You are on page 1of 8

3URGXFWLYH0DWKHPDWLFDO1RWLFLQJ:KDW,W,VDQG:K\,W0DWWHUV


%DQ+HQJ&KR\
       
    

EFKR#DXFNODQGXQLDFQ]!

7HDFKHUPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJLVDNH\FRPSRQHQWRIPDWKHPDWLFVWHDFKLQJH[SHUWLVHDQG
KDV EHHQ D IRFXV RI UHFHQW SURIHVVLRQDO GHYHORSPHQW HIIRUWV ,Q WKLV SDSHU , SURSRVH DQG
GHVFULEHH[SOLFLWO\WKH QRWLRQ RI    PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ ZKLFKVXUIDFHV IURP D
       

FDVHVWXG\LQYROYLQJDJURXSRIVHYHQPDWKHPDWLFVWHDFKHUVZKRFROODERUDWHGDVSDUWRID
OHVVRQ VWXG\ WHDP DW D SULPDU\ VFKRRO LQ 6LQJDSRUH 7ZR YLJQHWWHV²RQH WKDW KDSSHQHG
GXULQJ WKH SODQQLQJ VWDJH DQG WKH RWKHU WDNHQ IURP WKH DFWXDO OHVVRQ²DUH GLVFXVVHG WR
LOOXVWUDWHWKHQRWLRQRISURGXFWLYHPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJ

³7HDFKLQJUHTXLUHVDQXQQDWXUDORULHQWDWLRQWRZDUGRWKHUVDQGDVLPXOWDQHRXVXQXVXDO
DWWHQWLRQWRWKHµZKDW¶RIWKDWZKLFKWKH\DUHKHOSLQJRWKHUVOHDUQ´ %DOO )RU]DQL
S   7KLV ³XQXVXDO DWWHQWLRQ´ RU PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ UHIHUV WR ZKDW PDWKHPDWLFV
WHDFKHUVVHHDQGKRZWKH\XQGHUVWDQGLQVWUXFWLRQDOHYHQWVRUGHWDLOVWKH\VHHLQFODVVURRPV
-DFREV /DPE  3KLOLSS  0DVRQ  6KHULQ  YDQ (V   0DVRQ  
YLHZVPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJDVDVHWRISUDFWLFHVIRULPSURYLQJWHDFKHUV¶VHQVLWLYLW\WRDFW
GLIIHUHQWO\ GXULQJ WHDFKLQJ VLWXDWLRQV 7KHVH SUDFWLFHV LQFOXGH UHIOHFWLQJ V\VWHPDWLFDOO\
UHFRJQLVLQJ FKRLFHV DQG DOWHUQDWLYHV SUHSDULQJ DQG QRWLFLQJ SRVVLELOLWLHV DQG YDOLGDWLQJ
ZLWK RWKHUV 0DVRQ  S  0DWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ LV FHQWUDO WR DOO PDWKHPDWLFDO
WHDFKLQJ SUDFWLFHV 0DVRQ   DQG LV HVVHQWLDO IRU LPSURYLQJ WHDFKLQJ 6FKRHQIHOG
 )RUH[DPSOHWHDFKHUVQHHGWROLVWHQWRVWXGHQWV¶PDWKHPDWLFDOUHDVRQLQJDQGPDNH
VHQVH RI ZKDW WKH\ KHDU LQ RUGHU WR WHDFK LQ ZD\V WKDW EXLOG RQV WXGHQWV¶ WKLQNLQJ
*ROGVPLWK  6HDJR  -DFREV /DPE 3KLOLSS  6FKDSSHOOH  6FKLIWHU  
+HQFHLWFDQEHDUJXHGWKDWPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJLVDQLPSRUWDQWFRPSRQHQWRIWHDFKLQJ
H[SHUWLVH  0RVW UHVHDUFK IRFXVHV RQ WKH VSHFLILFLW\ RI ZKDW PDWKHPDWLFV WHDFKHUV QRWLFH
*ROGVPLWK 6HDJR.D]HPLHWDOYDQ(V )RULQVWDQFH-DFREVHWDO
 H[DPLQHGWHDFKHUV¶DWWHQGLQJWRFKLOGUHQ¶VFRXQWLQJVWUDWHJLHVDQGKRZWKH\GHFLGH
WR UHVSRQG EDVHG RQW KH VSHFLILF GHWDLOV RI FKLOGUHQ¶V VWUDWHJLHV : KLOH WKH VSHFLILFLW\ RI
PDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJLVQHFHVVDU\IRUFKDQJHGSUDFWLFHVLWLVQRWVXIILFLHQWEHFDXVHZKDW
LVQRWLFHGPD\QRWEHUHOHYDQWWRWKHOHDUQLQJJRDOVRUWKDWWHDFKHUVPD\ODFNWKHQHFHVVDU\
NQRZOHGJHWRUHVSRQG7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRFKDUDFWHULVHZKDWPDNHVPDWKHPDWLFDO
QRWLFLQJSURGXFWLYH+RZHYHUWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQPRUHSURGXFWLYHDQGOHVVSURGXFWLYH
QRWLFLQJLVQRWZHOOGHYHORSHG,QWKLVSDSHUDQRWLRQRISURGXFWLYHPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJ
UHOHYDQWWRWKHOHDUQLQJJRDOVLVSURSRVHGDQGGHVFULEHGXVLQJDFDVHVWXG\

0DWKHPDWLFDO1RWLFLQJ
7KHUH DUH GLIIHUHQW QRWLRQV RI PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ :KLOH 0DVRQ   YLHZV
QRWLFLQJ DV D VHW RI SUDFWLFHV WKDW ZRUN WRJHWKHU WR HQKDQFH WHDFKHUV¶ DZDUHQHVV WR QHZ
UHVSRQVHVLQFODVVURRPVLWXDWLRQVRWKHUUHVHDUFKHUVIRFXVVROHO\RQZKDWWHDFKHUVDWWHQGWR
6KHULQ5XVV &ROHVWRFN6WDU/\QFK 3HURYD +RZHYHUWKHPDMRULW\RI
UHVHDUFKHUV YLHZ QRWLFLQJ DV FRQVLVWLQJ RI WZR PDLQ SURFHVVHV ³DWWHQGLQJ WR SDUWLFXODU
HYHQWVDQGPDNLQJVHQVHRIHYHQWVLQDQLQVWUXFWLRQDOVHWWLQJ´ 6KHULQ-DFREV 3KLOLSS
S 6RPHUHVHDUFKHUVVXFKDV-DFREVHWDO  H[WHQGWKHQRWLRQRIQRWLFLQJWR
LQFOXGHKRZWHDFKHUVUHVSRQGWRLQVWUXFWLRQDOHYHQWVLQRUGHUWROLQNWKHLQWHQGHGUHVSRQVHV

,Q96WHLQOH/%DOO &%DUGLQL (GV 0DWKHPDWLFVHGXFDWLRQ<HVWHUGD\WRGD\DQGWRPRUURZ 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH


WKDQQXDOFRQIHUHQFHRIWKH0DWKHPDWLFV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK*URXSRI$XVWUDODVLD 0HOERXUQH9,&0(5*$
‹0DWKHPDWLFV(GXFDWLRQ5HVHDUFK*URXSRI$XVWUDODVLD,QF

WRWKHWZRPDLQSURFHVVHVRIQRWLFLQJ,QWKLVSDSHUDWULDGYLHZRIQRWLFLQJ²DWWHQGLQJWR
QRWHZRUWK\ DVSHFWV PDNLQJ VHQVH RI WKLV LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG GHFLGLQJ RQW KH UHVSRQVH²LV
XVHGWRH[DPLQHZKDWWHDFKHUVVHHDQGKRZWKH\UHDVRQWRPDNHGHFLVLRQVZLWKWKHDLPRI
HQKDQFLQJWKHLULQVWUXFWLRQ
7KH DELOLW\ WR DWWHQG WR QRWHZRUWK\ DVSHFWV LQ WKH PLGVW RI FRPSOH[ FODVVURRP
HQYLURQPHQW OD\V WKH JURXQGZRUN IRU LPSURYLQJ SUDFWLFH $V 0LOOHU   DUJXHV WKH
DELOLW\ WR VHH VDOLHQW IHDWXUHV UHOHYDQW WR VWXGHQWV¶ OHDUQLQJ LQ WKH EX]] RI FODVVURRP
DFWLYLWLHVLVDGLVWLQJXLVKLQJPDUNRIH[SHUWWHDFKHUV$WWHQGLQJWRPDWKHPDWLFDODVSHFWVRI
VWXGHQWV¶ VWUDWHJLHV RU UHDVRQLQJ IRU H[DPSOH SURYLGHV WHDFKHUV LQVLJKWV LQWR VWXGHQWV¶
WKLQNLQJ DQG LV FULWLFDO LQ EXLOGLQJ D PDWKHPDWLFDOO\ULFK FODVVURRP -DFREV HW DO  
2QHSURPLVLQJZD\RIGHYHORSLQJWKLVYLVLRQLQYROYHVWKHXVHRIYLGHRFOLSVRIWHDFKLQJ²
ZKHUHWHDFKHUVDUHVKRZQFOLSVRIFODVVURRPWHDFKLQJDQGDVNHGWRQRWLFHFHUWDLQIHDWXUHV
RIWKHLQVWUXFWLRQ -DFREVHWDO.D]HPLHWDO0LOOHU6KHULQ5XVVHW
DO6WDUHWDOYDQ(V +RZHYHUPDUNLQJLQVWUXFWLRQDOHYHQWVWKDWDUH
FULWLFDODQGGLVFHUQLQJREVHUYDWLRQVWKDWDUHXVHIXOFDQEHYHU\FKDOOHQJLQJ,QDYLGHRFOXE
VWXG\ LQYROYLQJ S UHVHUYLFH WHDFKHUV 6WDU HW DO   IRXQG WKDW WKH WHDFKHUV KDG
SUREOHPV QRWLFLQJ GHWDLOV DERXW WKH OHVVRQ WDVNV DQG PDWKHPDWLFDO FRQWHQW )XUWKHUPRUH
WHDFKHUV QHHG WR GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ UHOHYDQW DQG LUUHOHYDQW GHWDLOV LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH
WKHLUWHDFKLQJ%XWKRZWKLVFDQEHGRQHUHPDLQVXQFOHDU7KHUHIRUHWKLVSDSHUDGGUHVVHVD
ZD\WRPDNHWKLVGLVWLQFWLRQ
%HVLGHV NQRZLQJ ZKDW WR REVHUYH DQG DWWHQG WR PDWKHPDWLFV WHDFKHUV DOVR QHHG WR
GHYHORS VNLOOV LQ LQWHUSUHWLQJ WKHVH QRWHZRUWK\ IHDWXUHV YDQ (V   KLJKOLJKWV WKH
LPSRUWDQFH RI WHDFKHUV UHDVRQLQJ DERXW FULWLFDO WHDFKLQJ DQG OHDUQLQJ LVVXHV EDVHG RQ
HYLGHQFHVJDWKHUHGIURPREVHUYDWLRQV6KHFRQWUDVWVH[WHQGHGQRWLFLQJWREDVHOLQHQRWLFLQJ
LQ WHUPV RI WKH DELOLW\ WR SURYLGH LQWHUSUHWLYH FRPPHQWV WKDW UHIHU WR VSHFLILF HYHQWV DQG
LQWHUDFWLRQV LQ WKH FODVVURRPV DV HYLGHQFH /LNHZLVH -DFREV HW DO   H[DPLQHG
WHDFKHUV¶ UHDVRQLQJ RI FKLOGUHQ¶V PDWKHPDWLFDO XQGHUVWDQGLQJ EDVHG RQW KH DOLJQPHQW
EHWZHHQ WHDFKHUV¶ LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH GHWDLOV RI VSHFLILF VWUDWHJLHV ZLWK WKH UHVHDUFK RQ
FKLOGUHQ¶VWKLQNLQJ0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\WKHVHWZRVWXGLHVSRVLWLRQWKHSURFHVVHVRIDWWHQGLQJ
WRDQGPDNLQJVHQVHRILQVWUXFWLRQDOHYHQWVDVLPSHWXVIRUPDNLQJDSSURSULDWHLQVWUXFWLRQDO
GHFLVLRQV7KLVWLHVLQZLWK0DVRQ¶V  LGHDWKDWQRWLFLQJVKRXOGEULQJWRWKHPLQGRI
WHDFKHUVDGLIIHUHQWZD\WRUHVSRQGDQGWKXVSURYLGHDPHDQVWRH[DPLQHWKHSURGXFWLYLW\
RI QRWLFLQJ $V -DFREV HW DO   FRQWHQG WKHVH WKUHH VNLOOV²DWWHQGLQJ PDNLQJ VHQVH
DQG GHFLGLQJ WR UHVSRQG²DUH LQWHUGHSHQGHQW DQG ZRUN WRJHWKHU 7KXV D WULDG YLHZ RI
QRWLFLQJLVXVHIXOZKHQFRQVLGHULQJWKHQRWLRQRISURGXFWLYHPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJ
,QPDQ\RIWKHVHVWXGLHVWKHVSHFLILFLW\RIZKDWWHDFKHUVQRWLFHLVXVHGDVDPHDVXUHRI
WKHLU QRWLFLQJ H[SHUWLVH -DFREV HW DO  6KHULQ 5XVV HW DO  YDQ (V  
+RZHYHU WKH VSHFLILFLW\ RI ZKDW WHDFKHUV QRWLFH ZKLOH QHFHVVDU\ LV QRW VXIILFLHQW IRU
LPSURYHG SUDFWLFHV 7KLV LV EHFDXVH WHDFKHUV FDQ EH YHU\ VSHFLILFDERXW ZKDW WKH\ QRWLFH
ZLWKRXW KDYLQJ D GLIIHUHQW DFW LQ PLQG 7KLV VWXG\ WKHUHIRUH DWWHPSWV WR JR EH\RQG WKH
VSHFLILFLW\ DQG H[SORUHV ZKDW PDNHV QRWLFLQJ PRUH SURGXFWLYH 0RUH VSHFLILFDOO\ WKH
QRWLRQRISURGXFWLYHPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJLVFKDUDFWHULVHGLQWKLVSDSHU

3URGXFWLYH0DWKHPDWLFDO1RWLFLQJ
, SURSRVH D FKDUDFWHULVDWLRQ RI SURGXFWLYH PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ WKDW EXLOGV RQ
6DQWDJDWD¶V   QRWLRQ RI QRWLFLQJ DQG 6WHUQEHUJ DQG 'DYLGVRQ¶V   SURFHVVHV RI
LQVLJKW 0RUH VSHFLILFDOO\ , SRVLW WKDW SURGXFWLYH PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ E\ WHDFKHUV
JHQHUDWH LQVLJKW LQ WKUHH ZD\V   DWWHQGLQJ WR UHOHYDQW LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP LUUHOHYDQW RQH



WKDWFRXOGSRWHQWLDOO\OHDGWRQHZUHVSRQVHV  UHODWLQJWKLVUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQWRSULRU
H[SHULHQFHV WR JDLQ QHZ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ IRU LQVWUXFWLRQ   FRPELQLQJ WKLV QHZ
XQGHUVWDQGLQJWRJHQHUDWH SRVVLEOHUHVSRQVHVWRLQVWUXFWLRQDOHYHQWV
      ! "

6DQWDJDWD   LQFOXGHV WKH LGHD RI ³JHQHUDWLRQ RI QHZ NQRZOHGJH´ WRJHWKHU ZLWK
SURFHVVHVRI³VHOHFWLYHDWWHQWLRQ´DQG³NQRZOHGJHEDVHGUHDVRQLQJ´ S WRHPSKDVLVH
KRZPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJFDQOHDGWRJHQHUDWLRQRIDOWHUQDWLYHWHDFKLQJVWUDWHJLHV7KLVLV
VLPLODU WR 0DVRQ¶V LGHD RI QRWLFLQJ DV D PHDQV WR EUHDN DZD\ IURP VHW SDWWHUQV DQG
FRQVLGHU DSSURSULDWH DOWHUQDWLYHV GXULQJ LQVWUXFWLRQ 0DVRQ    2Q WKH RWKHU
KDQG6WHUQEHUJDQG'DYLGVRQ SS SURSRVHGWKDWH[FHSWLRQDOLQVLJKWDELOLW\
LVDKDOOPDUNRIJLIWHGQHVVDQGWKHRULVHGWKUHHSURFHVVHVRILQVLJKW²³VHOHFWLYHHQFRGLQJ
VHOHFWLYH FRPSDULVRQ DQG VHOHFWLYH FRPELQDWLRQ´ 7KH\ LOOXVWUDWHG WKHVH SURFHVVHV E\
UHIOHFWLQJ RQKR Z JLIWHG SURIHVVLRQDOV VXFK DV GRFWRUV DQG ODZ\HUV ZRUN²VLIW WKURXJK
KXJHDPRXQWRILQIRUPDWLRQWRGLIIHUHQWLDWHWKHUHOHYDQWIURPWKHLUUHOHYDQWRQHVFRPSDUH
DQGUHODWHWKLVUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQZLWKSULRUNQRZOHGJHRUH[SHULHQFHDQGFRPELQHWKLV
LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ D PHDQLQJIXO ZD\ WR PDNH D GLDJQRVLV RU D FDVH 7KHVH SURFHVVHV PLUURU
KRZWHDFKHUVZRUNLQWKHFODVVURRPV+HQFHLWLVUHDVRQDEOHWRFRQFHSWXDOLVHSURGXFWLYH
PDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJDVDFRPSRQHQWRIWHDFKLQJH[SHUWLVHLQDVLPLODUZD\7RVXPXS
WHDFKHUVQRWLFHSURGXFWLYHO\ZKHQWKH\VLIWRXWUHODWHDQGFRPELQHUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQWR
JHQHUDWHDOWHUQDWLYHVIRUUHVSRQGLQJWRLQVWUXFWLRQDOHYHQWV
7KH SURSRVHG QRWLRQ RI SURGXFWLYH PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ KLQJHV RQW KH UHOHYDQFH RI
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGWKLVLVKLJKO\GHSHQGHQWRQWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHLQVWUXFWLRQDOHYHQW²ZKDWLV
SURGXFWLYH LQ RQH VLWXDWLRQ PD\ QRW EH LQ DQRWKHU $ XVHIXO ZD\ WR FKDUDFWHULVH WKH
UHOHYDQFH RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LV WR UHODWH PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ WR WKH OHDUQLQJ REMHFWLYHV RI
OHVVRQV 6DQWDJDWD  <DQJ  5LFNV   ,Q WKLV SDSHU , XVH WKH µ7KUHH 3RLQWV
)UDPHZRUN¶ E\ <DQJ DQG 5LFNV  ²³.H\ 3RLQW´ ³'LIILFXOW 3RLQW´ DQG ³&ULWLFDO
3RLQW´ S ²DVDOHQVWRH[DPLQHWKHSURGXFWLYLW\RIPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJ$FFRUGLQJ
WR<DQJDQG5LFNV  WKH UHIHUVWRWKHNH\PDWKHPDWLFDOFRQFHSWRULGHDRI
#  $ % &  ! "

WKH OHVVRQ DQG WKH      LV WKH REVWDFOH WKDW VWXGHQWV PLJKW HQFRXQWHU LQ WKHLU
' ( ) " % &  ! "

OHDUQLQJRIWKHNH\SRLQW7KH WKHQUHIHUVWRKRZVWXGHQWVFDQRYHUFRPHWKH
'  "  ' * ) % &  ! "

GLIILFXOW\ WR DFKLHYH WKH REMHFWLYH ,Q WKLV SDSHU , DGGUHVV KRZWKHVH WKUHH SRLQWV FDQ EH
XVHGWRFKDUDFWHULVHWKHQRWLRQRISURGXFWLYHPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJRIWHDFKHUV

0HWKRG
7KLVSDSHUUHSRUWVRQWZRYLJQHWWHVGUDZQIURPDFDVHVWXG\²ZKLFKIRUPHGSDUWRIDQ
H[SORUDWRU\VWXG\²LQYROYLQJDVL[ZHHNOHVVRQVWXG\F\FOH )HUQDQGH] <RVKLGD 
VLWXDWHG LQ D6 LQJDSRUH SULPDU\ VFKRRO 6HYHQ PDWKHPDWLFV WHDFKHUV DQG DV FKRRO OHDGHU
IRUPHG WKH OHVVRQ VWXG\ JURXS WKDW H[SORUHG WKH WHDFKLQJ RI IUDFWLRQV IRU 3ULPDU\ 7ZR
VWXGHQWV DJHGWR )RXURIWKHWHDFKHUVKDYHPRUHWKDQ\HDUVRIH[SHULHQFHDQGWKH
RWKHUV KDYH DW OHDVW WKUHH \HDUV 7KH VFKRRO OHDGHU &DWK\ VHUYHG DV DQ DGYLVRU WR WKH
WHDFKHUV GXULQJ WKH ILUVW IRXU OHVVRQ VWXG\ VHVVLRQV 7ZR RI WKH PRUH H[SHULHQFHG
WHDFKHUV²$QQ \HDUV DQG%HWW\ \HDUV ²DUHRISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVWLQWKLVSDSHU
7KHVWXG\DGRSWVDQH[SHULPHQWDOPRGHOWRWHDFKLQJ +LHEHUW0RUULV *ODVV 
DV DV \VWHPDWLF DSSURDFK WR OHDUQ IURP WHDFKLQJ ,Q WKLV WKHRUHWLFDO PRGHO WHDFKHUV YLHZ
OHVVRQV DV H[SHULPHQWV WR H[DPLQH DQG PDNH VHQVH RI WKHLU WHDFKLQJ LQ RUGHU WR LPSURYH
WKHLUNQRZOHGJHDQGSUDFWLFH +LHEHUWHWDO 7KHXVHRIOHVVRQVWXG\LQWKLVSURMHFW
WKHUHIRUHVXSSRUWVWKHXQGHUO\LQJDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHNH\WROHDUQLQJWRWHDFKLVWKHDELOLW\
WRSODQOHVVRQVWKDWDUHDOLJQHGWRVSHFLILFOHDUQLQJJRDOVDQGPRQLWRUWKHHIIHFWLYHQHVVRI
WKHOHVVRQEDVHGRQHYLGHQFHFROOHFWHGGXULQJLPSOHPHQWDWLRQ7KHOHVVRQVWXG\SURWRFROV



SURYLGHVZD\VIRUWHDFKHUVWRGLVFXVVWKHOHDUQLQJJRDOV NH\SRLQWV OHDUQLQJGLIILFXOWLHV
IDFHGE\VWXGHQWV GLIILFXOWSRLQWV DQGKRZVWXGHQWVFDQRYHUFRPHWKHP FULWLFDOSRLQW ,Q
GRLQJVRWHDFKHUV¶QRWLFLQJFDQEHPDGHYLVLEOHWKURXJKWKHLUGLVFXVVLRQDQGDUWLIDFWV
, SULPDULO\ WRRN RQ D QRQSDUWLFLSDQW REVHUYHU UROH GXULQJ WKH VHYHQ OHVVRQ VWXG\
VHVVLRQV'DWDZHUH FROOHFWHG DQG JHQHUDWHGWKURXJKYRLFHUHFRUGLQJVRI WKHOHVVRQVWXG\
VHVVLRQV DQG YLGHR UHFRUGLQJ RI WKH OHVVRQ 7KH ILQGLQJV ZHUH GHYHORSHG WKURXJK
LGHQWLI\LQJFDWHJRULHVFRGHVDQGWKHPHVUHODWHG WRZKDWWHDFKHUVQRWLFHGDQGQRWHZRUWK\
HSLVRGHV ZHUH IXUWKHU DQDO\VHG WR VXUIDFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI PRUH SURGXFWLYH DQG OHVV
SURGXFWLYH QRWLFLQJ EDVHG RQW KH µ7KUHH 3RLQWV )UDPHZRUN¶ <DQJ  5LFNV  
6LPLODUO\ WR KRZ OHDUQLQJ REMHFWLYHV DUH XVHG E\ 6DQWDJDWD   WKH µ7KUHH 3RLQWV
)UDPHZRUN¶QRWRQO\SURYLGHDPHDQVWRH[DPLQHWKHµVHOHFWLYHHQFRGLQJFRPSDULVRQDQG
FRPELQDWLRQ¶ 6WHUQEHUJ 'DYLGVRQ RILQVWUXFWLRQDOGHWDLOVE\WHDFKHUVEXWDOVRD
ZD\WRHYDOXDWHWKHDSSURSULDWHQHVVRILQVWUXFWLRQDODOWHUQDWLYHVJHQHUDWHG

5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
7ZR QRWHZRUWK\ HSLVRGHV²RQH WKDW KDSSHQHG GXULQJ SODQQLQJ DQG RQH GXULQJ WKH
OHVVRQ²DUH GLVFXVVHG WR LOOXVWUDWH SURGXFWLYH PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ XVLQJ WKH SURSRVHG
FKDUDFWHULVDWLRQ7KHILUVWHSLVRGHIRFXVLQJRQWKHGLVFXVVLRQRIDJURXSRIWHDFKHUVOHGE\
%HWW\ LOOXVWUDWHV WKH QRWLRQ RI PRUH SURGXFWLYH QRWLFLQJ GXULQJ WKH SODQQLQJ VWDJH 7KH
VHFRQG HSLVRGH IRFXVHV RQ WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ RI $QQ²RQH RI WKH WHDFKHUV LQ WKH
ILUVW HSLVRGH²GXULQJ WKH DFWXDO OHVVRQ DQG LV FKDUDFWHULVHG DV OHVV SURGXFWLYH QRWLFLQJ
:KLOH WKH WHDFKHUV GLG QRW H[SOLFLWO\ XVHG WKH µ7KUHH 3RLQWV )UDPHZRUN¶ LQ WKHLU
GLVFXVVLRQ WKH\ KDG GLVFXVVHG WKH OHDUQLQJ REMHFWLYHV GLIILFXOWLHV IDFHG E\ WKH VWXGHQWV
DQGWKHDSSURDFKHVWKH\WKRXJKWZRXOGKHOSVWXGHQWVRYHUFRPHWKHGLIILFXOWLHV7KHUHIRUH
WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ µSRLQWV¶²NH\ SRLQWV GLIILFXOW SRLQWV DQG FULWLFDO SRLQWV²FDQ EH
DWWULEXWHGWRWKHLVVXHVUDLVHGE\WKHWHDFKHUV
+ , - . / - , 0 1 2 3 4 5 . + 6 3 7 . 8 6 3 4 2 6 9 : , 3 4 2 4 ; < = > ? 4 3 , ; . @ A 1 6 - 3 . - B

'XULQJ WKH SODQQLQJ RI WKH OHVVRQ WHDFKHUV GLVFXVVHG WKH XVH RI H[DPSOHV DQG QRQ
H[DPSOHV WR UHFDS WKH IUDFWLRQDO QRWDWLRQ 2QH RI WKH WHDFKHUV $QQ VKRZHG WZR
UHFWDQJOHV²RQHZDVGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUHTXDOSDUWVDQGWKHRWKHUZDVQRW 6HH  C  D (  E


5HSUHVHQWDWLRQVRIH[DPSOHDQGQRQH[DPSOHRI
F

 G    H

7KH NH\ SRLQW RI WKLV VHJPHQW DV LGHQWLILHG E\ WKH WHDFKHUV LV XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH
IUDFWLRQDOQRWDWLRQ ZKHUH UHIHUVWRWKHWRWDOQXPEHURIHTXDOSDUWVLQWKHXQLW ZKROH 
* I J J

DQG  UHIHUV WR VRPH GHVLJQDWHG QXPEHU RI WKHVH SDUWV 7KH WHDFKHUV K\SRWKHVLVHG WKDW
*

VWXGHQWVPLJKWPLVVWKHFRQFHSWRIHTXDOSDUWLWLRQLQJRIWKHZKROHDQGKRZWKDWUHODWHVWR
WKH GHQRPLQDWRU 7KH\ DOVR GLVFXVVHG WKDW LW ZDV FULWLFDO WR KHOS VWXGHQWV XQGHUVWDQG WKH
QRWDWLRQE\FRQQHFWLQJLWWRVRPHJHRPHWULFUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
7RFRQWUDVWWKHLGHDRIHTXDOSDUWLWLRQLQJ$QQXVHGDGHWDFKDEOHSLHFHRIWKHVKDGHG
SDUWWRVKRZVWXGHQWVWKHPHDQLQJRI6KHUHPRYHGWKHILUVWVKDGHGSDUWDQGFRPSDUHG
WRWKHUHVWRIWKHSDUWVWRVKRZWKDWWKH\ZHUHHTXDODQGKHQFHWKHVKDGHGSDUWZDVVKRZQ
WREH6KHWKHQWRRNDQRWKHUGHWDFKDEOHSLHFH RIWKHVDPHDUHD LQWKHVHFRQGZKROH



DQGZHQWRQWRVKRZWKDWLWZDVQRWRIWKHVHFRQGZKROH J  ' * ( K  " L  K  ' & !  M L & )  M * K

! & " %HWW\WKHQUDLVHGDSRLQWRIFODULILFDWLRQ


  N      O ( * ) ) $

%HWW\ ,I\RXWDNHWKHVDPHSLHFHWKHVDPHSLHFHLVVWLOOóRIWKDWZKROH
&DWK\ 7KLVLVVWLOOóRIWKHZKROH«WKLVRQHLVQRWEXWQR«LW¶VVWLOOóRIWKHZKROH
%HWW\ <HV <RX PXVW WDNH WKH VPDOO RQH RU WKH ELJ RQH ,W¶V VWLOO ó %HFDXVH LW¶V HTXLYDOHQW
IUDFWLRQ\RXFDQVXEGLYLGHWKDW«
$QQ ,GRQ¶WNQRZ«PDNHXS\RXUPLQG7DNHRUGRQ¶WWDNH"
%HWW\ ,WLVVWLOO>RIWKHZKROH@«\RXPXVWWDNHVRPHWKLQJWKDWLVQRWHTXDOWRó%HFDXVH
 WKDWLVVWLOOóRIWKHZKROH
-XQH «\HV«\HV«\HV«,W¶VVWLOOó
$QQ 6RWDNHRUGRQ¶WWDNH"
%HWW\ <RXVWLOOWDNH%XW\RXPXVWWDNHDVPDOOHURUELJJHUSLHFH,W¶VWKHVDPHZKROH,W¶VVWLOO
óRQO\WKDWZHKDYHVKLIWHGLWLQDZD\«
$QQ :KHUH",W¶VQRWHTXDOULJKW"
&DWK\ >&DWK\ VKRZHG WKH SLHFH SK\VLFDOO\ DQG FRPSDUHG LW WR WKH RWKHU ZKROH ZKLFK LV QRW
GLYLGHGXSHTXDOO\@EHFDXVHWKLVSLHFHLVVWLOOóRIWKLVZKROH«
$QQ 2K«,VHH
7KH HUURU LQYROYHG LV D YHU\ VXEWOH RQH²WKDW WKH SURFHVV RI GLYLGLQJ D ZKROH LQWR 
HTXDO SDUWV JLYH ULVH WR DQ REMHFW WKDW LV ó RI WKH ZKROH DQG WKDW REMHFW FDQ KDYH PDQ\
GLIIHUHQWSLFWRULDOUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVZKLFKUHPDLQVWREHUHJDUGOHVVRIDQ\GLYLVLRQRIWKH
VDPH ZKROH )LUVW %HWW\¶V QRWLFLQJ FDQ EH FKDUDFWHULVHG DV SURGXFWLYH EHFDXVH VKH ZDV
DEOHWR  LGHQWLI\$QQ¶VVXEWOHHUURUZKLFKLVUHOHYDQWWRWKHNH\SRLQW  FRPSDUHZKDW
$QQVDLGWRKHUNQRZOHGJHRIXVLQJDUHDVWRUHSUHVHQWIUDFWLRQV  FRPELQHWKLVSLHFHRI
LQIRUPDWLRQDQGUHODWHEDFNWRWKHNH\SRLQWRIWKHVHJPHQWE\VXJJHVWLQJWKDW$QQVKRXOG
WDNH ³WKH VPDOOHU RU ELJJHU SLHFH´ 7KLV HUURU ZDV QRW WULYLDO DQG RWKHU WHDFKHUV VXFK DV
&DWK\DQG-XQHDOVRVWUXJJOHGZLWKWKHFRQFHSWLQLWLDOO\DVVHHQIURPWKHLULQLWLDOKHVLWDWLRQ
³7KLVLVVWLOOóRIWKHZKROH«WKLVRQHLVQRWEXW«´ +HQFH%HWW\XVHGKHULQVLJKWDQG
VLIWHG WKURXJK WKH GLIIHUHQW SLHFHV RI LQIRUPDWLRQ LQ WKH GLVFXVVLRQ WR LVRODWH WKH HUURU
0RUHLPSRUWDQWO\KHUREVHUYDWLRQOHGWKHZKROHWHDPWRUHLQIRUFHWKHLU XQGHUVWDQGLQJRI
WKHIUDFWLRQFRQFHSWDQGQRWDWLRQ
2QWKHRWKHUKDQG$QQ¶VQRWLFLQJZDVOHVVSURGXFWLYHDWWKHEHJLQQLQJDVVKHVHHPHG
PRUHFRQFHUQHGDERXW³WDNLQJRUQRWWDNLQJWKHSLHFH´DQGVHHPHGWRDVVHUWWKDWWKHSLHFH
ZDVQRWHTXDOWRóRIWKHVHFRQGZKROH²³:KHUH",W¶VQRWHTXDOULJKW"´7KLVFRPPHQWLV
LQGLFDWLYHRIKHULQDELOLW\WRLGHQWLI\WKHLVVXHWKDWLVUHOHYDQWWRWKHNH\SRLQWDWILUVWDQG
KHU UHVSRQVHV FRXOG DOVR EH DWWULEXWHG WR KHU RYHUHPSKDVLV RQH TXDO SDUWLWLRQLQJ
+RZHYHU$QQ¶VQRWLFLQJWXUQHGSURGXFWLYHZKHQVKHQRWHG&DWK\¶VJHVWXUHDQGFRPSDUHG
WKHSLHFH¶VDUHDLQERWKZKROHVWRUHDOLVHWKHHTXDOLW\RIWKHSDUW+HQFHVKHZDVDEOHDW
WKHHQGWRPDNH DFKDQJHLQWKHSLHFHIRUWKHVHFRQGZKROH 7KLVHSLVRGHVKRZVFOHDUO\
KRZWHDFKHUV¶QRWLFLQJFDQEHGLUHFWHGWREHFRPHPRUHSURGXFWLYHWKURXJKGLVFRXUVHLQD
FROODERUDWLYHVHWWLQJ7KLVHSLVRGHDQGVHYHUDORWKHUVWKDWRFFXUUHGGXULQJWKLVVWXG\DOVR
KLJKOLJKWWKDWVHQVHPDNLQJLVQRWDXWRPDWLFDQGFDQEHGLIILFXOWHYHQLIWHDFKHUVDWWHQGWR
WKHULJKWWKLQJV
P . ? ? Q - , 0 1 2 3 4 5 . ; , 3 4 2 4 ; < = R ; . ? 4 S 3 7 T , ; . ? . 5 . ; 3 7 6 ; 0 , ; . . 4 < 7 3 7

7KHNH\SRLQWRIWKLVLPSRUWDQWVHJPHQWLVDOVRWKHNH\SRLQWRIWKHZKROHOHVVRQ²WR
EH DEOH WR FRPSDUH XQLW IUDFWLRQV E\ ORRNLQJ DW WKH GHQRPLQDWRU 7KH WHDFKHUV LGHQWLILHG
WKDWVWXGHQWVPLJKWKDYHSUREOHPVLQILJXULQJRXWWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHGHQRPLQDWRU
DQGVL]HRIXQLWIUDFWLRQV 'LIILFXOWSRLQW 7KLVLQSDUWFRXOGEHGXHWRVWXGHQWVEULQJLQJ
LQ WKHLU LGHDV RI ZKROH QXPEHUV HJ !   !   LQDSSURSULDWHO\ ZKHQ WKH\ DUH PDNLQJ
VHQVHRIIUDFWLRQV HJ,VELJJHURUVPDOOHUWKDQ" 7KHUHIRUHWKHWHDFKHUVSODQQHG



WRJHWVWXGHQWVWRUHDVRQRUDUJXHPDWKHPDWLFDOO\ZK\DODUJHUGHQRPLQDWRUFRUUHVSRQGVWR
DVPDOOHUXQLWIUDFWLRQLQRUGHUWRKHOSWKHPPDNHWKHFRQQHFWLRQQHHGHG &ULWLFDO3RLQW 
7KLVHSLVRGHWRRNSODFHDIWHU$QQRQHRIWKHWHDFKHUVLQWKHILUVWHSLVRGHJXLGHGKHU
VWXGHQWVWRFRPSDUHWZRIUDFWLRQVDQGXVLQJWKHIUDFWLRQGLVFV6KHZDQWHGVWXGHQWV
WR DUJXH ZK\  LV ELJJHU ZLWKRXW XVLQJ WKH SK\VLFDO GLVFV $QQ JXLGHG VWXGHQWV¶
UHDVRQLQJWKURXJKDVHULHVRIGLUHFWHGTXHVWLRQV GXULQJWKHDFWXDOOHVVRQ HYHQWKRXJKWKH
VWXGHQWVZHUHVXSSRVHGWRDUWLFXODWHWKHLUUHDVRQLQJDFFRUGLQJWRWKHOHVVRQSODQ
$QQ /HW¶VORRNDWWKHZKROHSDUW+RZPDQ\GR,QHHGWRPDNHDZKROH"
6WXGHQWV 6L[SDUWV
$QQ +RZPDQ\GR,QHHGWRPDNHDZKROH"
6WXGHQWV (LJKWSDUWV
$QQ 6RQHHGVSDUWVDQGQHHG"
6WXGHQWV 6L[SDUWV
$QQ 6RWKHPRUHSDUWV\RXQHHGZKDWKDSSHQWRWKHVL]HRIWKHIUDFWLRQ"
6WXGHQWV >6LOHQFH@
$QQ 7KHPRUHSDUWV\RXQHHG"
6WXGHQW >6RPHKHVLWDWLRQ@"
$QQ 7KHPRUHSDUWV\RXQHHG":KDWKDSSHQWRWKHVL]HRIWKHIUDFWLRQ"
6WXGHQW >3DXVH@VPDOOHU"
$QQ 6PDOOHU<HDK:KHQWKHUHDUHPRUHSDUWVWKHIUDFWLRQEHFRPHVVPDOOHU,IWKHUH
DUHIHZHUSDUWVWKHIUDFWLRQLV"
6WXGHQWV *UHDWHU
,W VHHPHG WR $QQ WKDW VKH ZDV VXFFHVVIXO LQ JHWWLQJ KHU VWXGHQWV WR VHH ZK\  LV
JUHDWHU WKDQ  +RZHYHU VKH VRRQ HQFRXQWHUHG SUREOHPV ZKHQ VKH DVNHG WKHP WR
FRPSDUHDQGDQGWKHIROORZLQJH[FKDQJHWRRNSODFH
$QQ 2QHPRUHWLPH+RZPDQ\HLJKWKVGR,QHHGWRPDNHDZKROH"+RZPDQ\
VHYHQWKVGR,QHHGWRPDNHDZKROH":KLFKLVPRUH"SDUWVRUSDUWV"
6WXGHQWV 
$QQ SDUWV«SLHFHVRUSLHFHV
6WXGHQWV SLHFHV
$QQ $K«  SLHFHV LVQ¶W LW" ,I \RX KDYH PRUH SLHFHV ZKDW KDSSHQ WR WKH
IUDFWLRQ"
6WXGHQWV «%HFRPHZKROH
$QQ :KDWKDSSHQHGWRWKHVL]HRIWKHIUDFWLRQ"
6WXGHQWV 6DPH
$QQ 7KLVLVSLHFHV«PD\EH,XVHDQRWKHUH[DPSOH
$QQ¶VQRWLFLQJLQWKHVHWZRH[FKDQJHVLVODUJHO\FKDUDFWHULVHGDVOHVVSURGXFWLYH(YHQ
WKRXJK KHU VWXGHQWV LQ WKH ILUVW H[FKDQJH ZHUH DEOH WR JLYH WKH FRUUHFW UHVSRQVHV WR WKH
TXHVWLRQV VKH GLG QRW VHH WKDW WKHLU ULJKW UHVSRQVHV PLJKW QRW FRUUHVSRQG WR VWXGHQWV¶
XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH NH\ SRLQW 0RUH LPSRUWDQWO\ VKH FDSLWDOLVHG RQD  VLQJOH FRUUHFW
DQVZHU ³6PDOOHU <HDK´  DQG JXLGHG VWXGHQWV WR VD\ WKH FRUUHFW UHVSRQVH ³,I WKHUH DUH
IHZHUSDUWVWKHIUDFWLRQLV"´ 6KHGLGQRWFRQVLGHUWKHSRVVLELOLW\WKDWVWXGHQWVFRXOGKDYH
JXHVVHG WKH DQVZHUV WR KHU TXHVWLRQV DQG KHQFH PLVVHG WKH FULWLFDO SRLQW 7KLV FRXOG EH
VHHQIURPKHUGHFLVLRQWRFDUU\RQZLWKRXWDVNLQJVWXGHQWVWRUHDVRQRUDUJXHDERXWWKHLU
DQVZHUVZKLFKZDVVXSSRVHGWREHWKHFULWLFDOSRLQWRIWKHOHVVRQ:LWKRXWOLVWHQLQJWRWKH
VWXGHQWV¶UHDVRQLQJLWZDVGLIILFXOWIRU$QQWRDVFHUWDLQZKHWKHUWKH\KDGLQGHHGRYHUFRPH
WKHGLIILFXOWSRLQWDQGXQGHUVWRRGWKHNH\SRLQW
+RZHYHU $QQ QRWLFHG WKDW KHU VWXGHQWV KDG GLIILFXOWLHV JUDVSLQJ WKH NH\ SRLQW ZKHQ
WKH\ WULHG WR FRPSDUH  DQG  %DVHG RQV WXGHQWV¶ DQVZHUV VKH UHDVRQHG WKDW WKH\
PLJKWKDYHFRQIXVLRQEHWZHHQ³SLHFHV´DQG³SDUWV´ZKLFKOHG$QQWRFKDQJHWKHSKUDVLQJ
IURP³SDUWV´WR³SLHFHV´WRKHOSVWXGHQWVVHHZKDWVKHZDVUHIHUULQJ WR(YHQWKRXJK
VWXGHQWVJDYHWKHFRUUHFWDQVZHURISLHFHVWKH\ZHUHXQDEOHWRXVHLWWRUHDVRQZK\
LVJUHDWHUWKDQ,WVHHPHGWKDWWKHVWXGHQWVZHUHWU\LQJWRJXHVVWKHFRUUHFWUHVSRQVHVWR



$QQ¶VTXHVWLRQV3URPSWHGE\DQHDUOLHUGLVFXVVLRQGXULQJDOHVVRQVWXG\VHVVLRQ$QQWKHQ
VZLWFKHG WR DP RUH FRQWUDVWLQJ H[DPSOH DIWHU WKLV H[FKDQJH² DQG ²WR VXSSRUW
VWXGHQWV¶UHDVRQLQJDQGLWZRUNHG:KLOHKHUGHFLVLRQWRXVHDPRUHFRQWUDVWLQJH[DPSOH
FRXOG EH FODVVLILHG DV SURGXFWLYH QRWLFLQJ VKH GLG QRW JR EDFN WR WKH ³ DQG ´
H[DPSOH DIWHU WKDW DQG SURFHHGHG ZLWK WKH JURXS ZRUN LQVWHDG 7KXV $QQ PLVVHG DQ
RSSRUWXQLW\WRGHWHUPLQHZKHWKHUKHUVWXGHQWVFRXOGLQGHHGUHDVRQDERXWWKHVL]HVRIXQLW
IUDFWLRQV ZKLFK ZDV WKH FULWLFDO SRLQW DQG KHQFH RYHUFRPH WKH GLIILFXOW SRLQW WR
XQGHUVWDQGWKHNH\SRLQW6KHRQO\UHDOLVHGODWHUWKDWVWXGHQWVZHUHVWLOOXQDEOHWRFRPSDUH
WZRXQLWIUDFWLRQVZLWKRXWWKHSK\VLFDOIUDFWLRQGLVFVGXULQJWKHJURXSZRUNDQGGLVFXVVLRQ

&RQFOXVLRQDQG,PSOLFDWLRQV
7DNHQ WRJHWKHU WKHVH WZR HSLVRGHV LOOXVWUDWH KRZ WHDFKHUV¶ PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ
FRXOG EH FKDUDFWHULVHG DV PRUH SURGXFWLYH RU OHVV SURGXFWLYH XVLQJ WKH µ7KUHH 3RLQWV
)UDPHZRUN¶WRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQWKHLUQRWLFLQJRIUHOHYDQWIURPLUUHOHYDQWLQIRUPDWLRQ
0RUH VSHFLILFDOO\ DQDO\VLV RI WKH YLJQHWWHV GLVWLQJXLVKHG PRUH SURGXFWLYH QRWLFLQJ IURP
OHVVSURGXFWLYHRQHVLQWKUHHLQWHUWZLQHGSURFHVVHV  DWWHQGLQJWRLQIRUPDWLRQUHODWHGWR
WKH NH\ SRLQW WKDW FRXOG SRWHQWLDOO\ OHDG WR QHZ UHVSRQVHV   UHODWLQJ WKHVH UHOHYDQW
LQIRUPDWLRQWRSULRUH[SHULHQFHVWRJDLQQHZXQGHUVWDQGLQJDERXWWKHGLIILFXOWDQGFULWLFDO
SRLQWV IRU LQVWUXFWLRQ   FRPELQLQJ WKHVH QHZ XQGHUVWDQGLQJV WR JHQHUDWH        ! "

SRVVLEOH UHVSRQVHV WKDW WDUJHW WKH WKUHH SRLQWV ,W LV FOHDU WKDW WHDFKHUV¶ SURGXFWLYH
PDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJKDVHQDEOHGWKHPWRGRVRPHWKLQJSUDFWLFDODERXWWKHLUWHDFKLQJDQG
WKLV SUDFWLFDOLW\ FDQ EH DVVHVVHG XVLQJ WKH µ7KUHH 3RLQW )UDPHZRUN¶ ,Q FRQWUDVW ZKHQ
WHDFKHUV¶ QRWLFLQJ LV OHVV SURGXFWLYH WKH\ PLVV RSSRUWXQLWLHV WR KHOSVWXGHQWV DFKLHYH WKH
NH\ SRLQWV :KHQ WKH µ7KUHH 3RLQW )UDPHZRUN¶ LV XVHG ZLWK WKH SURSRVHG QRWLRQ RI
SURGXFWLYH PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ WHDFKHUV FDQ EHJLQ WR H[DPLQH WKHLU RZQ QRWLFLQJ DQG
ZRUNWRZDUGVLPSURYLQJWKHLUUHVSRQVHVWRLQVWUXFWLRQDOHYHQWVPRUHFRQVWUXFWLYHO\7KLV
FDVHVWXG\KDVDOVRKLJKOLJKWHGWKHSRWHQWLDORIFROODERUDWLYHWHDFKHUOHDUQLQJLQHQKDQFLQJ
WKHSURGXFWLYLW\RIPDWKHPDWLFDOQRWLFLQJ
0RUH VWXGLHV DUH QHHGHG KRZHYHU WR H[DPLQH RWKHU SRVVLEOH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI
SURGXFWLYH QRWLFLQJ DQG LQYHVWLJDWH KRZ WHDFKHUV FDQ PDNH WKHLU PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ
PRUHSURGXFWLYHLQWKHFRQWH[WRISURIHVVLRQDOOHDUQLQJDQGWHDFKLQJ1HYHUWKHOHVVMXVWDV
6WHUQEHUJDQG'DYLGVRQ  IUDPHZRUNGLVWLQJXLVKHVJLIWHGQHVVWKHLGHDRISURGXFWLYH
PDWKHPDWLFDO QRWLFLQJ KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO WR KHOS PDWKHPDWLFV HGXFDWRUV XQGHUVWDQG ZKDW
PDNHVDJRRGPDWKHPDWLFVWHDFKHUHIIHFWLYH

5HIHUHQFHV
%DOO'/ )RU]DQL)0  7KHZRUNRIWHDFKLQJDQGWKHFKDOOHQJHIRUWHDFKHUHGXFDWLRQ U    V W X

 Y Z   GRL
W  [   \    W    V ] ^ _

)HUQDQGH] &  <RVKLGD 0   `  a a  V b    c d e U W  W V  a  W     W  [    f      V G f W  [  f W    a

  W  0DKZDK1-/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP
[  V G W V  X  W  V  V G

*ROGVPLWK/7 6HDJR1  8VLQJFODVVURRPDUWLIDFWVWRIRFXVWHDFKHUV


QRWLFLQJ,Q0*6KHULQ
95-DFREV 5$3KLOLSS (GV   SS g W  [  f W    a   W  [   V      V G d b    V G  [    G [   W  [   a h  c  a

 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
+LHEHUW - 0RUULV $ .  *ODVV %   /HDUQLQJ WR OHDUQ WR WHDFK $Q H[SHULPHQWDO PRGHO IRU
WHDFKLQJ DQG WHDFKHU SUHSDUDWLRQ LQ PDWKHPDWLFV   U    V W X  Y g W  [  f W    a Z  W  [   \    W    V ] ^


-DFREV 9 5 /DPE / / &  3KLOLSS 5 $   3URIHVVLRQDO QRWLFLQJ RI FKLOGUHQ
V PDWKHPDWLFDO
WKLQNLQJ U  
   V W X Y   i  a  W   [  V g W  [  f W    a \    W    V ] j H



-DFREV95/DPE//&3KLOLSS5$ 6FKDSSHOOH%3  'HFLGLQJKRZWRUHVSRQGRQWKH
EDVLVRIFKLOGUHQ
VXQGHUVWDQGLQJV,Q0*6KHULQ95-DFREV 5$3KLOLSS (GV  g W  [  f W    a

  W  SS 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
 [   V      V G d b    V G  [    G [   W  [   a h  c  a

.D]HPL((OOLRW50XPPH-&DUUROO&/HVVHLJ. .HOO\3HWHUVHQ0  1RWLFLQJOHDGHUV



WKLQNLQJDERXWYLGHRFDVHVRIWHDFKHUVHQJDJHGLQPDWKHPDWLFVWDVNVLQSURIHVVLRQDOGHYHORSPHQW,Q0
*6KHULQ95-DFREV 5$3KLOLSS (GV  g W  [  f W    a   W  [   V      V G d b    V G  [    G [   W  [   a h

  SS 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
c  a

0DVRQ-   /RQGRQ5RXWOHGJH)DOPHU i  a  W   [  V G c     k V   W      d  [    a    X  V   Y V      V G

0DVRQ -   $WWHQWLRQ DQG LQWHQWLRQ LQ OHDUQLQJ DERXW WHDFKLQJ WKURXJK WHDFKLQJ ,Q 5 /HLNLQ  5
=D]NLV (GV  `  W  V  V G  [    G [   W  [  V G f W  [  f W    a d l    X   f  V   Y   W  [   a h m V  k X   G  W V 

  9ROSS 1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU
n      a   V   W     

0LOOHU.)  6LWXDWLRQDZDUHQHVVLQWHDFKLQJ:KDWHGXFDWRUVFDQOHDUQIURPYLGHREDVHGUHVHDUFKLQ


RWKHUILHOGV,Q0*6KHULQ95-DFREV 5$3KLOLSS (GV  g W  [  f W    a   W  [   V      V G d b    V G

 [  SS 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
   G [   W  [   a h  c  a

6DQWDJDWD5  $IUDPHZRUNIRUDQDO\VLQJDQGLPSURYLQJOHVVRQV,Q0*6KHULQ95-DFREV 5


$ 3KLOLSS (GV   SS   1HZ g W  [  f W    a   W  [   V      V G d b    V G  [    G [   W  [   a h  c  a

<RUN5RXWOHGJH
6FKLIWHU '   /HDUQLQJ WR VHH WKH LQYLVLEOH :KDW VNLOOV DQG NQRZOHGJH DUH QHHGHG WR HQJDJH ZLWK
VWXGHQWV
 PDWKHPDWLFDO LGHDV" ,Q 7 :RRG % 6 1HOVRQ  - :DUILHOG (GV  o  c  V   X W a a   W X

    SS   0DKZDK 1- /DZUHQFH (UOEDXP


W G  G c d Z  W  [  V G  X  f  V  W  c a  [   X f W  [  f W    a

$VVRFLDWH,QF
6FKRHQIHOG$+  1RWLFLQJPDWWHUV$ORW1RZZKDW",Q0*6KHULQ95-DFREV 5$3KLOLSS
(GV   SS   1HZ <RUN g W  [  f W    a   W  [   V      V G d b    V G  [    G [   W  [   a h  c  a

5RXWOHGJH
6KHULQ 0 * -DFREV 9 5  3KLOLSS 5 $   6LWXDWLQJ WKH VWXG\ RI WHDFKHU QRWLFLQJ ,Q 0* 
6KHULQ 9 5 -DFREV  5 $ 3KLOLSS (GV  g W  [  f W    a   W  [   V      V G d b    V G  [    G [   W  [   a h

  SS 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
c  a

6KHULQ 0 * 5XVV 5 6  &ROHVWRFN $ $   $FFHVVLQJ PDWKHPDWLFV WHDFKHUV
 LQWKHPRPHQW
QRWLFLQJ,Q0*6KHULQ95-DFREV  5 $3KLOLSS (GV  g W  [  f W    a   W  [   V      V G d b    V G

 [  SS 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
   G [   W  [   a h  c  a

6KHULQ0* YDQ(V($  $QHZOHQVRQWHDFKLQJ/HDUQLQJWRQRWLFH g W  [  f W    a   W  [  V G  V

 [    f    X  a  [   X ] p

6WDU-5/\QFK. 3HURYD1  8VLQJYLGHRWRLPSURYHSUHVHUYLFHPDWKHPDWLFVWHDFKHUV


DELOLWLHV
WR DWWHQG WR FODVVURRP IHDWXUHV ,Q 0 * 6KHULQ 9 5 -DFREV  5 $ 3KLOLSS (GV  g W  [  f W    a

  W  SS 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
 [   V      V G d b    V G  [    G [   W  [   a h  c  a

6WHUQEHUJ 5 -  'DYLGVRQ - (   ,QVLJKW LQ WKH JLIWHG    \    W    V W X q a c  [  X  G  a  ] H r

GRL
YDQ(V($  $IUDPHZRUNIRUOHDUQLQJWRQRWLFHVWXGHQWV
WKLQNLQJ,Q0*6KHULQ95-DFREV 
5$3KLOLSS (GV   SS 1HZ g W  [  f W    a   W  [   V      V G d b    V G  [    G [   W  [   a h  c  a

<RUN5RXWOHGJH
<DQJ <  5LFNV 7 (   &KLQHVH OHVVRQ VWXG\ 'HYHORSLQJ FODVVURRP LQVWUXFWLRQ WKURXJK
FROODERUDWLRQV LQ VFKRROEDVHG WHDFKLQJ UHVHDUFK JURXS DFWLYLWLHV ,Q < /L  5 +XDQJ (GV  s  k

 SS 1HZ<RUN5RXWOHGJH
t

[  V  a    W  [ f W  [  f W    a W V   f        W  [  V G








You might also like