ o ˜˜
(re/rw), capillary transition zone to oil zone thickness PI o DWS = Ë k h ¯ Ë hw ¯
0.0136 0.0179 0.203
ratio h(pc)/ho, and maximum pressure drawdown to 0.949 Ê re ˆ Ê h(pc )ˆ Ê Dp ˆ
M ÁÁ ˜˜ ÁÁ ˜˜ ÁÁ ˜˜
reservoir pressure ratio (Dp/pR) (Table 1). Ë rw ¯ Ë ho ¯ Ë pR ¯
..............................(7)
These 6 factors were considered at two different
values. The two level factorial has 26 = 64 cases. Each The mobility term has the strongest effect on the PIo
case requires 212 matrix of rates (441 reservoir for a DWS well followed by the pressure drawdown
simulations) to investigate the relevant ranges in top and limit term. On the other hand, least sensitivity
bottom rates treated as 2-factor 21-level design. In total coefficient is observed for the (re/rw) term, which is
14,112 simulation runs were used to compute the inflow unsurprising.
performance of these systems. A special batch
Dropping the effect of (re/rw) term, the same analysis
management program was used to create, queue, and
is conducted on a set of 35 = 243 cases (Table 3). Each
analyze these models.
case further included the 212 matrix of rates (total of
Linearized error analysis (11) is used to find a relation 35,721 runs). PIo relationship became;
type with the best correlation coefficient (R2),
0.068 0.037
Êk ˆ Ê ho ˆ
1.51ÁÁ v ˜˜ ÁÁ ˜˜
Y=Y(X1,X2, X3,…., Xi) ................................................. (2)
PI o- DWS = Ë kh ¯ Ë hw ¯ .........(8)
0.0087 0.203
Linearizing Y by writing its differential expansion: Ê h(pc )ˆ Ê Dp ˆ
M 0.927 ÁÁ ˜˜ ÁÁ ˜˜
∂Y ∂Y ∂Y Ë ho ¯ p
Ë R¯
dY = dX 1 + dX 2 + ...... + dX i ….. (3)
∂X 1 ∂X 2 ∂X i Defining the ratio of productivity improvement as;
d ln(Y ) = a1 d ln( X 1 ) + a 2 d ln( X 2 ) + ...... + a i d ln( X i ) ..(4) And applying a similar regressional analysis for PIR,
where ai’s are sensitivity coefficients. 0.069 0.017 0.176
Êk ˆ Ê h(pc )ˆ Ê Dp ˆ
3.52M 0.048 ÁÁ v ˜˜ ÁÁ ˜˜ ÁÁ ˜˜
The oil productivity index (PIo) is assumed to be a Ë kh ¯ Ë ho ¯ Ë pR ¯ .....(11)
PIR =
function of the form, Ê ho ˆ
0.536
ÁÁ ˜˜
Êr ˆ Êk ˆ Ê ho ˆ Ë hw ¯
PI o = Cf 1 ( M ) f 2 ÁÁ e ˜˜ f 3 ÁÁ v ˜˜ f 4 ÁÁ ˜˜ *
Ë rw ¯ Ë k h ¯ Ë hw ¯ ….. .. (5) This unbiased regression formula using least squares
f 5 ( h( Pc )/ ho )f 6 (Dp / p R ) approach yielded a multiple correlation coefficient (R2)
of 0.962 for a wide range of reservoir parameters (Table
A linear form of this equation is 2). In all of the cases, DWS completions increased the
oil productivity index. For the 35 = 243 cases considered,
Êr ˆ Êk ˆ
d ln(OPI ) = a1d ln(M ) + a2 d lnÁÁ e ˜˜ + a3d lnÁÁ v ˜˜ + minimum increase was 63 percent and maximum was
r
Ë w¯ Ë kh ¯ .. ... .(6) 457 percent improvements was observed. Productivity
Êh ˆ improvement is very sensitive to oil to water zone
a4 d lnÁÁ o ˜˜ + a5d ln ( h(pc )/ ho )+ a6 d ln (Dp / pR )
Ë hw ¯ thickness ratio (ho/hw) and drawdown (Dp/pR) (Table 3).
For the other reservoir and well parameters (Table 2), Tawila field(12) in Yemen is reported to have oil
the following PIo relationship for a DWS well is found: production with water cut. Using the productivity
4
improvement formula (Eq. 11), a productivity kv vertical permeability
improvement of 4.2 is estimated that is very promising
M mobility ratio
for the application of DWS technology.
PIo productivity index to oil
DWSTI JIP for supporting this study 6. Shirman, E.I. and Wojtanowicz, A.K., Water Coning
Reversal Using Downhole Water Sink- Theory and
Experimental Study, SPE 38792, PROC. 72th Annula
NOMENCLATURE
Technical Conference and Exhibition of SPE, San Antonio,
ai sensitivity coefficient Texas, October 5-8, 1997.
ho oil zone thickness 7. Inikori, S.O., Wojtanowicz, A.K., and Siddiq, S.S., Water
Control in Oil Wells with Downhole Oil-Free Water
hw water zone thickness
Drainage and Disposal, SPE 77559, SPE Annual Technical
h(pc) capillary transition zone thickness Conference and Exhibition, San Antonio, TX, Sep 29 – Oct
2 2002.
kh horizntal permeability
5
8. Economides, M.J., Hill, A.D., Economides, C.E., 11. Jensen, J.L., Lake, L.W., Corbett, P.W.M., Goggin, D.J.,
Petroleum Production Systems, Prentice Hall, Upper Statistics for Petroleum Engineers and Geoscientists,
Saddle River, NJ, 1994. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2003.
9. Beggs, H.D., Production Optimization Using Nodal 12. Beattie, C.I., Mills, B.R., and Mayo, V.A., Development
Analysis, Oil and Gas Consultants International INC., Drilling of the Tawila Field, Yemen, Based on Three-
Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1991. Dimensional Reservoir modeling and Simulation, SPE
49272, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,
10. GeoQuest, Schlumberger, ECLIPSE Reference Manual
New Orleans, Louisiana, 27 – 30 September 1998.
2001A(2001)
6
M, lw/lo kv/kh ho/hw re/rw h(Pc)/ho DP/Pr
6 0.6 0.5 3490 0 0.05
2 0.2 2.5 1745 0.4 0.083
+ - + - + - + -
PIRavg kv/kh kv/kh ho/hw ho/hw h(Pc)/ho h(Pc)/ho DP/Pr DP/Pr
TABLE 3. Productivity Improvement Ratios and % Response Change against Its Predictors
7
FIGURE 1. Inflow and Tubing Performance
6000
Varying WC
WC= 0.2
5800
IPR
WC= 0.1
5600
Pwf, psi
WC= 0
5400
5200
5000
0 300 Rate, bpd 600 900
FIGURE 2. Critical Rate and Producing Water Cut FIGURE 3. IPR versus various water cut TPR’s
1.6 1
1.4
0.8
1.2
Water Cut, fraction
OPI, bpd/psi
1
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0 0
0 200 400 600 800
FIGURE 4. Oil productivity index (PIo) and water cut responses for a conventional well
8
6400
Tubing Performance qbot=0 bpd
Curve
6200
qbot=200 bpd
6000
5800
qbot=500 bpd
Pwf, psi
qbot=800 bpd
5600
5400
800-1000
600-800
400-600
200-400
1000
0-200
Drawdown, psia
800
90
Pressure
0
600 75
0
60
400 0
45
0
pd
200 30
0
,b
15
0
p
0
to
Q
0
2000 1600 1200 800 400 0
Qbot, bpd
9
1.8-2.4
2.4 1.2-1.8
1.8
0.6-1.2
OPI, bpd/psi
1.2
0-0.6
90
0.6
75
0
60
0
y
da
45
0
l/
bb
30
0
0
,
15
0
2000 1500 1000 500 0 Q top
0
Qbot, bbl/day
10