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Introduction
Oil recovery from reservoir with oil zone underlying Occurrence of coning are common in mature oil
a gas cap, overlying bottom water, or sandwiched fields or the later years of a productive life of a well,
between gas and water may face the challenge of when the oil-water-contact (OWC) and the gas-oil-
excessive water and/ or gas production due to coning contact (GOC) have moved up and down
phenomena. Coning is a term used to describe the respectively into the oil column.
mechanism underlying the upward movement of
water and/ or the down movement of gas into the A review of many Niger Delta oil reservoirs shows
perforations of a producing well, thereby resulting to that most of the reservoirs are at its mature stage and
high water cut (BS&W) and high gas-oil-ratio therefore vulnerable to coning problems, which can
(GOR) respectively, leading to losses in ultimate oil have a detrimental effect on the ultimate oil
recovery (Fig. 1). recovery, and hence the project economics.12 Due to
high coning occurrences in the Niger-Delta, most
Coning occurs when the pressure drawdown created wells have been shut-in and a lot of recompletions
by a well is large enough to overcome the are being made in order to combat the problem of
gravitational resistance of nearby water or gas coning.20 Many methods have been used to control
causing these fluid(s) to be drawn into the well. This coning tendencies in oil wells. Different prevention
phenomenon is affected by the characteristics of the strategies may require specific operating procedures
fluids (density and viscosity), rock properties to accommodate different production system.
(vertical and horizontal permeability) and geometry Coning management strategy can be improved upon
of the reservoir and well type and location. Coning as more options are known to handle specific
can result to excessive water and/ or gas production reservoir conditions and development concept being
from oil reservoir, thereby significantly reducing applied. This article therefore discusses the various
reservoir energy. aspect of technology relative to the control of coning
in oil wells in order to optimize oil production.
*
Department of Petroleum Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria.
E-mail Id: mooremsi1@gmail.com
One of the major causes of coning is large pressure With the increase of computing power and
drawdown from excessive production. One can have improvement of simulation technology, several
severe coning in spite of high reservoir permeability. computer simulators make it possible to simulate
This happens with the fact that bottom water and top more complex coning problems. The first numerical
gas travel through high-permeability (vertical) simulation research on coning problem was carried
formations. out by Welge and Weber.33 They applied two-phase,
two-dimensional model using the alternating
direction implicit procedure (ADIP) in the gas and just delayed the water breakthrough time while it did
water coning simulation. Their simulation results not provide absolute remedy to the water-coning
matched the producing wells experiencing water or problem.25 Water would overpass the barrier and
free gas production by coning. They suggested that breakthrough to the production interval when the
the average horizontal and vertical permeability cone radius became greater than the barrier. It is
ratio, (kh/kv) is critical parameters in the coning useful only where the horizontal fracture is available
study. to form such an impermeable barrier. On the other
hand, this technology might impede the water drive
Schols developed an empirical formula for critical from the field point of view.
oil rate based on results obtained from numerical
simulator and laboratory experiments as:26 Downhole Oil-water Separation (DOWS)
Technology
(2)
In recent years, downhole oil-water separation
(DOWS) technology, as a technique of separating
Miller and Rogers presented detailed coning water downhole to reduce surface water production
simulation approach which was suitable to evaluate has been developed. This technique allows water to
water coning problem for a single well in a reservoir be separated in the wellbore and injected into a
with bottom water.17 They simulated a single well suitable injection zone downhole while oil is
using radial coordinates and a grid system which produced to the surface. Shortly after the
could be used to determine the most important introduction of the DOWS technology to the oil
parameters in water coning on both short term and industry in the 1990’s, considerable research work
long term production. Numerous researchers have has been done and several trial applications have
shown the effectiveness of computer simulation in been undertaken to test the technology.10
generating mathematical model for specific coning
management.4,15,18,25 One of the main reasons of water coning in oil well
is the pressure drop caused by the oil production in
Water Coning Control Methods oil zone. If an equal pressure drop in the aquifer is
applied, water will not rise up and water coning can
Several practical solutions have been developed to be controlled, then the drained water can either be
delay water breakthrough time and minimize the lifted to the surface or be injected into the same
severity of water coning in oil wells. The basic aquifer at a deeper depth.
methods included:
The first method is known as Downhole Water Sink
Separating oil and water in the OWC using (DWS) technology which has been studied and
horizontal impermeable barriers, applied for many years, while the second one is the
Controlling the fluids mobility in the reservoir, Downhole Water Loop (DWL) technology which is
Producing oil and water separately by relatively new comparing to DWS but showing
Downhole water sink (DWS) wells, beneficial advantages and potential to improve oil
production).
Minimizing drawdown around wellbore through
horizontal well technology.
Downhole Water Sink (DWS) Technology
Some of the methods are briefly described as
Widmyer introduced and patented a novel coning
followings:
control idea to the petroleum industry known as the
downhole water sink (DWS) technology.34 In his
Horizontal impermeable barriers
patent, he used two separated completions in one
Creating and placing horizontal barriers to well to control water coning: one produced oil from
separating oil and water in the OWC for controlling the oil zone and the other drained water in the
water coning has been considered. Karp studied aquifer. Thus, the water coning could be controlled
different designs of the horizontal barriers, by by the two opposite pressure drawdown.
establishing an experimental apparatus to test the
effects of different cement barriers and choose the The interest of the oil industry was drawn to the
DWS technology after Wojtanowicz and Xu
right materials for different reservoirs.13 They found
improved the technology to a more workable and
that reservoirs with high-density or high viscosity
crude oils, low permeability or thin oil-zone successful method when they simulated a dual
completion using a “tailpipe water sink” as shown in
thickness were not suitable to use this technology.
Fig. 2.35 First, an oil well is drilled through the oil-
Pirson and Mehta found that the horizontal barrier
bearing zone to the underlying aquifer. Then, the the produced oil is water free and the drained water
well is dually completed both in the oil and water is oil free.
zones. A packer separates the oil and water
perforations. During production, oil flows into the Until now, DWS completion has been field tested in
upper completion being produced up the annulus numerous reservoirs all over the world with good
between the tubing and the casing, while water is results.22,28,30 The drawback of this technology is
drained through the lowermost completion through that, it brings large amount of water to the surface
perforations in the casing and then lifted up through which requires more water processing facility and
the open tubing below the initial OWC. As a result, adds the production costs.
Downhole Water Loop (DWL) Technology formation water around the well from the water sink,
and then would reinject the same water back to the
In order to overcome this disadvantage of DWS water zone through the water source perforations
system, Wojtanowicz and Xu proposed a concept of (Fig. 3).
Downhole Water Loop (DWL) technique to cut back
the volume of formation water produced by an oil It is possible to use the flow potential theory to
well from a hydrocarbon reservoir underlain by a develop expressions for the streamlines and
water zone.35 The method employed dual isopotential lines for a number of cases of 2D fluid
completion of the well inside the water zone, below flow in the DWL well system as shown in Fig. 4. By
the OWC to install the water loop equipment reinjecting the produced water far away from the
(separated by a packer) in addition to the production interval, pressure interference is avoided
conventional completion in the oil zone (above the and the water displacement mechanism is
OWC). The water loop installation included a maintained. Also, supplementing the produced water
submersible pump, the upper (water sink) reinjection with external water, in order to enhance
perforations and the lower (water source) the water displacement may additionally improve oil
perforations. A submersible pump would drain the recovery.29
Figure 4.Flow Streamlines from Uniform Source and Point Source to Point Sink in 2D System
Several researchers have recommended horizontal Pressure losses along the horizontal wellbore can be
well technology as a solution for the development of redistributed by inserting a piece of pipe of a smaller
reservoirs with water coning problems.1,31,32 diameter into the completion/ production liner (Fig.
5). This smaller piece of pipe is typically called “the
While vertical wells act like point source stinger”. Permadi et al. studied this approach both
concentrating all the pressure drawdown around the numerically and with a Hele-Shaw physical model
bottom of the wellbore, horizontal wells act more and concluded that a stinger length of 0.25 times the
like a line sink and so distribute the pressure producing length of the horizontal wellbore is
drawdown over the entire length of the wellbore. adequate to redistribute the pressure drawdown and
The result is reduced pressure drawdown around the have a more uniform flux along the wellbore.24 They
wellbore. also reported that the rate reduction due to the
insertion of the un-perforated stinger is relatively
Peng and Yeh have showed that the use of small and is overcome by the much longer delay in
horizontal wells is a proven technology for reducing the time to water breakthrough.For most of the pipe
coning problems and improving recovery in length studied, they observed that inserting the
reservoirs underlain by water.23 stinger was capable of delaying the time to water
breakthrough in horizontal wells by as much as four
Various methods have recently been recommended
times. Thus, the completion of the horizontal well
by researchers to improve on the productivity of with stinger creates improved sand face pressure
horizontal wells with regards to combating water profile by controlling the inflow of fluid along the
coning problems. wellbore.
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APPENDIX
Nomenclature
Bo Oil formation volume factor in rb/STB.