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1.6 Relations Between Stress and Rate-Of-Strain Tensors: 1.6.1 Newtonian Fluid
1.6 Relations Between Stress and Rate-Of-Strain Tensors: 1.6.1 Newtonian Fluid
February 6, 2007
1-6stressstrain.tex,
The second part is called the viscous stress τij and must depend on gradients of velocity,
∂qi ∂ 2 qi
, ···.
∂xj ∂xj ∂xk
where !
1 ∂qi ∂qj
eij = + (1.6.5)
2 ∂xj ∂xi
is the rate of strain tensor, and
!
1 ∂qi ∂qj
Ωij = − (1.6.6)
2 ∂xj ∂xi
is the vorticity tensor. Note also that (1.6.4) depends only on the rate of strain but not on
vorticity. This is reasonable since a fluid in rigid-body rotation should not experience any
viscous stress. In a rigid-body rotation with angular velocity ω, the fluid velocity is
~i ~j ~k
~q = ω
~ × ~r qi = ω1 ω2 ω3
x1 x2 x3
The governing equations for an incompressible Newtonian fluid may now be summarized:
Dρ
= 0, (incompressibility) (1.6.9)
Dt
∂qi
= 0, (continuity) (1.6.10)
∂xi
Dqi ∂p ∂ 2 qi
ρ =− +µ + ρfi , (momentum conservation) (1.6.11)
Dt ∂xi ∂xj ∂xj
3
after using continuity. The last equation (1.6.11) and sometimes the set of equations (1.6.11),
(1.6.9) and (1.6.10), is called the Navier-Stokes equation(s). Now we have just five scalar
equations for five unknowns ρ, p, and qi . Boundary and initial conditions must be further
specified. For example on the surface of a stationary rigid body, no slippage is allowed, so
that
qi = 0, on a rigid stationary surface (1.6.12)
In other words,
∂u
= 0, if |τxy | < τc , (1.6.18)
∂y
!
∂u ∂u
τxy = µ + τc sgn , if |τxy | ≥ τc .
∂y ∂y