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Motors PDF
Motors PDF
DC MOTORS..........................................................A317
AC MOTORS ..........................................................A318
SERVOMOTORS ....................................................A321
M
ost rotary motion ated from adjustable volt-
applications today STEP MOTORS ......................................................A322 age power supplies, Figure
depend on motors. MINIATURE MOTORS ...........................................A322 1. A stabilizing winding (a
Electric motors are domi- GEARMOTORS ......................................................A323 small series field) helps
nant, though air and hy- MOTOR ENCLOSURES ..........................................A323 prevent speed increases as
draulic motors are pre- MOTOR PROTECTION ...........................................A325 load increases at weak field
ferred in some applications, MOTOR EFFICIENCIES...........................................A326 settings, Figure 2. This
and engines or turbines INDUCED BEARING CURRENTS............................A327 winding has drawbacks in
drive others. MOTORS ADVERTISING........................................A328 reversing applications,
Several types of electric however, because winding
motors turn shafts: dc, ac, servo, and or flange mount. Also, consider ways direction relative to the shunt wind-
step motors. Also, a motor may be just to protect the motor from overloads ing must be reversed when armature
a motor or it may be a gearmotor; that and line fluctuations. voltage is reversed. Here, reversing
is, it may have an integral geared The following discussion deals with contactors must be used. Where fast
speed reducer. Air motors are usually electric motors for rotary motion. For reversing is needed, the stabilizing
rotary vane or piston type; hydraulic electric motors for linear motion, see winding is omitted, and the motor is
motors are rotary vane, piston, or the Linear Motion Devices Product designed for stable operation.
gear type. Each has operating charac- Department in this handbook. Permanent-magnet motors —
teristics inherent to its basic design. Operating characteristics of perma-
Thus, motor selection is often a pro- nent-magnet motors are similar to
cess of matching application require-
DC MOTORS those of shunt-wound types. Field
ments to performance parameters of Direct current motors are used in flux, however, is provided by perma-
the various types, then selecting the many industrial applications that re- nent magnets instead of current in a
most compatible. quire adjustable speed. winding. Motor torque is directly pro-
Performance, however, is not the In uses requiring quick stops, a dc portional to armature current over
only criterion in motor selection. To motor can minimize the size of a me- the motor’s speed range. Compared
optimize selection, choose an enclo- chanical brake or make it unneces- with shunt-wound motors, perma-
sure that protects the inner workings sary. This is done by dynamic braking nent-magnet motors weigh less and
of the motor from the environment. (motor-generated energy fed to a re- are more economical to operate be-
Moreover, you must consider the best sistor grid), or by regenerative brak- cause no power is needed to support a
mounting arrangement, such as base ing (motor-generated energy returned field.
to the ac supply). Series-wound motors — As its
DC motor speed can be con- name implies, this motor has a field
trolled smoothly down to zero, fol- that is in series with the armature,
lowed immediately by acceleration
in the opposite direction (without
power circuit switching). Also, due
to high torque-to-inertia ratio, dc
motors respond quickly to control-
signal changes.
Motor types
DC motors in all but fractional
and low integral horsepower sizes
(generally below 15 hp), have
wound fields and are categorized
as shunt-wound, series-wound, or
compound-wound motors. In frac-
tional and low integral horse-
power sizes, permanent magnets
are used instead of wound fields in
many motor designs. Figure 2 — Typical speed-torque curve
Figure 1 — Typical speed-torque curve Shunt-wound motors — Stabi- and circuit for a shunt-wound dc motor
and circuit for shunt-wound dc motor. lized shunt-wound motors are oper- with various series stabilizer windings.
( )
tors, the conductors were copper bars countered. This design is subdivided
with ends welded to copper rings 100 N s − N a into several groups that vary accord-
s=
known as end rings. Viewed from the Ns ing to slip or the shape of the speed-
end, the rotor assembly resembles a torque curve. These motors are usu-
squirrel cage, hence the name “squir- Where: ally available only on a special order
rel-cage” motor is used to refer to in- s = slip basis.
duction motors. In modern induction Ns = synchronous speed Wound-rotor motors — Although
motors, the most common type of ro- Na = actual speed the squirrel-cage induction motor is
tor has cast-aluminum conductors relatively inflexible with regard to
and short-circuiting end rings. The ro- Polyphase motors — NEMA clas- speed and torque characteristics, a
tor turns when the moving magnetic sifies polyphase induction motors ac- special wound-rotor version has con-
field induces a current in the shorted cording to locked rotor torque and trollable speed and torque. Applica-
conductors. The speed at which the current, breakdown torque, pull up tion of wound-rotor motors is
magnetic field rotates is the syn- torque, and percent slip. markedly different from squirrel-cage
chronous speed of the motor and is de- • Locked rotor torque is the mini- motors because of the accessibility of
termined by the number of poles in mum torque that the motor develops the rotor circuit. Various performance
the stator and the frequency of the at rest for all angular positions of the characteristics can be obtained by in-
power supply. rotor at rated voltage and frequency. serting different values of resistance
• Locked rotor in the rotor circuit.
Design A current is the Wound rotor motors are generally
300 steady state cur- started with secondary resistance in
Design C rent from the line the rotor circuit. This resistance is se-
Torque (% of rated)
Figure 10—Typical step motor system. Precise step systems have feedback loop (dotted line) using encoders or resolvers.
Figure 17 — Washdown duty motors include white dc motor (left), three-phase motor
(right), single-phase motor (top) and the stainless steel motor in the foreground.