2. THE SOLAR SYSTEM WHAT IS THE SOLAR SYSTEM? The Solar System is made up of the Sun, and the planets, moons and other celestial bodies, like comets, that move around the Sun. The Sun and other stars produce their own heat and light, Planets and moons only reflect this heat and light, MPHE PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. There are nine planets in the Solar System: Mean ‘ Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto. The planets can be divided into two groups: Interior planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are closer to the Sun and smaller than the external planets Exterior planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus ‘and Neptune are larger planets and are further away from the Sun than the interior planets. Pluto is the furthest away of all the planets, but is also the smallest planet, Images of the Universe, the Earth and the Mian The movement of the planets The planets make two movements: Rotation. Each planet rotates (or spins) on its axis. © Orbit, The planets orbit (or move around) the Sun. MOONS Moons orbit planets. Some planets have more than one moon. Jupiter, for example, has seventeen moons, but the Earth only has one: the Moon. COMETS Comets are celestial bodies made of ice and dust. They orbit the Sun. Invisible for most of the time, comets only become visible when they approach the Sun. When the Comets are only visible when they approadh comets are close to the Sun, some of the ice and dust the Sun. The last comet to pass Earth wos evaporates and they release clouds of gas. 1996. Itwas called the Hyakutake comet 100 unr3. THE EARTH AND THE MOON JHE MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH Like all planets in the Solar System, the Earth has two movements: rotation and orbit. Rotation: days and nights The Earth rotates on its own axis. This movement creates the difference between day and night. The Earth takes 24 hours (one day) to complete one rotation on its axis. It rotates constantly without ever stopping Rotation causes day and night. The Sun illuminates one half of the Earth's surface at any particular time. On the half of the Earth facing the Sun, itis day. On the other half of the Earth facing away from the Sun, itis night. When it is night in Spain it is day in Australia. THE MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH Corer Cen ord Prag a) 102 unr 7 2 Orbit: the seasons The Earth orbits the Sun. This movement causes the different seasons. The Earth takes 365 days and 6 hours (one year) to complete one orbit of the Sun. The amount of light and heat received from the Sun is not equal everywhere on Earth because of the Earth's tilt This causes different climates in different areas of the world, Itis also responsible for the changes in season during the year: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The seasons happen at different times in the two hemispheres. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, itis winter in the Southern Hemisphere. Sr) 21 March ff 3 Pecan a Sa Pee BoerEO} Hava an anv apwaniNn 3H mou Ul aM ase UooW) ay Jo aseyd YIU “*@ Yoo ay Jo saseyd ays aweN) “Z {2481| umo sy! eanpoid 30U s20p 114! Yoo ay 29s. am Ue> MOH] *g svak aif Jo Suoseas ingy aL WIEN) *G gse0vjd 1240 ut Aep $131 uayan YTeg yp Uo saoeid awos Ul IYBIU 7 SI AYAA “ty {ung atp Jo 11q40 auo ayajdusoo 03 yey ayp 404 243 3! saop Buc] MOH] *E {SIXe S31 Uo UORe}OI BuO aajdwWI0D 0} Yseg aup 494 24121 11 sop Buo] mop *Z, Jomsue pur uly | 9g jI! 2284 dea] 3xau at uaym pue ‘sem rea dea] 3se| a4 UAYM INO Puy “| hep 67 SPY 31 S1BAK sNQY A4aA2 BDUO ING ‘sep 97 sey Aljew.iou Aseniqa “Asensga4 JO yg6Z UR S! Ap eyxa sIy | “parunod st Aep exixa Ue pur sunoy $7 Jo [e302 Bs! asau passed aney Sse sngy uaym Yanamor] 4eaA JUOU P UI pazUNod JOU axe suNoY 9 BAIxe aSay | “UNS atp Jo 21q10 auO arajdw0D (07 sunoy 9 pur sKep cog sayer yrzeg ay | s1eak dea] palqeo aie sivas jeioads asay | Zuo] skep 99¢ S1 49K aup S3eaK NOY Asana “HaAeMOLY JAA ul sep Gog ase auatp ‘Je19U28 UI * gmouy nofi Pig ppoyourwuny Ayousod poyoununy Si uoopy 24) Uoym ——_—JOU SI UOOWY oY) Uoy4y uooy Buxoy, uooyy aN) pajoununys Ayousod paouninyt ie s} uooy ay uayy —_4y0/0} s} uooyy ayy YOY), uooy Buuny, uooy 1194 “uoow BurxDM puD UooW! Mau ‘uooU! BuIUDM ‘uous jIny ‘sasoyd inoy soy Yoo ay oo ay} jo sespyd oy) pa|j0> o10 seBudy> asey “edoys aBunys 0} sipaddo 41 ‘yjuou © 48A0 1yBIU Y>He LOY a4} 40 400] NOK 4} ‘yUOW! ADUN] © pal} s! sI4J “YD O44 4!GO 9} (skop gz) yuo auo jnogo saxD} UOOW) a4, uoow ay jo sasoyd ayy ‘SIX UMO S|] UO S2}DJOI PUD YYJDJ BY} S4IqH0 41 “2140s Jounjou AjuO 5,403 oY 1 UoOW 24 Noow 3A4. GLOBES AND MAPS GLOBES AND PLANISPHERES We use globes and planispheres (maps) to represent what the Earth looks like. @ Globes show the Earth as a sphere. We can see the true shape of the Earth and the positions of the oceans and continents. A globe also shows the inclination, or tilt, of the Earth e Planispheres represent the Earth as a flat surface. We can see the oceans and continents, but not the Earth's tilt. Mwacinary LINES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE A globe is an exact representation of our planet. Imaginary lines are drawn on maps to describe where places are on the Earth. These lines appear in the some positions on all maps and globes, LINES OF LATITUDE @ The Earth's axis goes through the centre of the Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole. The Earth rotates on this axis. @ The lines of latitude are parallel circles that go horizontally around the Earth. They indicate distance north or south from the Equator. The Equator is the middle line that divides the taf Earth into two equal parts. These two parts are the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. LINES OF LONGITUDE @ The lines of longitude go vertically from pole to pole. Every point on Earth is measured in terms of how far east or west it is from the line of zero longitude. This line is called the Greenwich Meridian because it passes through Greenwich in England. 104 unir71. THE WEATHER WHAT Is THE ATMOSPHERE? The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth. There would be no life on Earth without the atmosphere. The weather is the state of the atmosphere ata particular place and time. The main features of weather are air temperature, wind and precipitation. The weather is the state of the atmosphere at a particular time and place. Air temperature Air temperature indicates how hot or cold the air is. When it is hot, we say the temperature is high, and when it is cold, we say the temperature is low. We wear different clothes depending on the changes in the temperature Temperature changes daily and with the seasons. It is higher in summer than in winter. Wind Wind is the movement of air. Itis classified according to its strength and speed. A breeze is alight wind, and a hurricane is an extremely strong wind Precipitation Precipitation is the water that falls from the clouds onto the Earth. It can fall in the form of rain, snow or hail TPHE WEATHER CAN CHANGE The weather changes and is not always acs the same. It can vary from day to day and can change during the day. Water fall fe The weather also changes with the seasons : Won an For example, it is hotter in summer and rains form of rain, more in the spring and winter. snow and ail 126 wiroeasuring the weather Where's the coldest place on Earth? () ) Talk toa partner. a) Can we measure something we can't see? b) What types of precipitation can we measure? entific instruments to measure atmospheric conditions. to measure the atmospheric conditions: | | We use sci Scientists called meteorologists use instruments ( | | Thermometer: this measures the temperature in the air. We measure temperature in degrees precipitation. It can centigrade (°C). A thermometer is a glass tube with liquid inside. The measure rain, snow or hail We measure precipitation liquid rises and falls according to the temperature. in millimetres (mm). : ~ Arain gauge measures | | | the speed of the wind We measure wind speed | Anemometer: this tells \ in kilometres per hour. 4 Weather vane: this tells us the direction of | the wind. It is north, south, east or west. —_) ae eee The world around us BS Barometer: this tells us about the air pressure, (which can indicate if it will rain.“hqunos auo Ayquap! pue apiseq jquSiu y si a1aym ‘odoin ul awnAep SI 31 UayM “aqo]3 a4 Ye HOOT “E = | ere rR “uoseas yoee Ul syJUoW aaiyy ayy Jo SAWEU 24) 2M aanjaid yoee mojaq 4eak ayy Jo Uoseas ayy ayAA “saiNjoid auy Je 4007 “Z ‘suoseas ay} Sasned | ‘yusiu pue Aep sasneo 3) : “sinoy bz S421 11 “shep SOE SeXEI I ung eu} puncue senow YUE ou rectioeiaal wie a “uuunjoo 399109 34} YOU “yYeZ ay} JO sjuaWAaAOW OM} ay} a1edWOD *T HLYv9 JHL IO SLNINIAOW agpajmouy snok Ajddy jeg “Oz JaYsys0M3. CLIMATE NHAT Is THE CLIMATE? The climate is the general weather pattern of a particular area over many years. An area's climate is affected by three different factors: * Latitude (the distance from the Equator). The zones near the poles have lower temperatures and less precipitation. The zones near the Equator are hotter and have more precipitation. * Altitude and relief (the height and form of the land). High, mountainous areas often have lower temperatures and more rain than low, flat areas, * Distance from the sea. Areas near the sea are cooler in summer and warmer in winter. There is also more humidity and precipitation near the sea, ‘The climate is the general weather pattern of an area over a long period of time. : 130. unr PIER aes 26 Here are some interesting facts about the climate. * In the Atacama desert in Chile, there has been no rain for 400 years. * In India, 75% of the total yearly rainfall can fall in the summer months, « In the tropics, the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures each year is only 2°C. The heat from the sun is more intense in some places than others because the sun's rays hit the Earth at a more direct angle. Therefore, itis hotter in zone A than in zone B, and it is also hotter in zone B than in zone C. In the summer, the sea is cooler than the Earth, so the sea breeze decreases the femperature. In the winter, the sea is warmer than the Earth, so the sea breeze increases the temperature.Le suv anv asrivam [s2uneem aup pur axeusl[o alp uaamiag aouasayip ays sIIeYM\ °Z (2Ied YUON atp ze ayy] axewy aup sIIeyM\ “g ps1010e asayy aze YA “SuOIDBy IUAIAYIP uo spuadap aopid & jo areumjo ay | “Gg jareUnp sIIeUM “iy 4 domsue pue uly | -ydesB uonenidicaid ay yim owes ay) og “¢ saunyesodusay mo] — saimesadusay ayesopoul — saumesadwuar ysiy — -aney Je SIBUOW at UMOP aqym pure ydei8 asmesadusan ap 1 Yoo] *Z Jomsue pue 4007 ‘saBej A Ul UeY] Samo Ut JaUsIY aze saumesadusay AYM SuOsead 22443 AAI) “| ‘sourBue 129 pur swiaysAs Suneay ‘sati019"y Aq peonposd Jeay ayp Jo asnedaq si sit, | ‘saBeyA pue SUMO} ‘squngns ueYD seunyesadusar 10Y31Y @AeY seae JeLNSNpU! PUR Sad) emouy nofi pig Sc Lo (aww) vonendoayg Havuo NoUNulaDzud ° OL oe Loe (0) amenduay| Hayao aunuvuaanaL ad Jo sjunown juosoyp ‘9844 MOYS 0} UMDIP 810 S4Dq {Ng ‘BLIDS OY) 210 saxo 24) ‘ydos6 uoyoydizasd 0 moup 0} « “eu 0 yum pauiol uayy puo sjulod yum pex.0u! aio seunosedwiay Ajyjuow eBo1an0 AY “S1xO JOD1N19n oy UO 2/098 aunyorodwiay oY UD S}x0 jo|UoZHHOY ay) Uo 40aX 24) Jo SyUOW ayy ind om ‘ydouB aunyosoduroy © 01D O| « “sydouB Aq pajuasaidas q UD> UOYDyId!9eId pud eunjoedwiel ae ALVWITD UHL ASATVNY OL MOH jupjd sown} sos ey) pun ‘mosB 4044 stupid ey) 109 ejdoad poo oy ‘510% ejdood sinoy a4y ‘100m ajdoad sayjop> ayy “yng e10 404} sesnoy jo adj a4 seduanyul yOuN!> oy “Aup 40 Jom ‘pjoo 40 joy st 414! Apuasayip ani] a[doog “en! 2m oy seoueNyU! O}DUII!D Oy ANVLUOdWI SI ILYWI1D aH4. DIFFERENT CLIMATES ABE EARTH'S CLIMATE ZONES The Earth's curving surface means that different regions receive different amounts of heat. The angle of the sun's rays as they hit the Earth determines the different climate zones. The Earth has three different climate zones: hot, temperate and cold. The hot zone The hot zone is located between the two tropics. Here, the sun's rays are very direct, so the temperatures are high all year. The heat from the sun evaporates the water, forming clouds and frequent rainfall. In places where there is more rain, there are jungles. In places where there is litle rain, there are deserts. The temperate zones ‘The temperate zones are north and south of the hot zone. CLIMATE ZONES The sun's rays hit these zones at an angle. As a result, itis never very hot or very cold, and the amount of precipitation is more regular than in the hot and cold zones. During the year, the length of the days and nights are different. For example, in summer the days are longer and the nights are shorter. In temperate zones, the year is divided into four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The cold zones The cold zones are north and south of the temperate zones at the polar circles. The cold zone in the Northern Hemisphere is inside the Arctic Circle, and the cold zone in the Southern Hemisphere is inside the Antarctic Circle. Temperatures are very low in the cold zones because the sun's rays hit the Earth indirectly Temperatures are often below 0°, and there is no rain, only snow. Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle 132 wwirohe hydrosphere TPs rir 22. ) Test your partner. a) Name two places we find fresh water. b) Which are the different states of water inthe pictures? Allthe water on the Earth is called the hydrosphere. About 96% of the hydrosphere is salt water. Only 2.5% of the Earth’s water is fresh water. There’s less fresh water, but it’s found almost everywhere! Fresh water is the water we use for drinking and washing. It’s found in the atmosphere. We can see it in clouds. We also find fresh water on the surface in the ice caps and in rivers and lakes. Fresh water is also found under the ground in groundwater. ice caps surface freshwater water vapour The ice caps are the Earth's frozen areas. The amount of water on Earth never changes. But it does change state. * When we heat ice, which is solid water, it turns into liquid. This is called melting. ‘ * When we heat liquid water it turns into its gaseous state, which is called water vapour or steam. This is called evaporation. When seawater evaporates into the atmosphere it loses its salt and becomes fresh water vapour. It can also change back by cooling. * When water vapour cools, it turns back into a liquid. This is called condensation. * When liquid water freezes it turns into ice, which is solid water. These different states occur in the constant round of changes known as the water cycle. The world around us B“Buyusea} nok oud 2110 (5) G *yooqa}0U UNO Uy 312K 49,eM ayy MEI © Gg *9]oA 497M ay} au ‘INo} yo dnosd e Uy, ® 7 ‘sdoup sawiozag snoden (p ‘Ays ayy wo.y 112} sdoup Jaye (q eas ayy sulofas sayem (2 ule ayy OU} S208 pue seBuerp sayem uayM ( “aed aun uo spuom 1 suontuyap axp Y>yeU! YoogeroU snk UL uy quey> 2/24 42,0 ayy hes @ ujeBe seys @)9h9 ayy pur eas ayy qu! Ayia asauj “sJeAu Ou! pue ule] yBiy Jo suns s8}em :uoH|2@|105 ‘SMOUS JO ‘SUIeJ }! PU AEay ‘auozaq spno}9 ayy “une: uojesuapuod pajje> si SIL sdoup 1ayem sawi022q 1] . ‘spno} u! s32a|]09 snodep ‘sn punoue ste au U! si s9yeM 31 as },UOp am J! UBAG ( ‘asaydsowje ay} ou! Sasi }! - sayesodena 1ajem ayy aimjoid aya ye 4007 “seBeys UIEWI sNoy Sey 2/9A> s9,eM AYLTP EST What’s a well? 2. 2 s c § ": _ Talk to a partner. “sn f a) Isall the water on the surface? aS b) What's filtration? Groundwater is the water under the ground which has been absorbed from rainfall. It can be in the form of underground lakes, or rivers. When it rains, water filters through the soil and goes underground. This water is very important for human and animal life. People in deserts extract water from the ground with wells. Water from rainfall filters through the soil oy yal : When water comes to the surface it comes out as a spring. Springs turn into rivers. If the water doesn't escape fe th Water collects in underground basins, before, ILloins the sea and forms lakes. These are called aquifers. Water collects in underground basins, and forms lakes. These are called aquifers. Awellis a hole that extracts water from aquifers. Water from rainfall filters through the soil. When water comes to the surface it comes out as a spring. Springs turn into rivers. Water that hasn’t reached the surface finally joins the sea 7) The world around us“Buyusea| anok 2249 (219) 42) G ‘Spnopp ayew 07 21€ ayy OTL! S193145 JOVEN (P 285 aly pale S! 22s ayy 0} SALOD yeUy 19} (2 uoneydisaid paljed s! jos YBnosuy Suinow s9,eM (4 spnop ayy ul 493em s| JayempunoID (e “saauaquas as|e} auf 3221102 ‘yooqa}0U 4nOK Uy} “deuu 1p uo sony oun oy od pue wast 4p SHILIAILIV nva20 suNvuy saNvis ABV 28S URLIGeUeD 24} OW! SMolj Seq JANUI AU “PAS UEBUELIENPaW) a4 OJU! smMoY O13 2UJ “UBIO 2UeRY ayy OU! Moy s!AINbjepeng au) pue euelpen ayy ‘Snel auy ‘ouang ayy “paysiayem sj! pajjed st OU! SMoY AIjeUY J9ALL e JeUY J9}eM JO Kpoq au, “uleSe suiBaq a[>/o Jeyem ayy a10jaq sueas0 ayy SayreaL ‘S4OALJ Ul 4O Ja}eMPUNOIS JBYY!E JAIEM,LIES ITs What parts do rivers have? 1 e2 "| Talk to your partner. a) What Spanish rivers do you know? b) Do rivers flow uphill or downhill? Rivers can be short or long, deep or shallow. Spanish rivers have less water in summer because there is less rainfall. The longer rivers have watersheds in the Atlantic Ocean A catchment is the area of land that is drained by a river. Catchments can be large or small. The source of a river is usually found in elevated ground such as a mountainside. The first part of a river usually flows through a narrow channel with steep valley sides. The middle course is wider and it flows through valleys which are less steep. Rivers flow down hill The lower course of the river flows through floodplains, going downhill still, but less steeply. It is here that the river can be joined by other rivers. These are called tributaries, The river continues, through flat lands called the delta until it reaches the sea. Finally, the last part of the river is the mouth of the river, where it reaches its watershed. The sides of a river are called its, banks. A river flows downhill fast at first, then more slowly as it approaches its end. Floodplains are large areas of flat land. Sometimes the delta is split into different channels as the river reaches the sea, The world around usThe Earth’s surface ®» Landforms In some places the land is flat. In other places there are hills, mountains, and valleys. On the Earth’s surface there are different landforms. We can see mountains, plains and oceans and each of these shapes are landforms. @ © Can you name the landform? 1. A river is a stream of water. Water in a river flows towards a lake or the ocean. 2. Hills are high places on the Earth’s surface Hills have rounded tops and are smaller than mountains. My wend fact Everest is the highest mountain on Earth. It is eight thousand, eight hundred and_forty- eight metres high! 3. Valleys are low areas between mountains or hills. @ ® What flows in a valley? @ © Copy the picture. Can you write the correct names?2o{f puo 2610) (q_parujod puo yBiy (0 pot uo fo soaso ~~~ auo sulbig “E papunouns arom fo fipoq a6s0) 0 (4 sapoi6 (q ayo] (0 4anu 0 Yala fiyonsn ‘514 40 Fipmoys sanow sutpqunow uaamiaq Da10 mo} D (0 aya 221 fo vaio Big fan os} YZ 51 ajion y “| -saauazuas asaup 232|duso> pu fide @) mou, | mon) aoofins 54.09 ayy Jo ysow 4ano2 flay sa10m aj0s fo s9ss0u 210 SUD32Q say61y 3nq ‘urpjd © 09 soy wis si noaaoid y In| {JOS 40 901 fo sijom days fuan aio sffiig supa20 pup snvaynjd ‘ guipiunowi 0 10 |j!y » saybry s) wuofpuD) yy © @ aBuoy> arouu Jo asno2aq Bunjaw aio 121019 pup} fo soav0 204f 2610} 240 SUID|d ‘puo fiq papunouins zaiom fo saipoq 2610] 210 $9407 ‘suroqunow! yBiy ul of si2i20}9 291 Bulnou Jo soas0 abny as0 $1919019 doa paujod anoy fjonsn fous “aoofuns syuoa up uo sa00id yb1y uo sujoiunol °| suyojd pun saxpj ‘saajo0{6 ‘suipyunow JSpanish geography Spain’ relief is characterized by The Meseta The Meseta is divided in two by The Central System which separates the Meseta north from the Meseta south : Sistema » Ibérico The Meseta is bordered by the Macizo Galaico, ) the Montes de Leon and the Cordillera Cantdbrica to the north, the Sistema Ibérico to the east and Sierra Morena to the south External to the Meseta are the Pirineos (The Pyrenees), and two mountain ranges, the Bética and the Penibética Between the Meseta and the external ranges are the depressions of the rivers Ebro and Guadalquivir. ) © Which mountain ranges border the Meseta? @ © Which mountain range divides the Meseta in two? @ ® Find the words in the box in the wordsearch. Write a definition. cE pup dow siya fidoy ©) Mou | MON CLES ETL Ibe CooL ot se) COSLLUL SC Ey ny S095 10 supa20 ayp ovu! urpap 304 sual ays yrIA a1 a3ajdwioa pup 2/qor ay fido> © a Das UDLIGDIUDD ayy OU! Mojf Suan asayp IY (09 Pub DIADNY ‘UOJON ‘DIIaS ‘UOUAN\ ‘COsopIg ay} aud sauo UJOW ayy ‘asino> yoYs D anDy SJaA}J UJOIUNOW pa|jO2-Os ayy ‘YOU ay? U| Dag UDsUDaUpaly ayy oul mojf ya1ym ounbag puo s0>np ‘o1q3, aya puy ‘Uoa20 anUDAY ay? ou! Molf YDIYym 4ininbjopong puo oupipong ‘olo, ‘o1ang ou | ‘oul, ayy aud suanld quoyodui! ysow ayy. UION’ HK g0Iu! upup urodg fo suanis sofows anjama } vosopiq 03 owen ownop sfog 0 soa uoas0 wana OD) @ upa2Q 2HUNYy ay] pud Dag UDaUDLaTIpa|y a4} OU! UIP Y>!YM SuaAL anjany aid aay] [ ouang Piles, sba-yinos aya ul sauoz fup fjawanxe aio aay pup ‘fup si yynos aya pun “iam s} you ay 20afio Ul siab paso Auana jjofulo4 fo zunowo ayp ul sasuauaffip 0816 fig pazuarso.0yp s1 fibojouphy ysiuods hbojouphy ysiuodsV There are 7000 million people on the planet and the population is increasing all the time. All these people need natural resources. But people who live in rich countries consume many more resources than they need In fact, their consumption is increasing. The growing population of Earth, and the way of life of the rich countries means we consume so many natural resources that we are exhausting them. We cut down too many forests. We use too much energy from _ Fresh water is limited. We must We are exhausting the supply _ ol and coal. not pollute it and distribute it of fish in the seas. We damage the regions (RBLEE Lots of living things disappear we extract them from and Many people and places on when we damage their habitats cause pollution with their use. Earth have no fresh water. and ecosystems.gueow gonsnlul jelo0s sop UM Z éfep Kiana feme MOU NOK 84SeM JO sadhy ayy Jo yuluy NOx UeD T suoseno -suones|uegio jeuoneusayul pue saujunoo Joyo Woy SARE Pye UY yea fluo ueo aidoad Auew ‘seujunos 400d Uj saoino uauUo!AUa oly PUe sua)Sks008 ‘sadeospue] saBewep asem ‘oe ‘saveneg ‘poo} ‘saulyoew pjo !S19UIe]U09 PUB SUN :93SeM juem am uayM “UEM am BuIyKue ySoW|e Ang LED aM auaym sjayewiedns ney am sayquNod YoU U| ‘238 ‘squaplooe ul adeose YoIyM jany pue sjeo|wioyo ‘eunnoue woy J9zINJ8} pue Saplono—sul ‘sejoiyen pue Ansnpu; Woy aYows pue saseZ :uopntiod ieee) “no {Broua ‘191eM SUNYULIp “pooy :azy] AOy soyseq ou avy 10u op ajdoad ‘saznunos 100d uy “saEnUNOd 100d & “peg uo 891 parlutl] 9Up asnsiu pur asn oy KBopouysay pur Aquour dy) aAvY OM SaLTUNOD YL UT *SaEHUNOD YRY © -painqunsip A[peq ase sooanosor saouryd ap 991}snful je1I005@ {jermeu asodurosap you op sooueasqns pur spereut Aueyy “eae MoU 9a SootTEISqNS PUL SpELOTEUE St aISEA “punoas 10 doje are ap a8eutep yoy soourasqns amv spuRMIOd © voysem pure srueingtod are aso], eM MOAI aM YK pu pave 1OU OP am sooueysqns pur speutayeur aanpo.d soniange ano jo Aue @}SeM 97e]nNWINDVe puke aynjjod EeM@@yrat can we do to save the planet? @Analyze the problems and look for solutions @ Do you know? Itis important to understand the cause of the problems The consumer lifestyle is the of The Larth, and to look for solutions. Most people now 54 prclife® cl people, INU countries. believe that they know the cause. We are accustomed to consume more natural resources than we Most of the problems of the planet are duc to really need. For example, we use the consumer lifestyle, so we must try to change too much packaging, we waste i ¥ water, we use air conditioning too how we live. much, etc. @ The rule of the three R’s One way to change how we live is to follow the rule of the three R's * Reduce consumption. . «Reuse objects and materials as much as we can. * Recycle materials we cannot reuse We must reduce the consumption We must substitute the use of We must reduce the amount of Of natural resources and share polluting energies, for cleaner waste we produce. We must existing resources equally among energies, like solar or wind reuse, recycle and reduce the all people on The Earth energy. consumption of materials.esaimoid ai ul aysem aun mou ok SuIq YOIYM UI MOLY NOK og Nousand “P00} 19N0Y91 jy “3 e199} pue sjeyout ‘oRseId © “sep Z “pieogpies pue soded T, :Suq sno} ul @ysem ino aye1edas ‘am 1 Buljoroou Uaum diay anh *seoinosel [ed -myeu pue ABioue sanes Bu1joKoou -sjonpoid eumeu jeulBu0 au Woy 1 ayew o} pasn si UeU) |euaIeW ajofoos 0} pasn si ABiaue S597 Soe ES.Y 9914) Auf JO BIN OUR ‘mojjos Ajiuue} nok pue SpUaLys anof ‘NOK yuluy NOK OG Z gauioy 1e ajoko—1 NOK op sjeuayeW UM Z gasnoy snok ul AJouRoeI9 Jo UoNdUNsUOD BLA gonpal nok ueo sem IU Suoseno +s 9antp axp Jo 97M. 9tp) MOTLOS 01 dar asnur ayy ‘apy Jo Ae no a8ueyp or Ayqysuodsas ¥ aavy [fe ag “YSNoUud 10U ae samnsvout WD.IND aTp Ng ‘Bumping ‘uy Suyuopypuoco are pur Supeay ssaq 9sn 01 suBredure,) « sxe souvapp pur yodsuesy aygnd asn 01 susedure 1o1em ajnyfod you pur aves 01 suBiedurey « +*s}s0103 Jo mop Sunn oxy pue Supung pur Sumysyy Supt Se 6 -sodvaspuey pur sjeunue posoSuepu Sunsa1010 SMe] 6 rare sojdurexa autog auyyd mo aatastios 01 saanseauu Sureatr Apeagfe ase 949 Ayiqisuodsas s,auoKsene s} yyeZ UL 8un99}01d@PTSD Es o2 _ Read and find out: a) what a parliamentary monarchy is. b) what Parliament does, c) what the government does. eo ~|__ Name two rights or responsi citizens have. Spain is a parliamentary monarchy. The monarch (king or queen) is head of state, but he or she can’t make laws or choose the government. Spain's national government has two parts, The Parliament (las Cortes Generales) is divided into | two houses. * The Congress (Congreso de los Diputados) has 350 deputies. There’s a general election every four years to choose the deputies. | + The Senate (Senado) has about 260 senators. | Some are chosen in the general election and some represent the autonomous communities and cities. The Congress and Senate make laws and monitor the government. ( | The government is made up of the prime minister | (presidente), deputy prime ministers | (vice-presidentes) and ministers The Congress chooses the prime minister. Then the prime minister chooses the deputy prime ministers and ministers. Each minister is responsible for an area, for example education or the economy The government implements the laws made by | Parliament and organises the country“Buyusea] nok ayy ZNO Cc ( ~-asnesaq~ smoys (e aunqaid 4ulLp | = ent “uoHNyAsUOD ayy Aq paysiiqeyse $3431, 0} seanqoid 9y3 YI marys “Aayuno> ayy sasiue8io pue sme] ayy syuasa}duty (Pp sme ayy aye Kay (2 “ayeuas ay} pue ssaBu0} ayy ‘sasnoy omi oyu! papmaip 5,31 (a. 12] Jo peay s1 ays 10 aH (© ‘saSed esau uo spiom 0} suo IUYap ayy y>eUI “ooqazoU ANOA uy foenowep sajsiulw awd —UaWULaACB uonrala jeiaue8 quawielieg ayeuas —ssasBu0) Aynieuow Ayequaweljied — yueuow —uoynynsuo> “PAoM Buys ou hes pue wee wena gy yeedes pe wens! ge SFILIAILIV ‘a|doad 1ayyo 10} | padsas moys os|e pinoys ayy ‘suotuido sayy ssaidxa 0} 984 s1 BUOKIaNJ 00} ‘sme] au hago ysnuu aucsana pue me] a4} a104aq Jenba s! aUOAIaAZ «+ tu! 2}0A ued JapIO 40 plo S1eAK gL S} YM aUOALAA3 “A>e10Wap es! UIedS ores, all aney suaziy|> ysiueds lle 7243 Sanmqisuodsas pue syy8y ay saysiigeysa osje UORM|SUOD ay, ‘Mol|O¥ 0} ALY jTe SAIUNWIWUOD sNoWOUOYNe ALR Jo SJUALULLAAOB ayy pue ]UEWULIAAOS esqUAD ayy JeY SMe] DISeq aU} SUIeyUOI UOLNANASUOD YLAutonomous communities and provinces PET D © Read and find out: a) how many autonomous communities there are. b) how many autonomous cities there are. ) what autonomous communities are divided into. ) what all autonomous communities have. Spain is divided into autonomous communities. Every autonomous community has a regional capital, a coat of arms, a flag and an anthem, They also have their own parliament, president and government. The autonomous communities organise some public services, for example, healthcare and education. KEY Capitat Regional capital — National border | Regional border Q 200 km 3 6 Living in society QB“Buyusea] nok au 719 ed [EMMI 222 22u1A01d auo Ajuo Ym sanjuNuWO> snowoUOyne ay, (P MR © puejur aie yeu saqunwwos snowouoyne ay, (2 (BRM &2 spue|s! exe yeu saqiunuuw0d snowouoyne ayy (q [ERI s! seounoud ysow ayy yy AyUuNLULIOD snowouoyne aus (e “yooqayou snof uy sa2uajuas ay} a}a/dwW02 pue Ado> a “asou unof pue peay nok de} “yj0q 5,1 51 “aauynoud & S31 asou uno pue Ayunwwo> snowouoyne ue s_1 4! peay ano{ dey -uaysry “ — — - Oo e wx 0st iy IN ° Seueued vein, 30) ap sewed se) mu ewes ai@eaiy yeey pepni> Guan nok aauinoud at puy nok Ue> “weds UI sa2uInod Qg axe aiaL “seouInosd aoW! 10 2u0 sey AyjuNULUOD snowwoudyne Y>e3 ‘saly!9 sNOWOUONe Z pue SaNJUNWILIOD snoWIoUOANe Z4 ale aayPET eo “1 What differences can you see between the two population pyramids? Think about: a) total population. ) number of adults. b) number of children. _d) number of older people. 2 | What does the story show us? ‘Age group Female Male ‘Age group Female 90+ 20-89] 70-79] 60-69] 2201510050 0 05 10 15 2025 (lion) rilion) 100+ 90-99] 80-89) 70-79 60-69] 50-59] 40-49 30-39) 20-29 10-19 09 pos Da or Rc ee er ae | (milion) (ention) = Inthe last 100 years, the total population has increased a lot. This means we need more houses, more food and more services, such as hospitals and schools. = The number of older people has increased because of better nutrition and healthcare. This means we need to think about pensions and how to look after a large population of older people. © The number of adults has increased, partly because of immigration. People from places like Eastern Europe have come to Spain to look for work. But since 2008, people have emigrated from Spain to other countries to look for work. This is because of the economic crisis. 100 years ago the rural population was larger because most people lived in the countryside. Now the urban population is larger because most people live in towns and cities. pei ae suse am UninginsocetyRead and find out: which is larger, the urban or rural population which sector most people in the rural population work in, which sector most people in the urban population work in, what the active population is. SEL We can also classify the population depending on where people live. dl The population lives in cities and towns Most people in the urban population have Most of these cities and towns are on fiat land jobs in the tertiary sector, for example, they Some are on the coast and others are near a are public service workers or shop assistants river. In Spain the urban population is much Some have jobs in the secondary sector and larger than the rural population work in factories or are craftworkers. Most people in the rural population have jobs The rural population lives in the countryside, in in the primary sector, for example, they are villages or on farms. Many of these villages and farmers or fishermen. There are fewer jobs in farms are inland rural areas than in urban areas. Living in society 9“Buuseajsnon pou 21nd ©) G “aye Kauy ‘a|diuexd 404 10} (ena, /AsepuorasAuewutid ayy ul j10m ajdoad sow suoejndod uequnjesnse sey ys! AqI9/UMo}/aSe||IA AW Jo AWeU AY] “saouaquas 931m pue anlj nok asym ynoge yno puly & es sdnou8 ae ayy jie seyy] (4 uoeindod uequn ue sey a1 (P uoneindod afue] e sey (3 Jo}Das Ave 19} 4} Ul 10M ajdoad Auey) (2 sajewiay pue sajew aie asay) (y -y0}205 Auewilid auy ul yom ajdoad Kueyy (4 uoneindod jeins e sey (2 apisknqunos ayy ul say (e aBeIIA syed 321109 043 ul se2uazuas ay} 2311M Way] “yooqa}0U ANOA Uy WeAZeIp UUaA ayy Ado? Crh squeyp uoppjndog ayy Kes er TO) SAILIAILIV £0} Bu0}2q sojoud ay) ul ajdoad ayy op sdnouB YUM, paziz24 aney oym ajdoad Japjo pue uayp|i4y> sapnjoul siy, ‘YyeaY 10 ae 104 Jo asnesaq 410M j,Ue9 oYM ajdoad s! UoeINdod ean2eu! ay, {0M 10} Bu)yoo] a1e oym aidoad peoyduoun pue Bupiom ase om ajdoad sapnpout sity] “0M ues oym ajdoad si uoNeIndod ‘@ny}9e 84 | 440M Uo Bulpuadap uo!eIndod auy Ayissey> osje Ue) aM(Ete re 2 eas What food 2 can you eat 7 § uncooked? "| What can you see in the pictures? 2 "| What did Paleolithic people discover? Prehistory is divided into three periods. The oldest and longest period in Prehistory is the Paleolithic Period. It started 5 million years ago and ended about 10 000 years ago. Paleolithic people hunted and fished to get food. Paleolithic people were nomadic, This means They also collected and ate fruit and plants. they didn’t live permanently in one place. They During this period people discovered how to went from one place to another looking for food, make fire. After that they could cook their food. Paleolithic people lived in caves or huts made of Paleolithic people made tools from stone, wood tree branches and animal skins. They wore clothes and animal bones. For example, they made spears made of animal skins, too. for hunting. Time and changeMS Careers| Se eaaenthrt & TSE ers What food do Ss we get from i 2 tga agriculture? Read and find the words that mean: a) the opposite of nomadic. b) plants cultivated by farmers. ) aperson who makes things. 22. 2 What are the differences between the Neolithic Period and now? The Neolithic Period started about 10 000 years ago and ended about 7 000 years ago. Neolithic people discovered how to cultivate plants from seeds. This was the beginning of agriculture. People became sedentary. “i They stopped moving around. They lived in huts in villages. sso at. Neolithic people cultivated crops 4 and raised animals. They didn’t need to move around to look for food fy People started to exchange the products they made and the crops they cultivated This was the beginning of trade. Some people were artisans. Other people were farmers. Time and changeTheBronzeandIronAges Ee What do we use 22 2 < Ss wheels for? "| Read and find out: aa, a) what Bronze and Iron Age people made from metal. b) what they invented. ©) who the Celts and Iberians were. ) what the Celts and Iberians made The Bronze and Iron Ages started about 7 000 years ago and ended about § 000 years ago. In this period people discovered how to make objects from metal. First they used copper, then bronze and then iron Bronze and Iron Age people melted People continued to live in metal to make different shapes. villages. There were walls They made tools, jewellery and to defend the village. weapons from metal They invented the wheel. Because There were more jobs that people of this, people could transport could do. People could be farmers and food and products more easily. artisans like before. They could also be There was more trade than before. metalworkers, soldiers and traders. ie, —— NI is earn Time and changeThe start of Ancient History in Spain Why do you think people came to Spain oe? rom other ee "| Look at the map and name: a) two Greek colonies. b) two Phoenician colonies. ©) two Carthaginian colonies Which of today’s autonomous communities were the colonies in? ‘At the start of Ancient History, the Celts and Iberians (Celtiberians) lived in the Iberian Peninsula. From about the 10th century B.C., people from three civilisations started to come to the Iberian Peninsula. They were looking for metals. They also wanted to trade with the Celts and Iberians. They established colonies. The Greeks came from Greece. They established colonies on the north-eastern coast. ATLANTIC OCEAN The Carthaginians came from North Africa. They established colonies in the east of the peninsula and on the Balearic Islands. The Phoenicians came from Asia. They established colonies on the southern coast. KEY ‘& Greek colony ke Phoenician colony @ = Carthaginian colony => Current autonomou! communities Time and change |conquest What do you know about ‘the Romans? Rome was another important civilisation in Ancient History. The Romans came from the Italian Peninsula The Romans and Carthaginians were rivals. They both wanted to control the Mediterranean Sea TPE Ts D \ Read and find the names of: a) a Carthaginian general b) a Roman general ©) aCeltiberian leader. How long did the Roman conquest of Hispania take? The city of Saguntum (Sagunto) was friendly with the Romans. In 219 B.C. a Carthaginian general called Hannibal attacked Saguntum. There was a Peninsula, They wanted to expand their influence | | = Hannibal won and took control of the city. | there. They sent armies to the peninsula and took {en control of more territory, | The Carthaginians had colonies on the Iberian . J | After that, Hannibal crossed the Alps and attacked | | the Romans in Italy. So the Romans decided to | attack the Carthaginians on the Iberian Peninsula, | Peninsula. After many battles they defeated the Carthaginians. Now the Romans controlled the ( cast and south of the Iberian Peninsula, | | In218 B.C. the Romans invaded the Iberian | ) Time and change B“Buyusea} nok youn Zid (6) C ase|/ysay sanbuo> SUELOY 24} PIP saIzIUNUILUOD snoWOUOANe YDIYM ‘MoU UIedS yo de e ye 400) (2 dew ayy snoj09 0} Kay aun asn (a dew auljjno ay3 qulid (e “e[Nsujuag UeLaq] a4) Jo ysanbuO? 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S| {qo UeAgn|a9 e sem (eDUEWINN) OAUBWINY i sueah OZ }SOW|e 10) SUeLaqIIeD au) ysuleSe sem quazayip 7yZnoy Kay “eInsulUag UeLIaG] au2 Jo [Ie [010 3,UpIP SULWOY au SuIUUIBaq ay AY | |eS LTT PESTS Do you know where 2 w € the Spanish language on comes from? e 1 % "Read and find six things the Romans built. g e Read and find three cultural changes. om The Romans called the Iberian Peninsula Hispania. They divided Hispania into provinces. The Romans changed how the people of the Iberian Peninsula lived. These changes are called Romanisation. The Romans built cities } Cities had different types F of buildings. n 1 ay" They built aqueducts to carry water to the cities. They built roads and bridges to connect the cities to one another. These roads were called vias. o 4 There was more trade than before. = 8 Society was divided into free people and slaves. on City walls protected the city, They introduced Roman law. y Time and change“Bujusea] snok ayy Zi ND ES) Gl *400qa}0U sNOK uy BuO mesg “s>}esoUH Jo Sojoyd Puy 0} aus9,U] 43 aS) m 5 ~p1om ysiueds a4} 0} Je|IWWIS 5,3! asnedaq ~ sueDL ~ yULU} | snyjogo> (§ = onBury (® 099 (P_—ssnjawag (2 ~— sniawiny (q__ snag (e ueow spiomuney asoun yun nok oP reUM -AUIYL 'sse|B Jo sazeid 40 sap) jjews Woy ape si su (2 “suewoy ay; Aq paanpo.jul sa8ueyp ayy [Je 40} atueU ayy si SIU, (P 204) },Ua1am aidoad asayy (2 uo Ja}8] sueWioy aL Aq paonposqu! sem uoIBHay SIyL (4) S01}! 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