MODELOING OF DOWNHOLE WATER SINK METHOD FOR

PREVENTING WATER CONING AND WATER CRESTING IN

HYDROCARBONIC RESERVOIRS

SINA LOHRASB

A proposal submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the

degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Petroleum Engineering)

Faculty of Petroleum and Renewable Energy Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

APRIL 2012
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1.0 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

Problem of producing unwanted water is a big problem in oil and gas

industry. This problem exists in many states and countries such as North Sea, Niger
Delta Basin as well as in the Middle East. It costs billion dollars every year, for
example in 1998, produced water from 40 counties in the state of Colorado was
about 220.6 million barrels and produces oil only was about 22.46 million barrel at
the same time (www.oil-gas.state.co.us/statistics, 1998-2001). According to
Halliburton, these costs are the costs of lifting, disposing, and re-injecting the
unwanted water. (www.halliburton.com, 2001).

This research aims to expand a procedure by which the problem of water

coning will be removed. This will be achieved through Downhole Water Sink
technology in vertical and horizontal wells with the use of numerical simulation. This
will be discussed in detail later in this study.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Every year, oil industry sustains billion dollars loss because of production of
unwanted water which is the result of water coning. Downhole Water Sink is one of
the techniques which have been used for removing this problem in oil industry. This
technology consist of production of water and oil separately and also simultaneously
from their own layer and this can be used for preventing water coning in vertical
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wells and also preventing water cresting in horizontal wells. In fact, this technique
causes the vacuum of water in aquifer.

1.3 Purposes of the Study

The main purposes are:

1- Simulation and evaluation of Downhole Water Sink operation in old wells

which is not affected by water coning.

2- Simulation and evaluation of Downhole Water Sink operation in new wells

which is not affected by water coning.

3- Simulation and evaluation of Downhole Water Sink operation in vertical and

horizontal wells.

4- Finally, the main purpose is the simulation and investigation the other
conditions which can be useful in expansion of this technique.

1.4 Objectives of the Study

1.4.1 To assess the water coning problem in oil wells.

1.4.2 To identify the causes and effects of water coning in oil wells.
 3

1.4.3 To recommended solutions to minimize the water production in oil

wells.

1.5 Research Questions

1.5.1 What are the water coning problems in oil wells?

1.5.2 What are the causes and effects of water coning in oil production?

1.5.3 What can be done to minimize the water production in oil wells?

1.6 Significance of the Study

These studies is important in the senses that in leads to the development of

Downhole Water Sink technology in vertical and horizontal wells with the use of
numerical simulation.

These studies helps to re-production of old wells which have been located in
transition zone because of production and have the problem of water coning which
cause their production to be stopped.

These researches can help to prevent the entrance of two-phase fluid of water
and oil in a well.
 4

These studies can lead to the expansion of this technique in horizontal wells
which today have more efficiency.

In these studies, it will be discussed the water coning phenomenon in old and
new wells as well and also the use of Downhole Water Sink technology in old wells
with sever water coning.

These studies also attempts to discuss the problems of water cresting in

horizontal wells and the ways of using Downhole Water Sink technology in
horizontal wells. In addition, the Downhole Water Sink technology in horizontal and
vertical wells will be compared together.

In the last few decades, many studies have been dedicated to the mechanism
of water coning in vertical wells and water cresting in horizontal wells. These
researches presented a formula for critical oil production rate to prevent water coning
and forecast the water break through time after happening of water coning. But as it
is known this production with critical oil rate is not economically profitable.

The aim of these studies is evaluating the operation of Downhole Water Sink
with the help of simulation and finally producing the oil without water in vertical and
horizontal wells.

Downhole Water Sink technology proved that we can produce more oil with
high oil production rate and water coning can be prevented and thus, this technology
prevents the oil to be bypassed to the reservoir.

1.7 Hypothesis

In most of the done researches, the types of fluid flow were supposed to be
stable and the type of two phase flow and reservoirs were supposed to be
homogeneous. However, as it is known, reservoirs are not so in fact. So for achieving
 5

better results, our simulation is designed in a situation in which these hypotheses

were changed. So the main hypotheses are:

1- The flow condition is unstable.

2- The type of fluid is considered to be three phase (oil, water, gas).

3- The reservoirs were considered to be heterogeneous.

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2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Water Coning in Vertical Wells

Reviewing these studies, shows that most of the researches are based on
experimental procedures and their simulations are based on numerical analysis and
their results are forecasting exact water break through time and critical oil production
rate.

Muskut, Wyckoff (1935) stated that the water coning phenomenon is the
result of unestablishing the balance between the surface of water and oil. They
believed that, for preventing this problem, these two surfaces should remain stable.
They presented a critical oil production rate formula to picking this problem.

According to Wheatly (1985), the formula calculated by Muskut and

Wyckoff is not usable because the distribution pressure in reservoir was not
calculated. He also concluded that well radius has not remarkable influence of
critical oil production rate and finally presented a new formula for calculating critical
oil production rate.

Lee, Guo (1993) proved that water coning is related to vertical pressure
gradient under the well bore and presented a new formula for calculating of critical
oil rate.

Other researchers such as Bournaze, jeanson (1971) and Chappellear,

Hirasaki (1975) also presented different formula for calculating critical oil
production rate.

But as it is know, the critical oil production rate is very low and its
production by this rate is not economically profitable. At the result, some ways were
expanded for preventing water coning in vertical wells and water cresting in
horizontal wells. In all these techniques, the aim is postponing the water break
through time.

The ways for preventing water coning in vertical wells:

 7

1- Closing the well in the zone in that water coning was happened and
recompletion the well in upper layers.
2- Injection of chemical substances like vax, gel, and viscous materials to
aquifer for preventing the quick movement of water into the oil layers.
3- Use of the inner well separator by which oil and water will be separated in the
well.
4- Making a radius fluid flow around well bore by decreasing the oil production
rate.

The ways for preventing water cresting in horizontal wells:

1- The use of stinger for preventing turbulence of the flow and at the result
preventing water cresting.
2- Use of the variable perforation density procedure.
3- Use of high angle well with tip close to the water oil contact.

As it can be seen, in all above mentioned procedures, the aim is to postponing

the water break through time, but in the Downhole Water Sink technique the water
break through time do not have any role in production. In this procedure oil and
water can be produced simultaneously and water coning will be prevented.

2.2 Water Cresting Control in Horizontal Wells

The subject of control of water cresting in horizontal wells is yet to receive

much attention as in vertical wells. This is, perhaps, due to the fact that the
technology is relatively new. However, the experience of water cresting in the
horizontal wells over the past few years have prompted some level of research into
the development of possible solutions.

Chugbo et. al. (1989) observed that the euphoria of horizontal well
technology for the development of thin oil columns in an unconsolidated sand
 8

deposit in a deltaic environment may be erroneous and dangerous. Unfortunately,

they did not report the result of further studies to validate this claim.

Permadi et. al. (1997) investigated the horizontal well completion with a
stinger introduced into the perforated pipe to redistribute the crest profile along the
wellbore. They concluded that inserting a stinger about 0.25 times the length of the
horizontal well provides a better pressure drawdown distribution and therefore more
uniform flux along the wellbore.

Asheim and Oudeman (1997) recommended an optimal perforation scheme

that reduces perforations at the heel and increases perforation density toward the tail
end and so redistribute the fluid influx model to possibly achieve uniform influx
pattern.

Ehlig-Economides (1996) proposed that a dual horizontal well completion,

one in the oil zone and one in the water zone could reduce water cresting problem in
horizontal wells. She did not present the results of research to validate the
proposition.

Renard et. al. (1997) recommended drilling of multilateral wells instead of

several horizontal wells to economically increase and accelerate the overall recovery
of oil in reservoirs underlain by an active bottom aquifer.

2.3 Histories of Downhole Water Sink procedures

Mehta, Pirson (1967) had presented a way in which the produced oil were re-
injected to the aquifer to prevent water coning. Theoretically their approaches were
practical for preventing water coning but were not justified economically.

Driscall (1972) presented a technique for producing water and oil

simultaneously. In his procedures, water and oil will be produced from their layers
 9

simultaneously and will be separated by a packer in the well. The problem of this
procedure was that, by producing water, the oil production rate was reduced at the
same time. On the other hand in his procedure the problem of oil bypassing were
completely removed.

Ehlig, Economides et.al (1996) showed that Driscall procedure had high
efficiency in the reservoir with strong aquifer and also reservoirs in which oil is
produced by the water drive mechanism because these reservoirs are not affected
with pressure reduction by water production.

After that, the Downhole Water Sink technique was known as an ideal
technique for preventing water coning inn water drive reservoirs whose most
problems are also water coning.

Petroleum engineering department of USA in 1991 started its theoretical

studies on the Downhole Water Sink technology. Their results showed that the
location of packer is the effective factor on best oil production.

The Downhole Water Sink technology was carried out for the first time in
1994 in Nebo Hemphill field in Louisiana of USA by the company of Hunt
Petroleum. The practical results showed that this technique not only prevent water
coning, but also increase the oil production rate and revise the old wells in which oil
production s are stopped because of water coning.

Downhole Water Sink technique also had been used later in horizontal wells
too. It consists of two techniques:

1- Tailpipe Water Sink: A well horizontally enters to the oil layer and other well
vertically enters to the aquifer and they will be produced oil and water
simultaneously and separately.
2- Bilateral Water Sink: Both wells will be drilled horizontally and in parallel
form. The lower well will be located in the aquifer and the upper one in the
oil layer and they will produced water and oil simultaneously and separately.
 10

3.0 Methodology of the Research

3.1 Primary Data collection

3.1.1 Collecting data from oil wells that have water coning.

3.1.2 Collecting data from Experiments in the laboratory.

3.1.3 Collecting data from results of simulations.

3.2 Secondary data collection

3.2.1 Books

3.2.2 Journals

3.2.3 Articles

3.3 Instruments of the Research

There are various softwares in the oil industry by which this sort of
simulation can be done and the results can be compared together, such as SCON,
CMG, etc.
 11

The main applicable software for this research is ECLIPSE software and use
of Inflow Performance Window (IPW) technique also is a proper way for evaluating
the applicability of Downhole Water Sink in this study.
 12

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