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Contents
Manual for Kuestion .......................................................................... 2
Type 1: Delta Function ........................................................................ 3
Type 2: Signal Period ........................................................................... 4
Type 3: Signal Representation............................................................. 5
Type 4: Signal RMS Value .................................................................... 9
Type 5: Energy and Power Signals ..................................................... 10
Type 6: LTI System Properties........................................................... 13
Type 7: Convolution .......................................................................... 16
Type 8: Convolution by Graph .......................................................... 18
Type 9: Continuous Time Fourier Series............................................ 22
Type 10: Continuous Time Fourier Transform ................................... 25
Type 11: Fourier Transform by Graph ............................................... 26
Type 12: Properties of Fourier Transform ......................................... 29
Type 13: Initial Value in Fourier Transform ....................................... 31
Type 14: Laplace Transform .............................................................. 33
Type 15: Initial and Final Value Theorem .......................................... 34
Type 16: Magnitude and Phase Response......................................... 36
Type 17: Z-Transform ........................................................................ 39
Type 18: Sampling ............................................................................. 42
Answer Key ....................................................................................... 46
1
Manual for Kuestion
Why Kuestion?
It’s very overwhelming for a student to even think about finishing 100-200 questions per chapter
when the clock is ticking at the last moment. This is the reason why Kuestion serves the purpose
of being the bare minimum set of questions to be solved from each chapter during revision.
What is Kuestion?
A set of 40 questions or less for each chapter covering almost every type which has been previously
asked in GATE. Along with the Solved examples to refer from, a student can try similar unsolved
questions to improve his/her problem solving skills.
It is recommended to use Kuestion as soon as you feel confident in any particular chapter.
Although it will really help a student if he/she will start making use of Kuestion in the last 2
months before GATE Exam (November end onwards).
Kuestion should be used as a tool to improve your speed and accuracy chapter wise. It should be
treated as a supplement to our K-Notes and should be attempted once you are comfortable with
the understanding and basic problem solving ability of the chapter. You should refer K-Notes
Theory before solving any “Type” problems from Kuestion.
2
Type 1: Delta Function
For Concept refer to Signals and Systems K-Notes, Signals
Common Mistake:
Divide by the coefficient of “t” in delta function while integrating.
Sample Problem 1:
Unsolved Problems:
6
Q.1 (t2 2t 2) (2t 3)dt =?
3
Q.2 Find the Fourier transform of the signal x(t) (t 1) (t 1)
2 2
(A) (B) (C)2cosω (D)None
1 j 1 j
2
Q.3 The value ([t 3](2t 2) 8cos t (t 0.5))dt is
2
3
Type 2: Signal Period
For Concept, refer to Signals and Systems K-Notes, Signals
Common Mistake:
If one signal period is rational and other is irrational, then sum of the two signals can never be
periodic.
Sample Problem 2:
t
The time period ‘T’ of the signal x(t) 3sin 4cos(4t) 8sin(t) is equal to
2
Q.2. Let x(n) be a discrete – time signal, and Let y1(n) = x(2n) &
x n / 2 , n even
y2 n
0 , n odd
4
Consider the following statements
n n
Q.3 A discrete –time signal is given as x[n] cos cos . The signal is
8 8
Q.5 The period of the signal s(t) sin 5t 3cos 6t 3sin( t 300 ) is ?
2 2 7
(A)140π (B) 120π (C) 160π (D)Not periodic
Common Mistake:
Make sure that same argument appears in function as the unit step function multiplied to it
before taking any Transform. eg. The term with u(t-2) should be (t-2) as in sample problem.
5
Sample Problem 3:
Unsolved Problems:
Q.1 The function f(t) shown in the figure will have Laplace transform as
6
Q.2 If a plot of signal x(t) is as shown in the figure
7
Q.4 Consider two signal x(t) and y(t) shown in figure and there Laplace transform pairs
x(t)
LT
X(s) and y(t)
LT
Y(s)
1
If X(s) 5 10e2s 5e4s . Then Y(s) will be?
s
1
(A) 5 10e2s 5e4s (B) 5 10e2s 5e4s
2
2s
1
(C) s 5 10e2s 5e4s (D) 2 5 10e2s 5e4s
s
Q.5 The input output pair for a LTI system is given below.
8
(A) y 0 [n] y 0 [n 1] y 0 [n 3] (B) y 0 [n 1] y 0 [n 1] y 0 [n]
(C) y 0 [n 1] y 0 [n 3] y 0[n 5] (D) y 0 [n] y 0 [n 1] y 0 [n 2]
4
(A) 2 6A B) 6 2A (C) A (D) 1.5 A
3
Solution: (A) is correct option
12 T
T t, 0<t< 2
Given I (t)
6 , T <t<T
2
T 2
1 2 12t
T T
1 2
I dt dt 6 dt
2
T0 T 0 T
T
2
T
T
1 2 1 144 2
2
36T
T 0
I dt 2 t dt
T T 0 2
1 144 T 3
T
1 2
T0
I dt
T T 2
18T
8
=6+18=24
T
1 2
T 0
Irms I dt 24 2 6A
9
Unsolved Problems:
Q.1 If current of 6 2 sin(100t) 6 2 cos(300t ) 6 2 A passed through a true RMS
4
ammeter, the meter reading will be
(A) 6 2A (B) 126 A (C) 12 A (D) 216 A
Q.2 The average value of the periodic signal x(t) shown in figure is
sin2 cos2
(A) 1 (B) 1
sin2 cos2
(C) 1 (D) 1
2 2
Q.4 Find the Average value of the function f(t) t 1 across [0,3]
7 7 14
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
18 9 9
Common Mistake:
A periodic signal is always a Power Signal and a finite signal is always an Energy Signal.
Sample Problem 5:
The power in the signal s(t) 8cos(20t ) 4sin(15t) is?
2
(A)40 (B)41 (C)42 (D)82
Solution: (A) is correct option
10
s(t) 8cos(20t ) 4sin(15t)
2
s(t) 8sin(20t) 4sin(15t)
T
1
T 2T
2
Power lim s(t) dt
T
T
1
2
Power lim 8sin(20t) 4sin(15t) dt
T 2T
T
82 4 2
Power 40
2 2
Unsolved Problems:
Q.2 Consider a continuous time signal x(t) (t 2) (t 2). The value of E∞ for the signal
t
x()d ?
11
Q.3 The power contained in the first 2 harmonics of periodic signal shown in figure below
Q.4 Figure below shows the P.S.D. of a power signal x(t). Then the average power of the
signal is?
Q.5 An ideal second order low pass filter shown below with cut off frequency of 1 rad/sec is
supplied with x(t)=e-tu(t). Energy at response of the system
1 1 1
(A) 1 J (B) J (C) J (D) J
2 4 8
12
Q.6 The discrete time signal is given as
n
f n cos
3
u n u n 6 . The energy of the signal is ?
Common Tip:
An LTI System by default is an Invertible System.
Sample Problem 6:
t
The input x(t) and output y(t) of a system are related as y(t) x()cos(3)d The system is.
t t0
x( )cos(3t
1 0 30 )d1
t t0
y(t t0 ) x()cos(3)d
o / p y(t t0 )
13
t
y(t) cos2 (3)d
0
t t
1 1
= d cos(6)d I1 I2
0
2 0
2
I1 is unbounded, I1 ∞ as t ∞
Unsolved Problems:
d2 y(t) d2x(t)
Q.2 The input and output relationship of a system is given below 2 2tx(t) 6
dt2 dt
(A) linear, time invariant, causal (B) Non-linear, time variant, non-causal
(C) Non-linear, time invariant, causal (D) linear, time variant, non-causal
Q.3 The impulse response of a discrete LTI system is given by h(n) = - (0.25)-n u(n – 4).
The system is
(C) Non causal & Stable (D) Non – Causal & Unstable
14
Q.5 The system given below is
Q.7 The block diagram representation of a CT system in the figure below . The system is
15
Type 7: Convolution
For Concept refer to Signals and Systems K-Notes, LTI Systems
Common Mistake:
This is a lengthy question, take care of calculations as this is the most probable error.
Sample Problem 7:
Given two continuous time signals x(t)=e-t and y(t)=e-2t which exist for t>0 , the convolution
z(t)=x(t)*y(t) is
(A) e-t- e-2t (B) e-3t (C) et (D) e-t+ e-2t
Solution: (A) is correct option
1
For x t e t , t 0 X(s)
L.T.
s 1
1
For y t e2t , t 0 y(s)
L.T.
s2
z(t) x(t)* y(t), Z(s)=x(s) Y(s)
If 1 1 1
Z(s)=
(s 1)(s 2) s 1 s 2
Taking inverse L.T.
z(t)= (e-t- e-2t)u(t)
Unsolved Problems:
e 6 t e 8 t
Q.1 The input of a system x(t) = e–6t u(t) and output y( t ) u ( t )
2
Q.2 Define the area under a continuous time signal V(t) is A v V(t)dt if y(t)=x(t)*h(t) ,
then Ay=?
16
Q.3 Consider the following two signals
x(n) = (-1)n ; 0 n 4
h(n) = (2)n ; 0 n 3
the convolution is defined as y(n) = x(n)*h(n) then y(2) & y(3) respectively ………..
Q.4 Let x(n) = {2, 5, 0, 4} ; h(n)={4, 1, 3} where x(n) is input signal of a discrete system and
h(n) is the impulse response of the same then. The output y(n) of the system is
Q.5 Signals x(t) and y(t) have the following pole-zero diagrams
The signal g(t) and h(t) defined as g(t)=x(t)e-3t and h(t)=y(t)* e-tu(t). If g(t) and h(t) are both
absolutely integrable, then
Q.6 The impulse response of a causal LTI system is given as h(t)=u(t)-u(t-6).The input to this
system shown below
(A)1 (B)2
(C)3 (D)4
17
Q.7 The input x(n) of a discrete system is given by x (n ) 3, 4, 6, 2 and impulse
response h (n ) 6, 2, 6 . The number of samples in y(n) and y(0)are
(A) 4, 10 (B) 4, 18 (C)6, 18 (D) 6, -30
Common Tip:
Flip the function by which the convolution can be easier to save time like unit step function.
Sample Problem 8:
Find the response, when the function x(t) convolve with h(t)
1 t<0 0 t<0
2 10t
10t 0 t<2 0 t<2
(A) y(t) (B) y(t)
10+5t 2 t<4 10+5t 2 t<4
40 4t
30 4t
0 t<0
10t 0 t<2
(C) y(t) (D)None
10t+5t 2 t<4
2
30 4t
18
for t<0
y(t)=0
for 0 t<2
t
y(t) 10 1d 10t
0
for 2 t<4
2 t
y(t) 10 1d 5 1d 10 5t
0 2
19
for 4 t
2 4
y(t) 10 1d 5 1d 30
0 2
Unsolved Problems:
x(t) y(t)
1 2
0 4 t 8 20 t
t 8 t 8
(A) y(t) = –2x (B) y(t) = 2x
3 3 3 3
t t
(C) y(t) = –2x 8 (D) y(t) = 2x 8
3 3
Q.2 The convolution of the signals x(t) & h(t) shown in fig. at t = 3 is
h(t)
x(t)
2 1
0 t t
1
0 1 3
20
Q.3 Given input of system x(t) (t) 2(t 1) (t 2) and impulse response h(t) is shown
in figure below . Then the output of the system is ?
Q.4 The graph shown below represents a wave form obtained by convolving two
rectangular waveform of duration
21
Q.5 The input x(t) to a linear time invariant system and the impulse response h(t) of the
system is shown below
Common Mistake:
Remember to divide by time period while calculating Fourier Series Coefficients.
Sample Problem 9:
The T.F.S. of the signal x(t) is
A 2A 1 1
(A) sint sin3t sin5t ..............
2 3 5
2A 1 1
(B) sint sin3t sin5t ......................
3 5
A 2A 1 1
(C) cost cos3t cos5t ............
2 3 5
A 2A 1 1
(D) sint cost sin3t sin3t ....
2 3 3
22
Solution: (C) is correct option
For the given signal, Fourier Series x(t) a0 an cos(n0 t) bn sin(n0 t).
n1
2 n 3n
sin( ) sin
2 A
T0 2
2 2 A n
an x(t)cos(n0 t)dt Acos(n0 t)dt Acos(n0 t)dt 2 2sin
T0 2 0 3 n n n 2
2
T0 2 2
2 2 A 1 cos(2n)
bn x(t)sin(n0 t)dt Asin(n0 t)dt Asin(n0 t)dt 0
T0 2 0 3 n
2
A 2A 1 1
Hence x(t)= cost cos3t cos5t ............
2 3 5
Unsolved Problems:
A A
(A)
A
1 (1)k (B)
A
1 (1)k (C) 1 (1)k (D) 1 (1)k
k k jk jk
23
Q.2 f(x), shown in the figure is represented by f(x) a0 an cos(nx) bn sin(nx). The
n1
value of a0 is
Q.3 Let x1(t) and x2(t) be continuous time periodic signal with fundamental frequency ω 1 and
ω2, Fourier series coefficient Cn and dn respectively.
Given that x2(t)=x1(t-1)+x1(1-t)
The Fourier coefficient dn will be
(A) Cn jCn e j1n (B) Cn Cn e j1n
(C) Cn jCn e j1n (D) Cn Cn e j1n
Q.4 Determine the time signal corresponding to the magnitude and phase spectra as shown
in the figure with ω0=π
(A) x(t) 4sin 4 t 2cos 3t
8 4
(B) x(t) 4sin 2t 2cos 3t
8 4
(C) x(t) 4cos 4 t 2cos 3t
8 4
(D) x(t) 4cos 2t 2sin 3t
8 4
24
Q.5 The exponential Fourier series of a certain periodic function is given as
f(t) 2 2j e j3t 2je jt 3 2je jt (2 2j)e j3t
Find the Fourier series of this function
(A) f(t) 3 4cos t 2 2 cos 3t
2 4
(B) f(t) 3 4cos t 4 2 cos 3t
2 4
(C) f(t) 3 4 2 cos t 4cos 3t
2 4
(D) f(t) 3 4cos t 4 2 cos 3t
2 4
Unsolved Problems:
25
d x(t td )
Q.2 Let the signal x(t) have the fourier transform X(ω). Consider the signal y(t) ,
dt
where td is arbitrary delay. The magnitude of the fourier transform of y(t) is?
(A) x() (B) x() (C) 2 x() (D) x() e jtd
Q.3 If a signal x(t)=1+cos(2πft)+cos(6 πft) is fourier transformed , the number of spectral lines
in the Fourier transform will be ?
(A)3 (B)4 (C)5 (D)6
FT
Q.4 if x(t) X() the F.T. of y(t)=x(t-1)ejt is
(A) X(1)e j(1) (B) X( 1)e j(1) (C) X()e j(1) (D) X( 1)e j
1
Q.5 Fourier transform of f( b) is
a
1 jab 1 jab
(A) e F(a) (B) a ejabF(a) (C) a e jabF(b) (D) e F(b)
a a
Common Mistake:
Remember to consider the impulse function while taking the derivative of the rectangular
function at the edges.
26
Method 1
equation of x t t u t 1 u t 1 t 1u t 1 u t 1 t 1 u t 1 u t 1
Taking Fourier Transfer
e j e j e j e j 1 2
X(j) 2 2 [2jsin ] cos
2
j j j
cos sin
X(j) 2j 2
Method 2
equation of x t t u t 1 u t 1
Taking Fourier Transform
dF.T. u t 1 u t 1 d 2sin 2 cos 2sin
X(j) j j ( ) j( )
d d 2
cos sin
X(j) 2j( 2 )
Unsolved Problems:
27
Q.2 For the signal shown below
Q.3 Find the Inverse Fourier transform of X(ω) for the magnitude and phase spectra of X(ω)
A
(A)
A
1 cos 0 t (B) 1 cos 0 t
t
A A
(C) 1 sin 0 t (D) 1 sin 0 t
t
Q.4 Find the inverse Fourier transform of the spectra F(ω) depicted below
28
Q.5 Determine the Fourier transform for the waveform shown below
Common Mistake:
Remember the duality property correctly for functions like rectangular and triangular.
29
sin( )
sin(f) 2 sa( )
X(f),X() 1sinc(f) sinc
2 f 2
2
Note that Sinc and Sa functions are even,
i.e. Sinc(λ)=Sinc(-λ)
Sa(λ)=Sa(-λ)
Using Time Reversal property of F.T. :
x(t)
FT
X(f) or X()
sinc sinc X()
2 2
x(t) x(t)
FT
X() + X()
2X() 2Sinc
2
Unsolved Problems:
4 cos2t
Q.1 The Fourier Transform of. x(t)
t2 1
3 4 2
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of the above
2 1 42 1 2 4
2
Q.2 The Fourier Transform of. x(t)
t 1
2
sin cos
(A) (B) (C) 2e4 (D) 2e
2 2
30
Q.4 Consider a signal g(t) x1 (t) x2 (t) where x1 (t)=sinc50t and x2 (t)=sinc100t
Also g(t) G()
F.T.
exists is ?
(A) e2tu(t) 2te2tu(t) 3e tu(t) (B) e2tu(t) 2te2tu(t) 3etu(t)
(C) e2tu(t) 2te2tu(t) 3e tu(t) (D) None
(A)7,4π
(B)21,6π
(C)69,π
(D)None
Solution: (A) is correct option
31
1
x(t)
2
X()e jtd
x(t)e
jt
and X() dt
put ω=0 in above equation
X(0) x(t)dt area of the signal 7
Unsolved Problems:
Q.2 The sequence x(n) represents output of system in discrete time domain.
The value of X(π) would be?
(A)3
(B)6
(C)9
(D)12
32
Type 14: Laplace Transform
For Concept refer to Signals and Systems K-Notes, Laplace Transform
Common Mistake:
While Calculating Inverse Laplace Transform, take care about Region of Convergence of the
Transform like Laplace Transform may be same for both left sided signal and Right Sided
Signal.
Unsolved Problems:
Q.1 The O/p y(t) of a causal LTI system is related to the I/p x(t) as
dy(t)
10y(t) x()z(t )d x(t)
dt .
where x(t) = e-tU(t) + 3(t) then impulse response is
1 t 17 17 t 1
(A) e U(t) e10tU(t) (B) e U(t) e10tU(t)
9 9 9 9
33
Q.2 The output of the system shown in figure below .If the input x(t)= te-2tu(t) is ?
(A) t2e2tu(t)
(B) te2tu(t)
t2 2t
(C) e u(t)
2
(D) t e 2tu(t)
2
s2 a2
Q.5 What is the inverse Laplace transform of X(s) log 2 2
s b
2 2
(A) x(t) coshbt coshat (B) x(t) sinhat sinhbt
t t
2 2
(C) x(t) coshbt cosat (D) x(t) sinhat sinbt
t t
34
Common Mistake:
Check for Stability of a signal before applying Final Value Theorem.
s 64 2
8
e6t sin(8t)u(t)
L.T.
(s 6)2 64
100
h(t) H(s)
L.T.
(s 6)2 64
If the step response is y(t)
t
y(t) h(t)dt,
H(s) 100
Y(s) (integrating property of LT is used)
s s (s 6)2 64
100
y ss lim y(t) limsY(s) 1 (Final value theorem of LT is used)
t s 0 100
Unsolved Problems:
2(s 1)
Q.1 L f(t) then f(0) and f(∞) are ?
(s 2s 5)
2
35
(s2 2s 1)
Q.3 Determine the initial and final values of the f(t), Given that F(s)
(s 2)(s2 2s 4)
(A)0,8 (B)0,0 (C)1,doesn’t exist (D)None
b(s a)
Q.4 The unit step response of a system with the transfer function X(s) is c(t).If
(s b)
c(0)=2 and c(∞)=10 , then the ratio a is
b
(A)4 (B)5 (C)16 (D)25
1 1 (1 z 4 )
Q.5 The z-Transform of signal is X(z) z .What will be tha value of x[∞]?
4 (1 z 1 )2
(A)1/4 (B)0 (C)1 (D) ∞
1 1
(A) sin(t 450 ) (B) sin(t 450 ) (C) sin(t 450 ) (D) sin(t 450 )
2 2
Solution: (A) is correct option
s Amplitude response
System response H(s)=
s 1
H(j) =
j 2 1
H(j)=
j 1
36
Phase response
h (j)=90 0 tan1 ()
h (j) 1 =90 0 tan1 (1) 450
Unsolved Problems:
Q.1 In fig. the steady state output corresponding to the input 3 + 4 sin 100t is
4
(A) 3 sin(100t 450 )
2
3 4
(C) sin(100t 450 )
2 2
3 4
(D) sin(100t 450 )
2 2
Q.2 Consider a distortion less system H(ω) with magnitude and phase response as shown
below . If an input signal x t 2cos10t sin26t is given to this system the output will be
37
(A) 4cos10t sin26t
(B) 8cos10t sin26t
13
(C) 4cos 10t sin 26t
6 30
(D) 8cos 10t sin 26t
2 2
Q.3 Let a signal a1sin(ω1t + φ) be applied to a stable linear time variant system. Let the
corresponding steady state output be represented as a2F(ω2t + φ2). Then which of the
following statement is true?
(A) F is not necessarily a “Sine” or “Cosine” function but must be periodic with ω1 = ω2
(B) F must be a “Sine” or “Cosine” function with a1 = a2
(C) F must be a “Sine” function with ω1 = ω2 and φ1 = φ2
(D) F must be a “Sine” or “Cosine” function with ω1 = ω2
Q.4 A causal LTI filter has the frequency response H(jω) shown below . For the input signal
x(t) e jt , output will be?
jt
(A) 2je (B) 2je jt (C) 4 je jt (D) 4 je jt
s 2
Q.5 Consider a LTI system with system function H(s) . The steady state response
s 4s 4 2
38
Type 17: Z-Transform
For Concept refer to Signals and Systems K-Notes, Z-Transform.
Common Mistake:
Take care of ROC while calculating inverse of Z-Transform.
Consider the D.E. y(n) y(n 1) x(n) and x(n)= u(n) .Assuming the condition of initial
1 1
3 2
rest, the solution for y(n): n 0 is
n n n n
(C) (D)
2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1
3 3 3 2 3 3 3 2
Solution: (B) is correct option
1
Given D.E. y(n) y(n 1) x(n)
3
1 n 1
n n
1
X(z) u(n)z z
n
n 2 n 0 2 1 1
2z
Taking ‘z’ Transform and Using time shifting property of ‘z’ Transform
1 1 1
Y(z) y(z)z1 X(z) Y(z) 1 z1
3 3 1 1
2z
1 1 3 2
Y(z)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2z 3z 2z 3z
39
Unsolved Problems:
1
n
64 z 3 1 64 z 3 1
(A) X(z) = ;| z | (B) X(z) = ;| z |
1 4z 4 1 4z 4
64 z 2 1 64 z 3 1
(C) X(z) = ;| z | (D) X(z) = ;| z |
1 4z 2 4 1 4z 2 4
Q.2 Consider three different signal
1
n
n
1
x2 n 2 u n 1 u n 1
n
2
n
1
x 3 n 2n u n 1 un
2
Following figure shows the three different region. Choose the correct for the ROC of signal
R1 R2 R3
(A) x1[n] x2[n] x3[n]
(B) x2[n] x3[n] x1[n]
(C) x1[n] x3[n] x2[n]
(D) x3[n] x2[n] x1[n]
40
1
Q.3 H(z) is transfer function of discrete system and has two poles at z = &2.
2
H(z) is rational. ROC includes z = 3 / 4, h(0) = 1 & h(–1) = 4 . Impulse response h(n) of the
system is
n n
1 1
(A) h (n) = u (n ) 4 n 2 u (n 1) (B) h (n) = u (n ) 4 n 2 u ( n 1)
2 2
n n
1 1
(C) h (n) = u (n ) 4 n 2 u ( n 1) (D) h (n) = u (n ) 4 n 2 u ( n )
2 2
Q.4 Consider the pole zero diagram of an LTI system shown in the figure which
corresponds to transfer function H(z).
Match List I (The impulse response) with List II (ROC which corresponds to above diagram)
and choose the correct answer using the codes given below:
{Given that H(1) = 1}
PQRS
(A) 4 1 3 2
(B) 2 1 3 4
(C) 1 4 2 3
(D) 2 4 3 1
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Q.5 The input-output relationship of a system is given as y[n] - 0.4y[n - 1] = x[n] where, x[n]
and y[n] are the input and output respectively. The zero state response of the system for an
input x[n] = (0.4)nu[n] is
(A) n 0.4 un (B) n2 0.4 un
n n
(A) 2z2 4z 5 7z z3 ,z
(B) 2z 2 4z 1 5 7z z3 ,z
2 z 1
(C) 2z 4 5 7z z , 0 z
3
1 3
(D) 2z 4z 5 7z z , 0 z
2
z
Q.7 The system diagram for the transfer function H(z) , is shown below
z z 1
2
Common Mistake:
For Band Pass Signals Nyquist Rate is different from Low Pass Signals.
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Sample Problem 18:
The frequency spectrum of a signal is shown in the figure. If this is ideally sampled at
intervals of 1 ms, then the frequency spectrum of the sampled signal will be
Sampling interval, Ts=1 ms, fs=1 KHz => fs= fh , Therefore Aliasing or overlap of the
adjacent spectra occurs in the sampled spectrum because fs< 2fh
The Sampled spectrum :
U*(j) U*(f) fs U(f nfs )
n
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The resultant spectrum U*(j) is constant for all ‘f’ as shown in figure below
Unsolved Problems:
Q.1 The Nyquist rate of the signal x (t ) 3 cos (3000 t ) 5 sin (9000 t )
(A) 9 KHz (B) 4.5 KHz (C)6 KHz (D) 2.5 KHz
Q.2 A continuous signal x(t) is obtained at the O/p of an ideal LPF with cut off frequency
1000 . If impulse train sampling is Performed on x(t), which of the following sampling
Periods would guarantee that x(t) can be recovered form its sampled version using an
appropriate LPF?
The spectral components in KHz present in sampled signal in frequency range 2KHz to 3KHz
(A)2.3,2.4,2.6,2.7 (B)2.6,2.7 (C)2.3,2.4 (D)2.2,2.4,2.6,2.8
Q.4 A signal x(t) 2 cos(50t) is sampled with sampling interval Ts=0.025 sec and passed
through an ideal low-pass filter whose frequency response is shown in the figure
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The spectrum of output signal will be ?
Q.5 Determine the Nyquist sampling rate for the signal x(t) sinc(50t)sinc(100t)
(A)50 (B)100 (C)125 (D)150
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Answer Key
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Type 1 B C A D
Type 2 D B D C A
Type 3 D A D B C
Type 4 C A A D
Type 5 B A A D C C
Type 6 B B B D A A B
Type 7 A B B C C A C
Type 8 B C A D A
Type 9 C A D C B
Type 10 A A C A B
Type 11 D B B B A
Type 12 D D A B A
Type 13 B C
Type 14 A A B D C
Type 15 B D C B C
Type 16 A C D B
Type 17 A C C D C D D
Type 18 B A B B D
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