Industrial Revolution and Coloniaism

CONTEMPORARY WORLD ECON
OMY
CTGU Contemporary World Economy

Aihua Meng (associate professor )
Mobile phone: 13508603655
QQ: 1577296452
1
Autumn Semester 2016 - CTGU
CHAPTER 3
The industrial revolution and

colonialism
Women working at a shoe
manufacturing factory in 1950
Brazil exemplify the harsh
working conditions and
exploitative use of labor that
occurred frequently in the
historical geography of
capitalism.
2
CHAPTER 3 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AN
D COLONIALISM
 The industrial revolution
Definition of the industrial revolution ※

Technological Innovation
The geography of the industrial revolution
effects of the industrial revolution ※
 Colonialism
What is colonialism? ※
Major two waves of colonialism ※
effects of colonialism ※
end of colonialism 3
D COLONIALISM
3.1 The Industrial Revolution
Industrialization is a complex process that involves

multiple transformations in inputs, outputs, and tech
nologies.
The three dimensions that are particularly important.
 inputs
 outputs
 technologies
4
D COLONIALISM
Inanimate Energy

 Preindustrial societies relied upon animat
e sources of energy (i.e., human and animal
muscle power) to get things done.
 Industrialization can be defined loosely as th
e
harnessing of inanimate sources of energy,
a major milestone in human economic evolution.
5
D COLONIALISM
Inanimate Energy

FIGURE 2.15 The steam engine,
designed by Thomas Newcomen in
1712 but first built by James Watt in
1769, was the key invention of the
Industrial Revolution. It was the first
device to harness inanimate energy
on a mass basis and revolutionized
both production and transportation for
two centuries.
6
CHAPTER 3 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND COL
ONIALISM
Technological Innovation

7
FIGURE 2.16 Throughout human history, increasing technological sophistication has

been tied to the development of energy resources.
D COLONIALISM
Productivity Increases

As a consequence of the
massive technological
changes of the Industrial
Revolution, productivity
levels surged.
Figure 2.17 Manufacturing

productivity in the United States
8
D COLONIALISM
Productivity Increases FIGURE 2.17 Manufacturing
productivity in the United States

rose exponentially in the latter part
of the nineteenth century.
After the Civil War, the Industrial
Revolution began in earnest.
As productivity increased, the prices
of goods dropped accordingly, and
standards of living rose.
Geographically, this period saw the
emergence of the Manufacturing
Belt along the southern shores of
the Great Lakes.
9
D COLONIALISM

10
A children working at a spinning mill.

D COLONIALISM

Why Britain?
 Britain had already enjoyed a network of lon
g-distance trade relations with its colonies in North
America and elsewhere.
 Agriculture in Britain was well advanced in the pro
cess of commodification compared to the European cont
inent.
 Britain enjoyed large deposits of coal and was the
locale where the steam engine was invented. 11
CHAPTER 3 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION AND
COLONIALISM

12
FIGURE 2.21 The global diffusion of the Industrial Revolution.

D COLONIALISM
The global diffusion of the Industrial Revolution.

 By the early nineteenth century, the process had become entrench
ed in New England and later took root across the rest of North Ame
rica.
 Japan emerged from a long period of isolation in 1868 and
became the first non-Western industrial power shortly thereafter.
 Eastern Europe lagged well behind Western Europe, and Russia
industrialized only in the 1920s under the Stalinist government in
the Soviet Union.
 The newly industrialized countries (NICs) of East Asia started t
he process in the 1960s, and it continues today in selected parts 13
of the developing world.
D COLONIALISM
Cycles of industrialization

14
D COLONIALISM

Consequences of the Industrialization Revolution
 creation of an industrial working class
A factory during the Industrial

Revolution. This photograph
illustrates the exploitative labor
relations that accompanied and
underpinned the growth of modern
capitalism, including the frequent
use of child labor.
15
D COLONIALISM

urbanization
FIGURE 2.24 An urbanization curve

expresses the proportion of a country’s
population that lives in cities at different
stages in industrialization. Preindustrial
societies are agricultural and rural;
because manufacturing is concentrated in
urban areas, industrialization causes cities
to grow more quickly than the
countryside.
16
D COLONIALISM

Population effects
FIGURE 2.25 Population growth
in Europe from 1800 to 1850.
The capacity of industrialized
societies to support large, dense
nucleations of people led to
higher rates of population growth
and larger numbers of people in
northern Europe than in the
south, which industrialized later
and less completely.
17
D COLONIALISM

Growth of Global markets and international trade
Sailing ships and horse –drawn transport
VS Steamships and railroads
These changes dramatically lowered the barriers to

trade, and the international volume of imports and expor
ts began to soar.
18
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism
Intimately associated with the development of ca

pitalism in Europe was Europe’s conquest of the
rest of the globe.
This process, euphemistically called the “Age o
f Exploration,” can be viewed as the expansion
of capitalism on a global scale.
19
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism
What is colonialism?

 Colonialism was simultaneously an economic, pol
itical, and cultural project.
 It was also an act of conquest, by which a smal
l group of European powers came to dominate a v
ery large group of non-European societies.
 Culturally, under colonialism the distincti
on between the “West” and the “Rest” emerge
20
d.
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism
The unevenness of colonialism

21
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism
The unevenness of colonialism
Two major waves of colonialism:

The first major wave
lasting from the sixteenth century until 1815, was dominated by
the Spanish and Portuguese conquest of the New World. The Napole
onic wars, however, weakened Spain, and its colonies in the Amer
icas broke away, leading to a decline in the total number of col
onized countries.
 The second wave
from 1815 until the 1960s, was the European conquest of Africa,
Asia, and the Middle East, particularly by the British and Frenc
h. After World War II, the colonial empires broke up and the num
22
ber of nominally independent countries in the world increased.
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism
How did the west do it ?

 The British Empire encompassed vast areas in Africa, South Asia
, and Australia.
 France ruled over most of western Africa and Indochina.
 Portugal retained its hold over Angola and Mozambique.
 Belgium controlled Congo. Indonesia belonged to the Dutch.
 Even late-developing Italy and Germany controlled parts of Afri
ca.
 Japan was becoming a new colonial power in Asia.
 The United States had become both a colonial power, in the Phil
ippines and Puerto Rico, as well as an emerging neocolonial one. 23
24
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism
How did the west do it ?

25
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism
The effects of colonialism

 Annihilation of indigenous peoples
At times, this meant open genocide, such as in Australia
, in which more than 90% of the aboriginal population was e
xterminated. In the New World, disease led to the death
s of tens of millions, or 95% of the population, including
all of the native inhabitants of the Caribbean. The A
frican slave trade devastated tribal societies on tha
t continent.
26
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism

 Restructuring around the primary economic sector
Primary economic activities are those concerned wit
h the extraction of raw materials from the earth, i
ncluding logging, fishing, mining, and agriculture.
Mercantilist trade policies suppressed industrial
growth in the colonies to avoid creating competitors with t
he colonizers, a process largely responsible for the
fact that many developing countries today export low-
27
valued goods and must import high-valued ones.
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism

 Restructuring around the primary economic sector
FIGURE 2.35 A sugar plantation
in the Caribbean Antilles.
Plantations used cheap labor,
often slaves, working under
deplorable conditions. They
represented the first wave in the
worldwide commercialization of
many crops.
28
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism

 Formation of a dual society
With it colonialism brought great inequality to colonized
societies. Often, colonial powers utilized a small, native el
ite, typically drawn from an ethnic minority, to assist them in gov
erning
the colonies.
 Polarized geographies
As colonial societies became polarized, so too did the sp
aces they comprised. Ports, which were central to European maritime
trade and control, became important centers of commerce, often to the29d
etriment of traditional capitals further inland.
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism

 Transplantation of the nation-state
The nation-state, as we observed earlier, was fundamen
tally a European creation. Nonetheless, it was widely dispe
rsed around the world as colonies were made into states.
 cultural westernization
Western economic and political control was accompanied by the im
position of Western culture. Missionaries, for example, spread C
hristianity throughout the colonial world, sometimes successfull
y (e.g., Latin America, the Philippines) and sometimes not (e. 30
g., China).
D COLONIALISM
3.2 Colonialism
The end of colonialism

The European empires were long-lived, lasting almost half a m
illennium. Yet ultimately, they collapsed.
In Latin America, this process began relatively early, follo
wing the Napoleonic wars.
In Africa and Asia, the end of colonialism came much later,
following World Wars I and II, which, similar to the global g
eopolitical situation of the early nineteenth century, a
mounted to the self-destruction of the European powers.
As a result of this process of decolonization, the number of
independent states multiplied rapidly in the 1950s, 1960s, an
d 1970s. 31
Today, very few official colonies remain.
D COLONIALISM
Discussion :

 What is the relationship between the industrial
revolution and colonialism?
 How can colonialism shape the contemporary worl

d economy?
32
D COLONIALISM

The End
33

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CONTEMPORARY WORLD ECON

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

The industrial revolution and

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

FIGURE 2.16 Throughout human history, increasing technological sophistication has

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

Figure 2.17 Manufacturing

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

A children working at a spinning mill.

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

FIGURE 2.21 The global diffusion of the Industrial Revolution.

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

A factory during the Industrial

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

FIGURE 2.24 An urbanization curve

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

These changes dramatically lowered the barriers to

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

 How can colonialism shape the contemporary worl

CTGU Contemporary World Economy

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